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Contribution of Micro Finance on Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh
Preprint · November 2019
DOI: 10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
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Contribution of Micro Finance on Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh
Arman Hossen 1
, Md. Rubel Miah 1
, Roksana Aftab Ruhi2,
*
1
Department of Business Administration, Noakhali Science and Technology
University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
2
Department of Agriculture, Noakhali Science and Technology
University, Noakhali, 3814 , Bangladesh.
Corresponding Author: Roksana Aftab Ruhi, Department of Agriculture, Noakhali Science and Technology
University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh. Email: ruhi435@outlook.com, +8801772616664
ABSTRACT
Poverty exists through the world as a curse and a big trouble in the way of development.
When people deprived of their basic needs such as food, cloth, shelter, education, treatment and
so on is termed as poverty .This paper is to examine empirically the impact of micro-credit on
poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. The regular growth of the micro finance concerned parties has
been promoted not only by market forces but also by conscious actions of national
governments,Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and the donors who view microfinance
as an effective tool for eradicating poverty. This paper argues that microfinance can be
considered as an important element for an effective poverty reduction strategy especially in rural
areas. This study is developed by descriptive analysis based on secondary data. After the
analysis of collected data and information, it shows evidence that practically microcredit can be
considered as an effective tool for poverty reduction in developing countries like Bangladesh. To
be more ensure that how much and how the microcredit really reduces poverty, further study and
research should be carried out in future.
Keywords: microfinance; poverty; MFI’s; NGO
1. INTRODUCTION
Poverty is a pervasive problem for the developing countries. It exists through the world as a
curse.Poverty, works as a hindrance of economic development of a country. Poverty may exist in
different levels in our society. The rural people especially the poor deprived of basic needs such
as food, cloth, shelter, and so on at their daily lives. They also lack on access to a proper
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
© 2019 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license.
education,a proper treatment for ensuring a sound health. This paper is focusing on contribution
of microfinance on poverty alleviation in developing countries like Bangladesh. One such
poverty palliation weapon is micro finance, which is worldwide recognized since the 1990s.
Besides, it is proved to have a positive impact to reduce poverty in Bangladesh (Hossain &
Knight, 2008; Venkataramany & Bhasin, 2009; Chemin, 2008). Microfinance has proved to be
significantly responsible for alleviating poverty within the rural areas where it has been
established. While it still has a long way to go in gaining self-sufficiency and in enhancing its
reach and impact, it has made a difference in the lives of many individuals. (Ashish Sharma,
2015). The effects of microfinance programs on poverty-reduction are still significant after
twenty years of operation. However, it seems that for the most part, activities supported by
microfinance have not been greatly diversified over time. (Khandker & Samad, 2016). The main
objective of the study will be achieved throughout the various analysis and data collection. The
overall study aims to evaluate and examine the role of microfinance in eradicating the poverty in
developing countries like Bangladesh especially in rural areas.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The information designed in this study has been collected from various secondary sources.
To express the relationship between the rural people and the MFI’s, the vital data are
collected from the published report of selected sources. Moreover, other important data are
collected from various books, journals, newspapers and other publications in a relation with
microfinance. This study is designed by descriptive analysis based on secondary data and
information. In this study I would try to follow a proper and appropriate method to collect
information and analyzing them in focusing in the light of the prime objective of this study.
3. RESULTS
Rural people in Bangladesh in remote areas are living under the poverty line. They suffer
from different level of poverty in their daily lives. Various micro finance institutions are
working to recover the socio economic condition of that people by granting microcredit to
them. The success of microcredit in Bangladesh has led to using it as a major tool in national
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
No.ofMFIshave program in
Char areas
No. of MFIs have program in haor
areas
No. of MFIs have program in hilly
areas
0
2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14
poverty reduction strategy by both the government and non-governmental organizations.
NGO-MFIs have been working in the rural areas of Bangladesh addressing the poor, very
poor and near poor people under their different programs both financial and social
development. These areas also include remote areas and difficult terrains like char,hoar and
hilly areas.
Figure No.1: MFI’s in Remote Areas
The figure show that the activities of MFI‟s have a noticeable change in 2017 compared to
2014. The program of MFI‟s is popularly accepted by the rural people of Bangladesh and
they viewed that as a source to improve their economic condition.
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
Particulars 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14
Number of MFIs have ME loan
Program
247 290 226 208
Disbursement of ME loan (Tk. in
million)
361,096.99 277,884 231,408 176,952
Outstanding of ME loan (Tk. in
million)
238,624.84 183,066 147,707 111,718
Number of borrowers 3,640,007 3,245,562 2,628,903 2,691,510
ME loan recovery (in %) 97.51 96.31 87.61 84.80
Table No.1: Micro-enterprise Program of NGO-MFIs
How much accepted the MF program by the borrowers, the above table shows the progress
of micro enterprise program of NGO-MFI‟s. The progress indicates that the position of
MFI‟s in rural areas hold a strong position by which they are being able to improve their
position in those remote areas.
