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The	
  Philippine–American	
  War	
  
                What	
  were	
  the	
  causes	
  of	
  the	
  conflict?	
  
How	
  did	
  the	
  conflict	
  impact	
  American	
  views	
  of	
  imperialism?	
  
          What	
  can	
  we	
  learn	
  from	
  the	
  conflict	
  today?	
  	
  
What	
  was	
  the	
  Philippine–American	
  War?	
  

•  The	
  Philippine-­‐American	
  
   War	
  was	
  a	
  li=le-­‐known	
  
   imperialis?c	
  conflict	
  
    –  1899-­‐1902	
  
    –  The	
  United	
  States	
  
    –  The	
  na?ves	
  of	
  the	
  
       Philippian	
  Islands	
  

•  Raised	
  ques?ons	
  of	
  the	
  
   United	
  States’	
  
   inten?ons	
  /	
  methods	
  in	
  
   the	
  Pacific	
  
Spanish	
  Coloniza9on	
  in	
  the	
  Philippians	
  
             (1400’s	
  –	
  1800’s)	
  
The	
  Spanish-­‐American	
  War	
  (1898)	
  
Spanish	
  American	
  War’s	
  Main	
  
          Theatre:	
  Cuba	
  
How	
  did	
  the	
  US	
  get	
  involved	
  in	
  the	
  
                Philippines?	
  
                            •  Originally	
  the	
  US	
  saw	
  the	
  
                               Philippines	
  as	
  a	
  “2nd	
  
                               front”	
  during	
  the	
  Spanish-­‐
                               American	
  War	
  
                                –  Tie	
  up	
  enemy	
  troops	
  /	
  
                                   naval	
  ships	
  


                            •  Started	
  to	
  see	
  the	
  
                               Philippines	
  as	
  an	
  oversees	
  
                               empire	
  
                                –  Naval	
  “coaling	
  sta?ons”	
  
Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea
     Power on History: 1660-1783
BaMle	
  of	
  Manila	
  (1898)	
  
Commodore	
  George	
  Dewey	
  (1837-­‐1917)	
  




                             Dewey’s	
  flagship,	
  the	
  USS	
  
                                      Olympia	
  

                               “You	
  may	
  fire	
  when	
  
                                       ready…”	
  
                                          -­‐Commodore	
  Dewey	
  
The	
  USS	
  Olympia	
  Today	
  in	
  
  Philadelphia,	
  cir	
  2011	
  
How	
  did	
  the	
  Filipinos	
  originally	
  
          view	
  the	
  Americans?	
  
•  Originally,	
  the	
  Filipinos	
  
   viewed	
  the	
  Americans	
  
   as	
  allies	
  /	
  friends	
  
    –  Helped	
  them	
  in	
  the	
  their	
  
       revolt	
  against	
  the	
  
       Spanish	
  


•  Hoped	
  that	
  the	
  US	
  
   would	
  grant	
  them	
  
   independence	
  when	
  the	
  
   war	
  was	
  over	
  
Who	
  was	
  Emilio	
  Aguinaldo?	
  
•  Emilio	
  Aguinaldo	
  was	
  a	
  local	
  
   leader-­‐turned-­‐revolu?onary	
  
     –  1869-­‐1964	
  
     –  Founded	
  the	
  Filipino	
  resistance	
  
        group,	
  the	
  Ka?punan	
  

•  Helped	
  to	
  lead	
  Filipino	
  resistance	
  
   towards	
  the	
  Spanish	
  /	
  exiled	
  
    –  Returned	
  to	
  the	
  Philippines	
  
       during	
  the	
  Spanish-­‐American	
  
       War	
  w/	
  the	
  help	
  of	
  the	
  US	
  
Aguinaldo	
  in	
  the	
  field	
  with	
  his	
  rebel	
  fighters	
  as	
  they	
  waged	
  their	
  war	
  
against	
  the	
  Spanish	
  with	
  the	
  help	
  of	
  American	
  arms	
  and	
  supplies,	
  1898	
  	
  
How	
  did	
  the	
  Philippine–American	
  
                War	
  start?	
  	
