Pesticide formulation and calculation.ppt

1. Pesticide Formulations, Application equipments- Preparation of Spray fluids and botanicals K. Devarassou Assistant Professor(Entomology) Department of Agrl. Entomology PAJANCOA & RI, Karaikal PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

2. Pesticide’s • Pesticides – Chemical which kills or suppress the pest population. • Pesticides include various types. • Pest- Pest is any organisms- causes harmful effects to farmers. 28-05-2023 2 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

3. Pesticide SI. No. Pesticides 1. Insecticide - Insects Eg.Thiamethoxam 25% WG 2. Herbicide - Weeds Eg. Pendimethalin 30% EC 3. Nematicide - Nematodes Eg. Carbofuran 3% G 4. Fungicide - Fungus Eg. Carbendazim 50% WP 5. Bactericide - Bacteria Eg. Streptomycin sulfate 6. Acaricide - Mites Eg. Propargite 57% EC 7. Rodenticide - Rats Eg. Zinc phosphide 80% W/v 8. Molluscicide - Molluscans Eg. Metaldehyde 2.5% pellets 9. Avicide – Birds Eg. Avitrol (4-aminopyridine) 28-05-2023 3 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

4. Pesticides formulations • Formulation • For dry application. • Wet application • Gas application 28-05-2023 4 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

5. For dry applications • Dusts. • Granules. 28-05-2023 5 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

6. For wet applications • Wettable powder (WP) • Wettable Granules (WG) • Emulcifiable concentrate (EC) • Soluble powder (SP) • Flowable (F) • Ultra low volume concentrate (ULV) • Water miscible liquid – Liquid (L) – Soluble concentrate (SC) – Soluble liquids (SL) 28-05-2023 6 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

7. For gas or vapour applications • Fumigants. • Smoke generators. • Aerosols. 28-05-2023 7 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

8. INSECTICIDE FORMULATION • DUSTS D • GRANULES G • WETTABLE POWDERS WP • WETTABLE GRANULES WG • EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE EC • SOLUBLE POWDER SP • FLOWABLE F • ULTRA LOW VOLUME CONCENTRATE ULV • WATER MISCIBLE LIQUID WSC 28-05-2023 8 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

9. • FUMIGANTS • SMOKE GENERATORS • AEROSOLS INSECTICIDE FORMULATION 28-05-2023 9 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

10. Pesticide formulations 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 10

11. DRY APPLICATION 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 11

12. Dust (D) • The technical material (active ingredient) is mixed with a carrier such as – clay (attapulgite, kaolin, and ash) – organic flour (wood bark) – pulverized minerals (sulphur, talk, lime, gypsum). • Particle size will be less than 100µ and it should pass through 200 mesh sieve. • Dusts are cheaper and easy to use. • They are least effective and cause wind drift leading to poor deposit on surface. • Dust formulation are sold as 2% or 5% or 10% a.i. of dust. • They are highly toxic to beneficial insects. e.g. Quinalphos 1.5% D, Malathion 5% D. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 12

13. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 13 Dust

14. Granules (G) • Granules are prepared by applying liquid insecticides to coarse inert particles of porous materials like clay, corn cobs (or) walnut shells. • The a.i. of the granules varies from 3% to 10% in India, but may be 25% in other countries. • The size of the granules varies from 20 to 80 mesh size. • Granular pesticides can be applied on to the soil or may be placed in the whorl region of leaves depending on the nature of pest control required. • Granular insecticides may be more economical, since precise applications are possible with them. • When applied in the soil, they are generally less harmful to beneficial insects such as bees. • For systemic insecticides, granule application is excellent since, they are placed in the root zone. Eg. Carbosulfan 6% G 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 14

15. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 15 Granules

16. WET APPLICATION 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 16

17. Wettable powder (WP) • It consists of active ingredient mixed with inert dust and a surfactant that mixes readily with water and forms a short – term suspension. • WPs are much more concentrated than dusts, containing 15 to 95 per cent active ingredient. • Frequent stirring of the mixture is generally required after addition of water, as otherwise the suspension may settle to the bottom of the liquid • WP usually cause less phytotoxicity than ECs. • WPs should never be used without dilution with water. • It is also known as water dispersible powder (WDP). e.g. Thiodicarb 75% WP 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 17

18. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 18 Wettable powder

19. Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) • It consists of a toxicant, a solvent and an emulsifier with a stabilizing agent. • When EC is mixed with water gives emulsion – droplets of oil containing the insecticide dispersed in water. • Emulsifier makes the water insoluble toxicant to water soluble and it yield a stable milky solution when diluted with water. • When applied, the solvent evaporates quickly leaving the toxicant from which water also evaporate. E.g. Chlorpyriphos 20% EC 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 19

20. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 20 Emulsifiable Concentrate

21. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 21

22. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 22

23. Soluble Powder (SP) • Soluble powder consists of finely ground solid material, which dissolve in water or some other liquid forming true solution. • No agitation required like Wettable Powder. E.g. Acephate 75% SP. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 23

24. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 24 Soluble Powder

25. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 25 e

26. Flowable (F) • Flowable is a pesticide formulation in which the active ingredient is wet milled with a clay diluted and water. • Flowables must be constantly agitated to prevent the insecticide from coming out of suspension and settling. • It is also known as sprayable suspension (S). E.g. Quinalphos 20 AF 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 26

27. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 27 Flowable

28. Ultra Low Volume Concentrate (ULV) • They are special kind of high concentrate solutions and are applied without dilution with water. • Can be applied with special aerial or ground equipment to produce extremely fine spray. • The total volume required with ULV formulations is from 2 to 4 lit/ha. • E.g. Malathion ULV • ULV sprayers, Drone, Helicopter aircraft fitted with spray booms are used. • With ULV application, drift may be a problem. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 28

29. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 29 Ultra Low Volume Concentrate

30. Water Miscible Liquid (WML) • These formulations are variously known as soluble liquids (SL), liquid (L), water soluble concentrates (SC). • The formulations work like EC but do not contain emulsifiers because the toxicants used are water miscible. • Hence, the spray prepared with water is not milky, unlike EC formulation. Eg. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC Eg.Imidacloprid 17.8 % SL 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 30

31. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 31 Water soluble concentrate (SC)

32. GAS OR VAPOUR APPLICATION 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 32

33. Fumigants (Fm) • Fumigants are pesticides in the form of poisonous gasses that kill when absorbed or inhaled. • Most of the fumigants are liquid and are mixtures of two or more gases. Eg. EDCT(3:1) • Some are in solid form like Camphor. E.g. Aluminium phosphide(Restricted use now) 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 33

34. Aluminium phosphide(Fumigant) 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 34 Restricted use

35. Ethylene Dichloride + Carbon tetrachloride (3:1) 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 35

36. Smoke Generator • They are used in the form of coil like strips containing pyrethrum, oxidant and wood dust for the control of mosquitoes. • When ignited, these coils release vapours. • Eg. Tortoise mosquito Coil. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 36

37. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 37 Smoke Generator

38. Aerosols • Aerosols contains a small amount of pesticides that is drive through a fine opening by a chemically inactive gas under pressure when the nozzle is triggered (or) by burning toxicant or vapourizing it with heat. • The toxicant is suspended as minute particle (0.1 –50 µ w/w) in air as a fog or mist. • It consists of toxicant (2%), solvent (10%), knockdown agent (2%) and propellant (86%). • E.g. Deltamethrin 1.25% ULV 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 38

39. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 39 Aerosols

40. INSECTICIDE APPLICATION EQUIPMENTS 28-05-2023 40 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

41. DUSTER 28-05-2023 41 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

42. DUSTERS 28-05-2023 42 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

43. ROTARY DUSTER 28-05-2023 43 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

44. KNAPSACK DUSTER 28-05-2023 44 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

45. POWER OPERATED DUSTER 28-05-2023 45 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

46. PLUNGER DUSTER 28-05-2023 46 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

47. BELLOW DUSTER 28-05-2023 47 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

48. SPRAYER 28-05-2023 48 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

49. SPRAYER • Main function of a sprayer is to atomize the spray fluid which may be a suspension or emulsion into small droplets and eject it with some force for distributing it properly. • Parts of sprayer: – Tank – Pump – Pressure gauge – Valves – Filter – Pressure chamber – Hose – Spray lance – Cutt off device – Boom and nozzle 28-05-2023 49 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

50. Sprayer parts 28-05-2023 50 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

51. Sprayer parts 28-05-2023 51 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

52. Nozzle • All types of sprayers generally speaking emit pesticide solution in very fine spray form. • Spraying nozzle thus is a device for emitting spray liquid, breaking it up into small droplets and throwing the droplets away from the nozzle orifice. • Different designs of nozzle are used to produce appropriate droplet size spectrum. • In order to break the liquid into droplets energy is needed. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 52

53. Nozzle • It breaks the liquid into droplets and spread them into spray droplets. • It consist of below parts – Body – Cap – Swirl plate – Washer – strainer 28-05-2023 53 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

54. The spray nozzles therefore are classified as: • Hydraulic energy nozzles. • Gaseous energy nozzles. • Centrifugal energy nozzles. • Thermal energy nozzles. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 54

55. Hydraulic energy nozzles • Almost all sprayers used for high volume spraying methods are fitted with hydraulic nozzles. • The hydraulic nozzles are most commonly used spray nozzles for pesticides application. • Almost all the hydraulic sprayers use this type of nozzle. The following types of hydraulic nozzles are used for spraying pesticides: 1. Hollow cone type 2. Fan type 3. Impact type 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 55

56. 1. Hollow cone type • This is a very popular type of hydraulic nozzle for spraying insecticides and fungicide. • It produces a hollow cone pattern of spray consisting of mixture of different sizes droplets. • In its simplest design this type of nozzle is made of brass metal having orifice hole drilled in it and tangential cut grooves provides swirl motion to spray liquid which breaks down into droplet when emerging from the nozzle under pressure. • The disc and the swirl plate (core) are suitably fitted in the body of the nozzle which has threads for screwing (fitting) it to the lance/ boom. • The normal working pressure of hollow cone nozzle is about 40 psi. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 56

57. 28-05-2023 57 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

58. 2. Fan type • They are also called flat fan nozzles. • The spray liquid is thrown from an orifice which is elliptical to give a flat shaped sheet of spray. • These are used for band spraying. • These nozzles are generally used on booms with proper distance in between and overlapping to give even distribution. • The normal working pressure is about 40 psi(insecticides). • However, these fan nozzles can also be used for Herbicide application but the application is done at low pressure like 15 - 20 psi to avoid drift of fine droplets. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 58

59. 3. Impact type • These nozzles are also known as deflector nozzles or flood jet nozzles. • In these nozzles, the spray liquid emerging from a circular hole strikes an inclined smooth face and is deflected at an angle. • The liquid thus spreads as a sheet in a wide angled fan pattern. • These nozzles are used for Herbicide spraying and are low pressure (15 - 25 psi). • The spray pattern essentially consists of coarse droplets. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 59

60. 4. Adjustable nozzle • These are also called as tripple action nozzle. • They are so called because of varying patterns of sprays that can be obtained by manipulating the swirl velocity of spray liquid in the eddy chamber. • The hollow cone spray pattern consisting of fine spray particles, or a jet spray for orchard/ tree spraying and a medium coarse spray patterns can be obtained by simple adjustments. • These nozzles are generally used with foot operated sprayers, rocking sprayers or high pressure hydraulic sprayers for spraying trees. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 60