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
Figure No.1: Micro-enterprise Program of NGO-MFIs
No.…
Disb…
Outs…
No.…
Me…
2 0 1 3 -20 14 2 0 1 4 -20 15 2 0 1 5 -20 16 2 0 1 6 -20 17
[] 593 667 696
13632 18014 21795 27680
[] 10342 15576 17927
658830
710025
765397
743979
2681 3382 3783 []
particulars
year (2013-2017)
No. of Branches Disburstment of Loan Outstanding of ME(m) No. of Borrower's Member Savings
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
Table No.2: Disbursement, Outstanding Loan and Net-saving in Remote
Areas
Remote
areas Loan disbursement Loan outstanding Net savings
No.
of
Borro-
wersTK in
million
% of MFIs
Total
Disbursement
Tk in
Million
% of
MFIs Total
Outstanding
Tk in
Million
%of
MFIs
Total
Net
Saving
Char
areas
27679.75 2.29 17927.31 2.33 4979.32 1.43 74397
Hoar
areas
25897.40 2.14 16512.40 2.14 6130.22 1.76 78633
Hilly
areas
6910.76 0.57 4379.39 0.57 1683.43 0.48 20176
The table shows the scenario of micro credit by MFI’s in the year of 2016-17.Poverty
reduction has been a common concern for the society in general and one of the important
visions of the microfinance sector, which can be effectively accelerated by undertaking
different social services. The present review has found that a great majority of the NGO-
MFIs have been implementing development initiatives under their social services, while a
small portion of them are yet to provide such services.
Micro Finance in Char Areas
Chars are highly vulnerable areas and prone to sudden and forceful flooding. Frequently
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
river erosion occurs resulting in loss of land, physical assets and crops. Most of such areas
are located in the north-western part of the country, where diversity of markets, healthcare
facility, education and other essential services.
Figure No.2: Micro-Finance Program in Char Area
The graph (Micro-Finance Program in Char area) shows that the programs by MFI‟s in
remote areas like char areas gradually increasing step by step. During 2014 the position of
different activities of MFI‟s was as low as compared tothe year of 2017.
Micro Finance in Haor Areas
Hoar area is a wetland ecosystem found in the north-eastern part of Bangladesh. In hoar
areas diversity of markets, healthcare facility, education and other essential services are
scanty. The MFIs that work in the Hoar areas include ASA, BRAC, BURO Bangladesh,
TMSS, HEED Bangladesh, POPI, DSK, PBUS, YPSA, PMUK and others.
No.…
Dis…
Out…
No.…
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017
575 593 667 696
13632 18014 21795 27680
7830 10342 15576 17927
658830
710025
765397 743979
Particulars
Year (2013-2017)
Micro-finance Program in Char Area
No. of Branches Disburstment of Loan Outstanding of ME(m) No. of Borrower's
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
Figure No.3: Micro Finance in Haor Areas
Microfinance in hoar areas, to examine the progress of activities we need to look at the
various sectors from 2014 to 2017. Disbursement of loan and outstanding loan amount
indicates that how much popularity the microfinance has to the borrowers.
Micro-finance in Hilly Area
Chittagong Hill Tracts, Chittagong, Habigonj and Moulavibazar districts are known as
Hilly areas that constitute about 12% of the total area of Bangladesh. These areas are
mostly poverty prone and are having inadequate literacy and other development facilities.
During 2016-17, a total of 240 branches of different MFIs are working in the hilly areas of
some districts of Bangladesh. The number of branches operating in the hilly areas
represents 1.06% of the overall branches in the country.
No. of Branches
Disbursement of Loan
Outstanding Loan
No.of Borrower's
Member's Saving
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
251 275 284 496
6308 8463 11550 25897
6354 8931 9732 16512
597269
545057
393481
786332
2609 2301 2515 6130
Particulars
Years (2013-17)
Micro-finance Programin HoarArea
No. of Branches Disbursement of Loan Outstanding Loan No.of Borrower's Member's Saving
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
Figure No.:4 Micro-finance in Hilly Area
The graph shows that, the people in rural remote areas like the hilly areas have a great
deprivation and it rapidly reducing by the programs taken by MFI‟s. Their operating
number of branches, disbursement of loan, outstanding loan, number of borrowers and
member savings are going to a high position because of the acceptance of MF program.