  
                    •  The	
  Treaty	
  of	
  Paris	
  (1898)	
  
                        –  Spain	
  sells	
  the	
  Philippians	
  to	
  
                           the	
  US	
  for	
  $20	
  million	
  	
  
                        –  Aguinaldo	
  declared	
  Filipino	
  
                           independence	
  


                    •  President	
  William	
  
                       McKinley	
  ignored	
  
                       Aguinaldo’s	
  government	
  
                        –  Installs	
  a	
  US	
  colonial	
  
                           government	
  w/	
  US	
  troops	
  
The	
  Swearing	
  in	
  of	
  Aguinaldo	
  as	
  the	
  Philippines	
  
                  first	
  president,	
  1898       	
  
Opening	
  of	
  the	
  Filipino	
  Parliament,	
  1898	
  
McKinley’s	
  Goals	
  for	
  the	
  Philippians
                                               	
  
                        1.     We	
  can’t	
  give	
  the	
  islands	
  back	
  to	
  
                               Spain	
  =	
  “cowardly	
  &	
  dishonorable”	
  

                        2.     Can’t	
  give	
  the	
  islands	
  away	
  to	
  
                               Germany	
  or	
  France	
  =	
  “bad	
  business	
  
                               &	
  discreditable”	
  

                        3.     Can’t	
  give	
  the	
  islands	
  to	
  the	
  Filipino	
  
                               people	
  =	
  “unfit	
  for	
  self-­‐
                               government”	
  	
  

                          “nothing	
  le6	
  for	
  us	
  to	
  do	
  but	
  to	
  take	
  
                         them	
  all,	
  and	
  to	
  educate	
  the	
  Filipinos,	
  
                         and	
  upli6	
  and	
  civilize	
  and	
  ChrisBanize	
  
                                                   them”    	
  
The	
  Philippines	
  new	
  Governor-­‐General
                                              	
  
The	
  Philippines	
  new	
  Governor-­‐General
                                              	
  
The	
  Philippines	
  new	
  Governor-­‐General
                                              	
  
The	
  dispatching	
  of	
  American	
  
  occupa9on	
  troops,	
  1898    	
  
What	
  were	
  the	
  goals	
  of	
  both	
  sides	
  
           in	
  the	
  conflict?	
  
•  US:	
  
     –  Suppress	
  the	
  rebellion	
  
        quickly	
  
     –  Establish	
  US-­‐dominance	
  
        of	
  the	
  islands	
  


•  Filipino:	
  
     –  Inflict	
  constant	
  casual?es	
  
        on	
  US	
  troops	
  
     –  Influence	
  McKinley’s	
  re-­‐
        elec?on	
  campaign	
  (1900)	
  
How	
  was	
  the	
  conflict	
  fought?	
  
                        •  At	
  first,	
  Aguinaldo	
  and	
  
                           his	
  followers	
  waged	
  a	
  
                           conven?onal	
  war	
  	
  
                            –  Poorly	
  supplied	
  
                            –  Li=le	
  success	
  


                        •  Ager	
  McKinley’s	
  re-­‐
                           elec?on,	
  Aguinaldo	
  
                           declared	
  a	
  guerrilla	
  
                           conflict	
  
Filipino	
  Troops	
  at	
  the	
  start	
  of	
  the	
  war,	
  1898	
  
The	
  Elec9on	
  of	
  1900	
  
Democrat	
  	
  &	
  an9-­‐Imperialist	
     Republican	
  President	
  William	
  
  William	
  Jennings	
  Bryan    	
                  McKinley    	
  
McKinley	
  Wins!!!!!
                    	
