1. Duhok Polytechnic University
College of Health and Medical Technology ,
shekhan
Fundamentals of Nursing
Fluid and Electrolytes
Prepared By:
1.Emad Akram
2.Saad Anter
3.Dilgash
4.Aymen waleed
5.Nassar Kamiran
Supervisor By:
Dr.Kawther M. Galary

2. Fluid balance refers to the equilibrium between
fluid intake, fluid distribution, and fluid output
in the body. The body needs a proper balance of
fluids to maintain optimal health and function
properly.
Fluids balance and fluid intake:
Fluid intake: This refers to the amount of
fluid that is consumed through drinking
and eating. The recommended daily intake
of fluids varies depending on age, gender,
and activity level. On average, adults should
aim to drink at least 8 cups (64 ounces) of
water per day.

3. Fluid distribution: Once fluids are consumed,
they are distributed throughout the body to
various organs and tissues. The circulatory
system plays a crucial role in distributing fluids
throughout the body. The body also has
mechanisms in place to regulate fluid
distribution, such as the release of hormones
that control fluid balance.
Fluid distribution and fluid output
Fluid output: Fluid output refers to the elimination of fluids
from the body. This can occur through urine, sweat, and
feces. The amount of fluid output varies depending on
factors such as hydration status, physical activity level, and
environmental conditions.

4. Electrolyte balance refers to the
equilibrium between the amount of
electrolytes consumed, distributed, and
eliminated from the body. Electrolytes
are minerals that carry an electric charge
and are essential for proper bodily
function. Electrolyte intake and
absorption refer to the amount of
electrolytes consumed through food and
drink, and how they are absorbed into
the body.
Electrolyte Balance

5. Acid-base balance refers to the regulation of the
pH level in the body fluids, including blood,
urine, and saliva. The pH level is a measure of how
acidic or alkaline a substance is, with a pH of 7
being neutral, below 7 being acidic, and above 7
being alkaline.
What’s different between Acid-Base Balance and Acid-Base Imbalances
On the other hand, acid-base imbalances refer to a disruption
in this balance, leading to either too much acid or too much
base in the body. There are four types of acid-base
imbalances: respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis,
metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. These
imbalances can be caused by various factors such as lung
disease, kidney disease, dehydration, and certain
medications

6. Respiratory acidosis is a type of
acid-base imbalance that occurs
when there is too much carbon
dioxide in the body. This can be
caused by hypoventilation,
which leads to inadequate
exhalation of carbon dioxide.
Symptoms of respiratory
acidosis may include confusion,
lethargy, shortness of breath,
and headaches.
Respiratory acidosis

7. Intravenous therapy is a medical
treatment that involves administering
fluids, medications, or nutrients directly
into a patient's veins through a needle or
catheter. This method of delivery allows
for rapid absorption and distribution of
the substance throughout the body. IV
therapy is commonly used in hospitals
and clinics to treat dehydration,
infections, and other medical conditions.
It can also be used for chemotherapy,
blood transfusions, and pain
management.
Intravenous therapy

8. There are several types of intravenous solutions used in
medical treatments, including:
Simple information Types of Intravenous solutions
1. Normal saline: a solution of sodium chloride (salt) in
water, used to treat dehydration and maintain electrolyte
balance.
2. Dextrose solutions: a solution of glucose (sugar) in water,
used to provide energy and treat low blood sugar levels.

9. 3. Lactated Ringer's solution: a solution
of electrolytes (sodium, potassium,
calcium, and chloride) and lactate, used
to treat dehydration and maintain
electrolyte balance.
4. Plasma expanders: solutions that
increase the volume of plasma in the
blood, used to treat shock and low blood
volume.
5. Parenteral nutrition solutions:
solutions that provide nutrients directly
into the bloodstream, used to treat
malnutrition or when oral intake is not
possible.

10. Thank
you