No. of Branches
Disbursement of Loan
No. of Borrower's
Outstanding Loan
Member's Saving
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
199 206 185 204
4340 9483 5641 6911
241423
256846
274731
201769
2741 3393 3729 4379
1191 1440 1351 1683
Particulars
Year (2013-17)
Micro-finance Programin Hilly Area
No. of Branches Disbursement of Loan No. of Borrower's Outstanding Loan Member's Saving
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
Table No.6: Foreign Remittance Program of NGO-MFIs
Particulars 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14
Number of NGO-MFIs involved 21 21 19 -
Number of banks involved 14 10 16 -
Number of money exchange
companies involved
38 21 20 -
Number of clients served 556,278 669,852 678,500 -
Amount delivered to clients (Tk. in
million)
14,921 17,079 17,752 -
Percentage of total NGO-MFIs
involved
4.12 3.96 3.75 -
Table No.6: Foreign Remittance Program of NGO-MFIs
In 2014 there has no program of foreign remittance of NGO-MFI‟s. But to obtain such a
strong position, they started this type of program during 2015 and till now continue it.
From 2015 it was simply 3.75% but now in 2017 it is extended to 4.12%.
Particulars 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14
Number of NGO-MFIs have SDP 379 386 364 375
Percentage of total NGO-MFIs have
SDP
74.31 72.83 71.94 73.39
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
Number of members received social
Services
24,482,388 24,797,720 19,100,604 27,919,865
Percentage of total members 62.43 65.85 52.72 82.02
Number of non-members received
social services
30,829,781 122,640,811 105,944,286 107,886,199
Table No.7: Social Development Program of NGO & MFI’s
Different types of social development program carried out by NGO-MFI‟s from 2014 to
2017. Simply it express how much change occurred from the previous year to the current
year.
Types Of Social Development Service
Service Providing NGO-MFI‟s
No. %Of
Total
% Of Total
MFI‟s
Educational And Academic Assistance 286 75.46 56.08
Water And Sanitation 211 55.67 41.37
Forestation 150 39.58 29.41
Health And Medication 275 72.56 53.92
Women Empowerment And Development 210 55.41 41.18
Rehabilitation Of Disabled 109 28.76 21.37
Housing 139 36.68 27.25
Agricultural Equipment Assistance 128 33.77 25.10
Good Governance And Legal Assistance 130 34.30 25.49
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
Prevention Of Women And Children
Trafficking
97 25.59 19.02
Environment And Disaster Management 104 27.44 20.39
Prevention Of Child Marriage 181 47.76 35.49
HIV/AIDS And Family Planning 100 26.39 19.61
Relief 101 26.65 19.80
Other (Food & Food Processing, Human
Rights, Etc.)
75 19.79 14.71
Rehabilitation Of Destitute & Unemployed 102 26.91 20.00
All 379 100 74.31
Table No.8: Different Social Development Services of MFIs
Different social development services carried out by MFI‟s during the year of 2017 to have a
contribution on poverty.
Particular 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14
Number of NGO-MFIs have training
Program
273 274 266 272
Percentage of total NGO-MFIs have TP 53.53 51.70 52.57 53.23
Number of members received training 1,077,345 974,728 708,335 781,725
Percentage of total members 2.75 2.59 1.95 2.30
Number of non-members received
Training
807,601 433,703 751,573 196,466
Table No.9: Training Program of NGO & MFI’s
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The overall picture of training program of MFI‟s from 2014 to 2017. It going at a crazy rate
and the receivers both member and nonmember highly received it.
SL
NO
.
Types of Training
Program
Types of
Training Program
(2016- 17)
Types of
Training
Program
(2015-16)
NO. % of
total MFIs
NO. % of
total
MFIs
1
Agriculture
163 31.96 161 30.38
2
Livestock and Poultry
Rearing
202 39.61 200 37.74
3
Nursery
84 16.47 97 18.30
4
Tailoring
157 30.78 160 30.19
5
Driving
33 6.47 22 4.15
6
Handicrafts
87 17.06 100 18.87
7
Entrepreneur
Development
111 21.76 106 20.00
8
Other
63 12.35 65 12.26
Table No.10: Different training programs of MFIs in 2016-17, 2015-16
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
Member
Non-member
400000
200000
0
2016-17 2015-16
Different types of training program carried out by MFI‟s in 2017 and 2016. Those
programs aim to improve the productivity and the efficiency to use the obtained loan
from the MFI‟s. By properly utilizing the resources the borrowers can have a strong
fight with poverty. The above table shows the much important training programs for
rural people. The programs are in a greater amount in 2017 compared to 2016.
Figure No.5: Member & Non-member Receiver of Social Training &
Development Services
During 2016-17, the total receivers of training & development services included 1,884,946
that included member receivers 1,077,345 (57%) and non-member receivers 807,601
(43%), among the most important programs. During 2015-16, the total receivers of training
& development services included 1,408,431 that included member receivers 974,728 (69%)
and non-member receivers 433,703 (31%).