61. Gaseous energy nozzles • In this type of nozzle spray liquid is injected into a stream of high velocity air. • The force of the air streches the liquid to form ligaments which ultimately break into fine spray droplets. • The airstream further transports the droplets to the target. • The liquid flow into the airstream is metered. • Motorized knapsack sprayer or mist blower is fitted with this type of air blast nozzle. • The spray droplet size depends upon the nozzle design. • The positioning of liquid flow and air velocity is very important. By increasing the liquid flow rate the droplet size also increases. • In larger models of sprayer‘s hydraulic nozzle atomise the liquid first and then the droplets are further sheared by the air blast. • Vertical nozzles also work on gaseous energy for ULV spraying. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 61

62. Centrifugal energy nozzles • If liquid is fed on fast rotating disc, then it is carried by centrifugal force to the outermost edges of the disc and spray droplets are issued. • Rotating cylindering cage of fine mesh also produce fine spray if liquid is fed into it. • The revolving speed of the disc or cage is very important for size of droplets. • The disc has serrated teeth on the periphery which make droplet spectrum narrow. • The physical properties of the spray liquid are important for droplet size besides the speed of rotation. • These types of nozzles are generally used for ULV spraying and for L.V spraying methods. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 62

63. Thermal energy nozzles • Fogging machines work with thermal energy nozzles, also called hot tube nozzles. • Spray liquid is injected into stream of hot gases (exhaust of engine) where it vaporises due to high temperature but then it condenses when issued out of the nozzle due to outside temperature and forms fog of fine droplets. • Exhaust nozzle sprayers (vehicle mounted) are used for ULV application in locust control operation. • Pulse jet engine models are used for pesticide fogging for public health purposes. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 63

64. Other Types of Nozzles • Solid cone nozzle • Flood jet nozzle/Triple action nozzle(Post emergence Herbicide) 28-05-2023 64 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

65. 28-05-2023 65 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY Impact

66. Other types of Nozzle 28-05-2023 66 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

67. Different target and optimum size • Flying insects - 1-50 micron. • Insects on foliage- 30-50 micron. • Foliage(Herbicide)/Soil(Herbicide)- 250-500 micron 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 67

68. Calibration of sprayer • The sprayer can be calibrated theoretically and practically in the field. • It is good to frequently verify the correctness of theoretical calibration with field practical calibration. • A very simple and easy to remember formula is F = SDA 10,000 Where F - flow rate in Litres/min S - Swath width in meter D - Operator's walking speed in meter/min A - Application rate in L/ha 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 68

69. Calibration of sprayer • The above formula is useful for calibration of any type of field spraying system ie. high volume, low volume, ultra-low volume, tractor mounted sprayer or aerial spraying. • If any three variables in this formula are known, the value of the remaining fourth variable can be found out. 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 69

71. Types of sprayer • I. Manually operated hydraulic sprayer – Hand syringe – Hand sprayer – Bucket pump – Knapsack sprayer – Rocker sprayer – Foot sprayer 28-05-2023 71 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY Hand syringe Bucket pump Knapsack sprayer Rocker arm sprayer Foot sprayer

72. Back pack -Knap sack sprayer 28-05-2023 72 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

73. Drone sprayer(Mostly ULV sprayer) 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 73

74. Bucket sprayer with pump 28-05-2023 74 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

75. Foot sprayer 28-05-2023 75 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

78. Rocker sprayer 28-05-2023 78 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

79. • II. Maually operated compression sprayer – Pneumatic hand sprayer – Pneumatic knapsack sprayer Types of sprayer 28-05-2023 79 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY Pneumatic hand sprayer Pneumatic knapsack sprayer

80. II.Pneumatic knap sack sprayer 28-05-2023 80 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

82. Types of sprayer • III.Power sprayer – Mist blower cum duster – Motorised Knapsack sprayer – Nozzles – Jet nozzles – Adjustable micronizer nozzle 28-05-2023 82 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

83. Power sprayer 28-05-2023 83 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

84. Types of sprayer • IV.Ultra low volume sprayer – ULV – Hand carried – Battery operated spinning disc sprayer 28-05-2023 84 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