  
American	
  troops	
  in	
  Manila,	
  1898	
  
How	
  did	
  US	
  troops	
  react	
  to	
  
        figh9ng	
  in	
  a	
  tropical	
  seang?	
  
•  Many	
  US	
  troops	
  were	
  not	
  
   properly	
  trained	
  to	
  fight	
  in	
  a	
  
   guerilla	
  war,	
  far	
  from	
  home	
  
     –  Vic?ms	
  of	
  ambushes	
  /	
  booby	
  
        traps	
  
     –  Terrorized	
  by	
  Filipino	
  fighters	
  
     –  Paranoia	
  


•  Resulted	
  in	
  extreme	
  violence	
  
     –  “Free-­‐fire	
  zones”	
  
     –  “reconcentrado”	
  camps	
  
LiMle	
  experience	
  with	
  “jungle	
  
           figh9ng”,	
  1898 	
  
“Search	
  &	
  Destroy”	
  raids,	
  1900	
  
Filipino	
  ambushes	
  /	
  raids	
  (1900)
                                           	
  
Filipino	
  ambushes	
  /	
  raids	
  (1900)
                                           	
  
Filipino	
  “booby	
  traps”,	
  1901	
  
Torture	
  and	
  terrorizing	
  US	
  troops,	
  1900	
  
American	
  troops	
  interac9ng	
  with	
  local	
  na9ves,	
  1900	
  
US	
  troops	
  “torturing”	
  Filipino	
  POWs,	
  1901	
  
US	
  troops	
  “torturing”	
  Filipino	
  POWs,	
  1901	
  
Execu9on	
  of	
  Filipino	
  “criminals”	
  1900	
  
Executed	
  Filipino	
  prisoners,	
  1901	
  
“Free	
  Fire”	
  Zones,	
  1901	
  
“Free	
  Fire”	
  Zones,	
  1901	
  
US	
  “reconcentrado”	
  camps,	
  1901	
  
American	
  war	
  crimes?	
  
How	
  did	
  the	
  American	
  public	
  react	
  
                to	
  the	
  war?	
  
•  The	
  American	
  public	
  was	
  
   deeply	
  divided	
  by	
  the	
  
   conflict	
  

•  Pro-­‐war:	
  
    –  “Ways	
  jus?fy	
  the	
  means”	
  


•  An?-­‐war:	
  
    –  Waste	
  of	
  American	
  lives	
  
    –  Crimes	
  against	
  mankind	
  
American	
  coffins	
  returning	
  home,	
  1906	
  
How	
  did	
  the	
  war	
  eventually	
  end?	
  
                         •  In	
  1901,	
  Aguinaldo	
  is	
  
                            captured	
  by	
  US	
  forces	
  
                             –  Swears	
  an	
  oath	
  of	
  loyalty	
  
                                to	
  the	
  US	
  
                             –  Asked	
  his	
  followers	
  to	
  
                                surrender	
  


                         •  Sca=ered	
  figh?ng	
  will	
  
                            con?nue	
  for	
  another	
  10	
  
                            years	
  
The	
  Capture	
  of	
  Aguinaldo,	
  1901	
  
                                          	
  
Surrender	
  of	
  many	
  Filipino	
  fighters,	
  1901	
  
Filipino	
  More	
  (Muslim)	
  fighters	
  con9nue	
  
                the	
  fight,	
  1907	
  
A	
  Gun	
  with	
  More	
  Stopping	
  Power
                                            	
  




   John M. Browning’s Masterpiece - .
    45 caliber m1911 Semi-Automatic
      The sidearm of WWI, WWII,
           Korea, and Vietnam
What	
  were	
  the	
  results	
  of	
  the	
  
       Philippine–American	
  War?	
  	