The figure express that the total number of both member and nonmember, has been rapidly
increased in 2017 than 2016, because of the effectiveness of the training programs of
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
MFI‟s, at achanging rate.
Current situation of poverty in Bangladesh
Poverty exists in Bangladesh at a lower rate compared to before. The percentage of poverty
has gradually decreasing day by day through various activities.
The yearly average rate of poverty reduction has dropped from 1.7 percent, between
2005 and 2010 to 1.2 percent, between 2010 and 2016. The average poverty reduction
rate has been calculated from the data to be revealed through a flagship of BBS
(Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics). According to BBS‟ preliminary household income
and expenditure survey report 2016, 24.3 percent of the population is now living in
poverty, down from 31.5 percent in 2010. And the percentage of ultra-poor also
dropped from 17.6 in 2010 to 12.9 now.
Figure No.6: Poverty Situation in Bangladesh
60
50
40
30 %0f People inPoverty
% of Ultra poor
20
10
0
2016 2010 2005 2000
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
However, poverty alleviation was faster during the previous five years and that was evident in
the previous HIES (Household Income and Expenditure Survey) reports done in 2005 and 2010.
4. DISCUSSION
Microfinance is considered as an effective tool of poverty alleviation as stated above.
Microfinance institutions work and their initiative towards removing the darkness of poverty, is
growing up a noticeable rate especially in rural and remote areas of Bangladesh. Various data
and information are collected and analyzed. In data analysis part it is shown that various
activities of microfinance have gradually decreasing the poverty rate in Bangladesh. In spite of
that, the various activities of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) shown in the data analysis part
can lead poverty reduction. Data analysis part shows that MFIs have been working in the rural
areas of Bangladesh since inception %0f People in .Poverty % of Ultra poor addressing the poor,
very poor and near poor people under their different programs both financial and social
development includes remote areas and difficult terrains. Disbursement, outstanding loan and net
savings of the borrowers of MFIs are satisfactory. The contribution of MFI‟s in remote areas is
going in a rapid increase as well it reduces the condition of borrowers. From various analysis and
calculation it is found that poverty is decreased around 6.2% in total by various activities of
MFI‟s and others.
5. CONCLUSION
Microfinance has become a very accepted and popularly used tool to eradicate poverty in
developing countries like Bangladesh. In rural area the living standard of people lying below
poverty level. Poverty is a major considerable threat to vulnerable people as they hardly
carried out their daily basic needs. Today microfinance has viewed by people in several
ways. Some strongly support that yes, microfinance has a great role in reducing poverty but
on the other hand some people and parties oppose that microfinance has a fewer impact on
poverty alleviation. This study has been carried out to evaluate and examine as how much
the microfinance can change the socio economic condition of rural people. To identify as
does microfinance really contribute in poverty reduction? Several information has been
collected and a descriptive analysis is designed. This study also examines the formation of
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
small capital by households from microfinance institutions. This study illustrates that micro
finance has a great impact on poverty reduction. The borrower should use properly the
obtained loan and the microfinance institutions also should have appropriate policy and
implication to have a role more on poverty reduction
6. REFERENCES
1) Al Mamun, C.A., Hasan, M.N. and Rana, A., 2013. Micro-credit and poverty
alleviation: The Case of Bangladesh. World, 3(1).
2) Alexander, G., 2001, September. An empirical analysis of microfinance: who are the
clients?In Northeastern Universities Development Consortium Conference.
3) Ashraf, M.A. and Ibrahim, Y.B., 2014. Poverty Alleviation and Identifying the Barriers
to the Rural Poor Participation in MFIs: A Case Study in Bangladesh. Journal of
Economic Cooperation & Development, 35(3).
4) Bangladesh micro finance statistics. Credit and Development Forum Bangladesh.
5) Bashir, M. K., Amin, A., & Naeem, M. K. (2010). Micro-credit and Poverty Alleviation
in Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 8(11), 1381-1386.
6) Chemin, M., 2008. The benefits and costs of microfinance: evidence from Bangladesh. The
journal of development studies, 44(4), pp.463-484.
7) Husain, J., 2008. Role of micro-finance institutions in reducing world poverty: an overview.
The Business Review, 11(1), pp.37-52.
8) Khandker, S.R., 2005. Microfinance and poverty: Evidence using panel data from Bangladesh.
The World Bank Economic Review, 19(2), pp.263-286.
9) Microcredit,M.a.,2016.Microfinanceand microcredit.
10) Momoh, J., 2005. The role of microfinance in rural poverty reduction in developing
countries.Retrieved on, 2(9), p.2010.
11) Pitt, M.M. and Khandker, S.R., 1998. The impact of group-based credit programs on poor
households in Bangladesh: Does the gender of participants matter?. Journal of political
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economy,106(5),pp.958-996.