85. Types of sprayer V. Electrodyne sprayer (EDS) • Electrodyne sprayer uses electricity to atomize certain oil- based pesticide formulation into a spray cloud, electrically charging the resulting droplet with a non moving part nozzle. • The atomizing nozzle consists of a pair of electrodes (high and low voltage) and a narrow gap outlet for the pesticide liquid flow. • Droplets ranging in size from 25 to 200 μm form when accumulation of a surface electric charge on the liquid produces a loss of fluid surface tension. • Droplets emitted from the nozzle travel toward the target along curved electric field flux lines at an average speed of 10 m/s and impinge upon the equipotential leaf surfaces at 90° angles. • Applications as low as 500 ml/ha give adequate biological control in some canopies. 28-05-2023 85 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

86. Electrodyne sprayer (EDS) 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 86

87. Other appliances • Soil injecting gun • Bird scarer • Flame thrower • Granular applicator 28-05-2023 87 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

88. Soil Injecting gun 28-05-2023 88 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

89. Soil injecting gun 28-05-2023 89 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

90. Bird Scarer or Acetylene gun 28-05-2023 90 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

91. Flame thrower 28-05-2023 91 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

92. Granular applicator 28-05-2023 92 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

93. SPRAY FLUID PREPARATION 28-05-2023 93 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

94. Insecticide dosage • Insecticides may need to be selectively applied for controlling insect pests. • Accurately computing the amount of insecticide required for a given area and uniform application rate is essential for effective control of insect pests. • Commercial products available in the market are commonly in the form of a wettable powder(WP), Granules(G) and Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) 28-05-2023 94 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

95. Insecticide dosages • Insecticide recommendation are often expressed as kilogram of active ingredient per hectare (Kg a.i/ha) or • Percentage concentration of active ingredient (% a.i) of the insecticide in the final diluted solution. • Therefore, the insecticide should be used in the correct dosage by diluting the exact amount of the concentrated form of insecticide with a predetermined volume of water or other diluents or by spreading the exact amount of granules required over a specific area. • To achieve this, it is necessary to calculate the exact amount of insecticide material needed for the area being covered. 28-05-2023 95 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

96. Insecticide dosages • Each commercial insecticide possesses an active ingredient (a.i) the principle chemical compound that acts on the insect. • Because this active ingredient is highly toxic it is marketed in a diluted form. 28-05-2023 96 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

97. CALCULATION FOR GRANULAR(G) OR DUST(D) BASED INSECTICIDES 28-05-2023 97 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

98. Calculation for formulation- Granules or Dust Formula: Recommended rate X spray area(m2) • Kg of D/G =------------------------------------------------ required a. i. (%) in G/D of commerical insecticide x 100 28-05-2023 98 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

99. 1. Calculation • Cartap Hydrochloride 4% G granules(4 % a.i) is applied at the rate of 2 Kg a. i. per hectare in rice field to control Stem borer. Find out the amount of Cartap Hydrochloride 4% G required for 1 acre. Specification required as per formula: • Area to be treated (1 ac = 4000 m2) • Recommended rate in the unit Kg a.i. per ha. (2 Kg a. i. per ha) • Concentration of commercial G or D. (4 % ) 28-05-2023 99 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

100. Specification required should be applied on to the formula Formula: 2 [Kg a.i /ha] X 4000 [m2] Kg of G = ------------------------------------------------ required 4 [a. i. (%) in G/D] x 100 = 20 kg of Cartap Hydrochloride is required for one acre of land (Ans) 28-05-2023 100 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

101. 1. Home work • Carbosulfan 6% G granules(6 % a.i) is applied at the rate of 2.5 Kg a. i. per hectare on to rice field to control Rice gall midge. Find out the quantity of Carbosulfan 6% G required for one hectare? 28-05-2023 101 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

102. CALCULATION FOR EMULCIFIABLE CONCENTRATE OR WETTABLE POWDER OR SOLUBLE CONCENTRATE 28-05-2023 102 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