  
•  The	
  Philippines	
  would	
  
   remain	
  a	
  US	
  territory	
  /	
  
   naval	
  base	
  (1898-­‐1940’s)	
  
     –  5,000+	
  US	
  casual?es	
  
     –  200,000+	
  Filipino	
  casual?es	
  


•  Despite	
  the	
  issues	
  of	
  the	
  
   conflict,	
  the	
  Philippines	
  
   remains	
  a	
  strong	
  ally	
  of	
  the	
  
   US	
  today	
  
US	
  Troops	
  in	
  the	
  Philippines,	
  2010	
  
Amigo	
  (2011)
              	
  

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The philippine american war101

  • 1. The  Philippine–American  War   What  were  the  causes  of  the  conflict?   How  did  the  conflict  impact  American  views  of  imperialism?   What  can  we  learn  from  the  conflict  today?    
  • 2. What  was  the  Philippine–American  War?   •  The  Philippine-­‐American   War  was  a  li=le-­‐known   imperialis?c  conflict   –  1899-­‐1902   –  The  United  States   –  The  na?ves  of  the   Philippian  Islands   •  Raised  ques?ons  of  the   United  States’   inten?ons  /  methods  in   the  Pacific  
  • 3. Spanish  Coloniza9on  in  the  Philippians   (1400’s  –  1800’s)  
  • 5. Spanish  American  War’s  Main   Theatre:  Cuba  
  • 6. How  did  the  US  get  involved  in  the   Philippines?   •  Originally  the  US  saw  the   Philippines  as  a  “2nd   front”  during  the  Spanish-­‐ American  War   –  Tie  up  enemy  troops  /   naval  ships   •  Started  to  see  the   Philippines  as  an  oversees   empire   –  Naval  “coaling  sta?ons”  
  • 7. Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
  • 8. BaMle  of  Manila  (1898)  
  • 9. Commodore  George  Dewey  (1837-­‐1917)   Dewey’s  flagship,  the  USS   Olympia   “You  may  fire  when   ready…”   -­‐Commodore  Dewey  
  • 10. The  USS  Olympia  Today  in   Philadelphia,  cir  2011  
  • 11. How  did  the  Filipinos  originally   view  the  Americans?   •  Originally,  the  Filipinos   viewed  the  Americans   as  allies  /  friends   –  Helped  them  in  the  their   revolt  against  the   Spanish   •  Hoped  that  the  US   would  grant  them   independence  when  the   war  was  over  
  • 12. Who  was  Emilio  Aguinaldo?   •  Emilio  Aguinaldo  was  a  local   leader-­‐turned-­‐revolu?onary   –  1869-­‐1964   –  Founded  the  Filipino  resistance   group,  the  Ka?punan   •  Helped  to  lead  Filipino  resistance   towards  the  Spanish  /  exiled   –  Returned  to  the  Philippines   during  the  Spanish-­‐American   War  w/  the  help  of  the  US  
  • 13. Aguinaldo  in  the  field  with  his  rebel  fighters  as  they  waged  their  war   against  the  Spanish  with  the  help  of  American  arms  and  supplies,  1898    
  • 14. How  did  the  Philippine–American   War  start?     •  The  Treaty  of  Paris  (1898)   –  Spain  sells  the  Philippians  to   the  US  for  $20  million     –  Aguinaldo  declared  Filipino   independence   •  President  William   McKinley  ignored   Aguinaldo’s  government   –  Installs  a  US  colonial   government  w/  US  troops  
  • 15. The  Swearing  in  of  Aguinaldo  as  the  Philippines   first  president,  1898  
  • 16. Opening  of  the  Filipino  Parliament,  1898  