12) Seibel, H.D. and Felloni, F., 2005. Mainstreaming Banking with the Poor in the Philippines.
Internationales Asienforum, 36(3-4), pp.361-375.
13) Wood, G.D. and Sharif, I.A., 1997. Who needs credit? Poverty and finance in Bangladesh.
ZedBooks.
14) Yunus, M., 2007. Credit for the poor: Poverty as distant history. Harvard International
Review,29(3),p.20.
15) Yunus, M., 2009. Creating a world without poverty: Social business and the future of
capitalism. Public Affairs.
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
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Contribution of Micro Finance on Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh

  • 1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337210917 Contribution of Micro Finance on Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh Preprint · November 2019 DOI: 10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1 CITATIONS 0 READ 1 3 authors, including: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Isolation and Characterization of Rhizosphere Bacteria and Their Efficacy against Botrytis cinerea causing grey mould of chickpea View project Roksana Aftab Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University 4 PUBLICATIONS   0 CITATIONS    SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Roksana Aftab on 13 November 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
  • 2. Contribution of Micro Finance on Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh Arman Hossen 1 , Md. Rubel Miah 1 , Roksana Aftab Ruhi2, * 1 Department of Business Administration, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh. 2 Department of Agriculture, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814 , Bangladesh. Corresponding Author: Roksana Aftab Ruhi, Department of Agriculture, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh. Email: ruhi435@outlook.com, +8801772616664 ABSTRACT Poverty exists through the world as a curse and a big trouble in the way of development. When people deprived of their basic needs such as food, cloth, shelter, education, treatment and so on is termed as poverty .This paper is to examine empirically the impact of micro-credit on poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. The regular growth of the micro finance concerned parties has been promoted not only by market forces but also by conscious actions of national governments,Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and the donors who view microfinance as an effective tool for eradicating poverty. This paper argues that microfinance can be considered as an important element for an effective poverty reduction strategy especially in rural areas. This study is developed by descriptive analysis based on secondary data. After the analysis of collected data and information, it shows evidence that practically microcredit can be considered as an effective tool for poverty reduction in developing countries like Bangladesh. To be more ensure that how much and how the microcredit really reduces poverty, further study and research should be carried out in future. Keywords: microfinance; poverty; MFI’s; NGO 1. INTRODUCTION Poverty is a pervasive problem for the developing countries. It exists through the world as a curse.Poverty, works as a hindrance of economic development of a country. Poverty may exist in different levels in our society. The rural people especially the poor deprived of basic needs such as food, cloth, shelter, and so on at their daily lives. They also lack on access to a proper Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1 © 2019 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license.
  • 3. education,a proper treatment for ensuring a sound health. This paper is focusing on contribution of microfinance on poverty alleviation in developing countries like Bangladesh. One such poverty palliation weapon is micro finance, which is worldwide recognized since the 1990s. Besides, it is proved to have a positive impact to reduce poverty in Bangladesh (Hossain & Knight, 2008; Venkataramany & Bhasin, 2009; Chemin, 2008). Microfinance has proved to be significantly responsible for alleviating poverty within the rural areas where it has been established. While it still has a long way to go in gaining self-sufficiency and in enhancing its reach and impact, it has made a difference in the lives of many individuals. (Ashish Sharma, 2015). The effects of microfinance programs on poverty-reduction are still significant after twenty years of operation. However, it seems that for the most part, activities supported by microfinance have not been greatly diversified over time. (Khandker & Samad, 2016). The main objective of the study will be achieved throughout the various analysis and data collection. The overall study aims to evaluate and examine the role of microfinance in eradicating the poverty in developing countries like Bangladesh especially in rural areas. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information designed in this study has been collected from various secondary sources. To express the relationship between the rural people and the MFI’s, the vital data are collected from the published report of selected sources. Moreover, other important data are collected from various books, journals, newspapers and other publications in a relation with microfinance. This study is designed by descriptive analysis based on secondary data and information. In this study I would try to follow a proper and appropriate method to collect information and analyzing them in focusing in the light of the prime objective of this study. 