103. Volume of Spray fluid • The spray fluid amount required to cover uniformly an area or a given amount of foliage. The volume is affected by the sprayer, droplet size and volume such as, (i)High volume spray(HV) require 300-500 lit/ha or more (ii)Low volume spray(LV) required 50-150 lit/ha. (iv)Ultra low volume spray(ULV) require 1-10 lit/ha or less 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 103

104. Calculation for formulation- EC or WP or SC etc Formula: a.i (%) desired X Spray volume(lit) • Kg or Lit/ =------------------------------------------------ required a. i. (%) in commercial EC or WP or SC 28-05-2023 104 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

105. 2. Calculation • To control leaf hopper in cotton field, 0.09% Profenofos 50 % EC is to be prepared. Find out the quantity of Profenofos 50% EC(in lit) required for 1 ha. Specification required as per formula: • Spray volume (1 ha = 400 lit) • Desired strength (0.09%) • Concentration of commercial EC or WP (50 %) 28-05-2023 105 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

106. Specification required should be applied on to the formula Formula: 0.09 [%] X 400 [in lit] Litres of EC =------------------------------------------------ required 50 [a. i. (%) in EC/WP/SC] = 0.72 lit or 720 ml in 400 lit of water (Ans) or =1.8 ml of Profenofos in one lit of water(Ans) 28-05-2023 106 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

107. 2. Home work • To control Aphids in cotton field, 0.005% of Clothianidin 50 % WDG is to be prepared. Find out the quantity of Clothianidin 50 % WDG (in lit) required for 1 Acre? 28-05-2023 107 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

108. CALCULATION TO FIND OUT STRENGTH OF SPRAY FLUID(EC/WP) 28-05-2023 108 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

109. Calculation for strength of spray fluid of formulation- EC or WP or SC Formula: Vol. of Commercial Pesticide(lit) X a.i of Commercial Pesticide (%) • Strength of =------------------------------------------------ spray fluid Spray volume (lit) (in %) 28-05-2023 109 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

110. Strength of spray fluid for formulation- EC or WP or SC • A farmer applied 3.8 lit of commercial Propargite 19.5% EC in a red gram field against mite infestation. Total volume of spray fluid is 1900 lit. Find out the strength of the spray fluid ? • Specification required: • Liters of commercial pesticide applied (3.8 lit). • a.i of commercial pesticide (19.5% EC) • Spray volume (1900 lit) 28-05-2023 110 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

111. Calculation for strength of spray fluid of formulations- EC or WP or SC etc Formula: 3.8 (lit) x 19.5 (%) • Strength of =------------------------------------------------ spray fluid 1900 (lit) (in %) = 0.039 % or 0.04% (Ans) 28-05-2023 111 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

112. 3. Home work • A farmer applied 5 lit of commercial Thiodicarb 75% WP in a cotton field against bollworm infestation. Total volume of spray fluid is 1800 lit. Find out the strength of the spray fluid ? 28-05-2023 112 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

113. BOTANICALS 28-05-2023 113 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY

114. Neem oil and NSKE spray fluid calculation 0.3 % to 3% of Neem Oil can be applied: • 3ml neem oil in 100 ml water= 3% • 30 ml neem oil in 1000ml(1 lit) water=3% • 12,000 ml(12 lit) neem oil in 400 lit water=3% 5% of Need seed kernal extract can be applied: • 5 gm of NSK powder in 100 ml water= 5% • 50 gm NSK Powder in 1000 ml(1 lit) water= 5% • 20,000 gm (20 Kg) NSK powder in 400 lit water=5% 28-05-2023 114 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY Neem oil Neem Seed Kernal Extract

115. 4. Home work • (i)Calculate the quantity of Neem oil required to prepare 2% of 150 lit of spray fluid? • (ii) Calculate the quantity of Neem Seed Kernel powder required to prepare 5% of 400 lit of spray fluid? 28-05-2023 K.Devarassou, Assistant Professor,PAJANCOA,Karaikal, PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY 115

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