  • 17. McKinley’s  Goals  for  the  Philippians   1.  We  can’t  give  the  islands  back  to   Spain  =  “cowardly  &  dishonorable”   2.  Can’t  give  the  islands  away  to   Germany  or  France  =  “bad  business   &  discreditable”   3.  Can’t  give  the  islands  to  the  Filipino   people  =  “unfit  for  self-­‐ government”     “nothing  le6  for  us  to  do  but  to  take   them  all,  and  to  educate  the  Filipinos,   and  upli6  and  civilize  and  ChrisBanize   them”  
  • 18. The  Philippines  new  Governor-­‐General  
  • 19. The  Philippines  new  Governor-­‐General  
  • 20. The  Philippines  new  Governor-­‐General  
  • 21. The  dispatching  of  American   occupa9on  troops,  1898  
  • 22. What  were  the  goals  of  both  sides   in  the  conflict?   •  US:   –  Suppress  the  rebellion   quickly   –  Establish  US-­‐dominance   of  the  islands   •  Filipino:   –  Inflict  constant  casual?es   on  US  troops   –  Influence  McKinley’s  re-­‐ elec?on  campaign  (1900)  
  • 23. How  was  the  conflict  fought?   •  At  first,  Aguinaldo  and   his  followers  waged  a   conven?onal  war     –  Poorly  supplied   –  Li=le  success   •  Ager  McKinley’s  re-­‐ elec?on,  Aguinaldo   declared  a  guerrilla   conflict  
  • 24. Filipino  Troops  at  the  start  of  the  war,  1898  
  • 25. The  Elec9on  of  1900   Democrat    &  an9-­‐Imperialist   Republican  President  William   William  Jennings  Bryan   McKinley  
  • 27. American  troops  in  Manila,  1898  
  • 28. How  did  US  troops  react  to   figh9ng  in  a  tropical  seang?   •  Many  US  troops  were  not   properly  trained  to  fight  in  a   guerilla  war,  far  from  home   –  Vic?ms  of  ambushes  /  booby   traps   –  Terrorized  by  Filipino  fighters   –  Paranoia   •  Resulted  in  extreme  violence   –  “Free-­‐fire  zones”   –  “reconcentrado”  camps  
  • 29. LiMle  experience  with  “jungle   figh9ng”,  1898  
  • 30. “Search  &  Destroy”  raids,  1900  
  • 31. Filipino  ambushes  /  raids  (1900)  
  • 32. Filipino  ambushes  /  raids  (1900)  
  • 34. Torture  and  terrorizing  US  troops,  1900  
  • 35. American  troops  interac9ng  with  local  na9ves,  1900  
  • 36. US  troops  “torturing”  Filipino  POWs,  1901  
  • 37. US  troops  “torturing”  Filipino  POWs,  1901  
  • 38. Execu9on  of  Filipino  “criminals”  1900  
  • 44. How  did  the  American  public  react   to  the  war?   •  The  American  public  was   deeply  divided  by  the   conflict   •  Pro-­‐war:   –  “Ways  jus?fy  the  means”   •  An?-­‐war:   –  Waste  of  American  lives   –  Crimes  against  mankind  
  • 45. American  coffins  returning  home,  1906  
  • 46. How  did  the  war  eventually  end?   •  In  1901,  Aguinaldo  is   captured  by  US  forces   –  Swears  an  oath  of  loyalty   to  the  US   –  Asked  his  followers  to   surrender   •  Sca=ered  figh?ng  will   con?nue  for  another  10   years  
  • 47. The  Capture  of  Aguinaldo,  1901    
  • 48. Surrender  of  many  Filipino  fighters,  1901  
  • 49. Filipino  More  (Muslim)  fighters  con9nue   the  fight,  1907  
  • 50. A  Gun  with  More  Stopping  Power   John M. Browning’s Masterpiece - . 45 caliber m1911 Semi-Automatic The sidearm of WWI, WWII, Korea, and Vietnam
  • 51. What  were  the  results  of  the   Philippine–American  War?     •  The  Philippines  would   remain  a  US  territory  /   naval  base  (1898-­‐1940’s)   –  5,000+  US  casual?es   –  200,000+  Filipino  casual?es   •  Despite  the  issues  of  the   conflict,  the  Philippines   remains  a  strong  ally  of  the   US  today  
  • 52. US  Troops  in  the  Philippines,  2010