3. RESULTS Rural people in Bangladesh in remote areas are living under the poverty line. They suffer from different level of poverty in their daily lives. Various micro finance institutions are working to recover the socio economic condition of that people by granting microcredit to them. The success of microcredit in Bangladesh has led to using it as a major tool in national Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 4. 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 No.ofMFIshave program in Char areas No. of MFIs have program in haor areas No. of MFIs have program in hilly areas 0 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14 poverty reduction strategy by both the government and non-governmental organizations. NGO-MFIs have been working in the rural areas of Bangladesh addressing the poor, very poor and near poor people under their different programs both financial and social development. These areas also include remote areas and difficult terrains like char,hoar and hilly areas. Figure No.1: MFI’s in Remote Areas The figure show that the activities of MFI‟s have a noticeable change in 2017 compared to 2014. The program of MFI‟s is popularly accepted by the rural people of Bangladesh and they viewed that as a source to improve their economic condition. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 5. Particulars 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14 Number of MFIs have ME loan Program 247 290 226 208 Disbursement of ME loan (Tk. in million) 361,096.99 277,884 231,408 176,952 Outstanding of ME loan (Tk. in million) 238,624.84 183,066 147,707 111,718 Number of borrowers 3,640,007 3,245,562 2,628,903 2,691,510 ME loan recovery (in %) 97.51 96.31 87.61 84.80 Table No.1: Micro-enterprise Program of NGO-MFIs How much accepted the MF program by the borrowers, the above table shows the progress of micro enterprise program of NGO-MFI‟s. The progress indicates that the position of MFI‟s in rural areas hold a strong position by which they are being able to improve their position in those remote areas. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 6. Figure No.1: Micro-enterprise Program of NGO-MFIs No.… Disb… Outs… No.… Me… 2 0 1 3 -20 14 2 0 1 4 -20 15 2 0 1 5 -20 16 2 0 1 6 -20 17 [] 593 667 696 13632 18014 21795 27680 [] 10342 15576 17927 658830 710025 765397 743979 2681 3382 3783 [] particulars year (2013-2017) No. of Branches Disburstment of Loan Outstanding of ME(m) No. of Borrower's Member Savings Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 7. Table No.2: Disbursement, Outstanding Loan and Net-saving in Remote Areas Remote areas Loan disbursement Loan outstanding Net savings No. of Borro- wersTK in million % of MFIs Total Disbursement Tk in Million % of MFIs Total Outstanding Tk in Million %of MFIs Total Net Saving Char areas 27679.75 2.29 17927.31 2.33 4979.32 1.43 74397 Hoar areas 25897.40 2.14 16512.40 2.14 6130.22 1.76 78633 Hilly areas 6910.76 0.57 4379.39 0.57 1683.43 0.48 20176 The table shows the scenario of micro credit by MFI’s in the year of 2016-17.Poverty reduction has been a common concern for the society in general and one of the important visions of the microfinance sector, which can be effectively accelerated by undertaking different social services. The present review has found that a great majority of the NGO- MFIs have been implementing development initiatives under their social services, while a small portion of them are yet to provide such services. Micro Finance in Char Areas Chars are highly vulnerable areas and prone to sudden and forceful flooding. Frequently Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 8. river erosion occurs resulting in loss of land, physical assets and crops. Most of such areas are located in the north-western part of the country, where diversity of markets, healthcare facility, education and other essential services. Figure No.2: Micro-Finance Program in Char Area The graph (Micro-Finance Program in Char area) shows that the programs by MFI‟s in remote areas like char areas gradually increasing step by step. During 2014 the position of different activities of MFI‟s was as low as compared tothe year of 2017. Micro Finance in Haor Areas Hoar area is a wetland ecosystem found in the north-eastern part of Bangladesh. In hoar areas diversity of markets, healthcare facility, education and other essential services are scanty. The MFIs that work in the Hoar areas include ASA, BRAC, BURO Bangladesh, TMSS, HEED Bangladesh, POPI, DSK, PBUS, YPSA, PMUK and others. No.… Dis… Out… No.… 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 575 593 667 696 13632 18014 21795 27680 7830 10342 15576 17927 658830 710025 765397 743979 Particulars Year (2013-2017) Micro-finance Program in Char Area No. of Branches Disburstment of Loan Outstanding of ME(m) No. of Borrower's Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 9. Figure No.3: Micro Finance in Haor Areas Microfinance in hoar areas, to examine the progress of activities we need to look at the various sectors from 2014 to 2017. Disbursement of loan and outstanding loan amount indicates that how much popularity the microfinance has to the borrowers. Micro-finance in Hilly Area Chittagong Hill Tracts, Chittagong, Habigonj and Moulavibazar districts are known as Hilly areas that constitute about 12% of the total area of Bangladesh. These areas are mostly poverty prone and are having inadequate literacy and other development facilities. During 2016-17, a total of 240 branches of different MFIs are working in the hilly areas of some districts of Bangladesh. The number of branches operating in the hilly areas represents 1.06% of the overall branches in the country. No. of Branches Disbursement of Loan Outstanding Loan No.of Borrower's Member's Saving 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 251 275 284 496 6308 8463 11550 25897 6354 8931 9732 16512 597269 545057 393481 786332 2609 2301 2515 6130 Particulars Years (2013-17) Micro-finance Programin HoarArea No. of Branches Disbursement of Loan Outstanding Loan No.of Borrower's Member's Saving Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 10. Figure No.:4 Micro-finance in Hilly Area The graph shows that, the people in rural remote areas like the hilly areas have a great deprivation and it rapidly reducing by the programs taken by MFI‟s. Their operating number of branches, disbursement of loan, outstanding loan, number of borrowers and member savings are going to a high position because of the acceptance of MF program. No. of Branches Disbursement of Loan No. of Borrower's Outstanding Loan Member's Saving 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 199 206 185 204 4340 9483 5641 6911 241423 256846 274731 201769 2741 3393 3729 4379 1191 1440 1351 1683 Particulars Year (2013-17) Micro-finance Programin Hilly Area No. of Branches Disbursement of Loan No. of Borrower's Outstanding Loan Member's Saving Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 11. Table No.6: Foreign Remittance Program of NGO-MFIs Particulars 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14 Number of NGO-MFIs involved 21 21 19 - Number of banks involved 14 10 16 - Number of money exchange companies involved 38 21 20 - Number of clients served 556,278 669,852 678,500 - Amount delivered to clients (Tk. in million) 14,921 17,079 17,752 - Percentage of total NGO-MFIs involved 4.12 3.96 3.75 - Table No.6: Foreign Remittance Program of NGO-MFIs In 2014 there has no program of foreign remittance of NGO-MFI‟s. But to obtain such a strong position, they started this type of program during 2015 and till now continue it. From 2015 it was simply 3.75% but now in 2017 it is extended to 4.12%. Particulars 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14 Number of NGO-MFIs have SDP 379 386 364 375 Percentage of total NGO-MFIs have SDP 74.31 72.83 71.94 73.39 Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 12. Number of members received social Services 24,482,388 24,797,720 19,100,604 27,919,865 Percentage of total members 62.43 65.85 52.72 82.02 Number of non-members received social services 30,829,781 122,640,811 105,944,286 107,886,199 Table No.7: Social Development Program of NGO & MFI’s Different types of social development program carried out by NGO-MFI‟s from 2014 to 2017. Simply it express how much change occurred from the previous year to the current year. Types Of Social Development Service Service Providing NGO-MFI‟s No. %Of Total % Of Total MFI‟s Educational And Academic Assistance 286 75.46 56.08 Water And Sanitation 211 55.67 41.37 Forestation 150 39.58 29.41 Health And Medication 275 72.56 53.92 Women Empowerment And Development 210 55.41 41.18 Rehabilitation Of Disabled 109 28.76 21.37 Housing 139 36.68 27.25 Agricultural Equipment Assistance 128 33.77 25.10 Good Governance And Legal Assistance 130 34.30 25.49 Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 13. Prevention Of Women And Children Trafficking 97 25.59 19.02 Environment And Disaster Management 104 27.44 20.39 Prevention Of Child Marriage 181 47.76 35.49 HIV/AIDS And Family Planning 100 26.39 19.61 Relief 101 26.65 19.80 Other (Food & Food Processing, Human Rights, Etc.) 75 19.79 14.71 Rehabilitation Of Destitute & Unemployed 102 26.91 20.00 All 379 100 74.31 Table No.8: Different Social Development Services of MFIs Different social development services carried out by MFI‟s during the year of 2017 to have a contribution on poverty. Particular 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14 Number of NGO-MFIs have training Program 273 274 266 272 Percentage of total NGO-MFIs have TP 53.53 51.70 52.57 53.23 Number of members received training 1,077,345 974,728 708,335 781,725 Percentage of total members 2.75 2.59 1.95 2.30 Number of non-members received Training 807,601 433,703 751,573 196,466 Table No.9: Training Program of NGO & MFI’s Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 14. The overall picture of training program of MFI‟s from 2014 to 2017. It going at a crazy rate and the receivers both member and nonmember highly received it. SL NO . Types of Training Program Types of Training Program (2016- 17) Types of Training Program (2015-16) NO. % of total MFIs NO. % of total MFIs 1 Agriculture 163 31.96 161 30.38 2 Livestock and Poultry Rearing 202 39.61 200 37.74 3 Nursery 84 16.47 97 18.30 4 Tailoring 157 30.78 160 30.19 5 Driving 33 6.47 22 4.15 6 Handicrafts 87 17.06 100 18.87 7 Entrepreneur Development 111 21.76 106 20.00 8 Other 63 12.35 65 12.26 Table No.10: Different training programs of MFIs in 2016-17, 2015-16 Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 15. 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 Member Non-member 400000 200000 0 2016-17 2015-16 Different types of training program carried out by MFI‟s in 2017 and 2016. Those programs aim to improve the productivity and the efficiency to use the obtained loan from the MFI‟s. By properly utilizing the resources the borrowers can have a strong fight with poverty. The above table shows the much important training programs for rural people. The programs are in a greater amount in 2017 compared to 2016. Figure No.5: Member & Non-member Receiver of Social Training & Development Services During 2016-17, the total receivers of training & development services included 1,884,946 that included member receivers 1,077,345 (57%) and non-member receivers 807,601 (43%), among the most important programs. During 2015-16, the total receivers of training & development services included 1,408,431 that included member receivers 974,728 (69%) and non-member receivers 433,703 (31%). The figure express that the total number of both member and nonmember, has been rapidly increased in 2017 than 2016, because of the effectiveness of the training programs of Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 16. MFI‟s, at achanging rate. Current situation of poverty in Bangladesh Poverty exists in Bangladesh at a lower rate compared to before. The percentage of poverty has gradually decreasing day by day through various activities. The yearly average rate of poverty reduction has dropped from 1.7 percent, between 2005 and 2010 to 1.2 percent, between 2010 and 2016. The average poverty reduction rate has been calculated from the data to be revealed through a flagship of BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics). According to BBS‟ preliminary household income and expenditure survey report 2016, 24.3 percent of the population is now living in poverty, down from 31.5 percent in 2010. And the percentage of ultra-poor also dropped from 17.6 in 2010 to 12.9 now. Figure No.6: Poverty Situation in Bangladesh 60 50 40 30 %0f People inPoverty % of Ultra poor 20 10 0 2016 2010 2005 2000 Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 17. However, poverty alleviation was faster during the previous five years and that was evident in the previous HIES (Household Income and Expenditure Survey) reports done in 2005 and 2010. 4. DISCUSSION Microfinance is considered as an effective tool of poverty alleviation as stated above. Microfinance institutions work and their initiative towards removing the darkness of poverty, is growing up a noticeable rate especially in rural and remote areas of Bangladesh. Various data and information are collected and analyzed. In data analysis part it is shown that various activities of microfinance have gradually decreasing the poverty rate in Bangladesh. In spite of that, the various activities of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) shown in the data analysis part can lead poverty reduction. Data analysis part shows that MFIs have been working in the rural areas of Bangladesh since inception %0f People in .Poverty % of Ultra poor addressing the poor, very poor and near poor people under their different programs both financial and social development includes remote areas and difficult terrains. Disbursement, outstanding loan and net savings of the borrowers of MFIs are satisfactory. The contribution of MFI‟s in remote areas is going in a rapid increase as well it reduces the condition of borrowers. From various analysis and calculation it is found that poverty is decreased around 6.2% in total by various activities of MFI‟s and others. 5. CONCLUSION Microfinance has become a very accepted and popularly used tool to eradicate poverty in developing countries like Bangladesh. In rural area the living standard of people lying below poverty level. Poverty is a major considerable threat to vulnerable people as they hardly carried out their daily basic needs. Today microfinance has viewed by people in several ways. Some strongly support that yes, microfinance has a great role in reducing poverty but on the other hand some people and parties oppose that microfinance has a fewer impact on poverty alleviation. This study has been carried out to evaluate and examine as how much the microfinance can change the socio economic condition of rural people. To identify as does microfinance really contribute in poverty reduction? Several information has been collected and a descriptive analysis is designed. This study also examines the formation of Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 18. small capital by households from microfinance institutions. This study illustrates that micro finance has a great impact on poverty reduction. The borrower should use properly the obtained loan and the microfinance institutions also should have appropriate policy and implication to have a role more on poverty reduction 6. REFERENCES 1) Al Mamun, C.A., Hasan, M.N. and Rana, A., 2013. Micro-credit and poverty alleviation: The Case of Bangladesh. World, 3(1). 2) Alexander, G., 2001, September. An empirical analysis of microfinance: who are the clients?In Northeastern Universities Development Consortium Conference. 3) Ashraf, M.A. and Ibrahim, Y.B., 2014. Poverty Alleviation and Identifying the Barriers to the Rural Poor Participation in MFIs: A Case Study in Bangladesh. Journal of Economic Cooperation & Development, 35(3). 4) Bangladesh micro finance statistics. Credit and Development Forum Bangladesh. 5) Bashir, M. K., Amin, A., & Naeem, M. K. (2010). Micro-credit and Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 8(11), 1381-1386. 6) Chemin, M., 2008. The benefits and costs of microfinance: evidence from Bangladesh. The journal of development studies, 44(4), pp.463-484. 7) Husain, J., 2008. Role of micro-finance institutions in reducing world poverty: an overview. The Business Review, 11(1), pp.37-52. 8) Khandker, S.R., 2005. Microfinance and poverty: Evidence using panel data from Bangladesh. The World Bank Economic Review, 19(2), pp.263-286. 9) Microcredit,M.a.,2016.Microfinanceand microcredit. 10) Momoh, J., 2005. The role of microfinance in rural poverty reduction in developing countries.Retrieved on, 2(9), p.2010. 11) Pitt, M.M. and Khandker, S.R., 1998. The impact of group-based credit programs on poor households in Bangladesh: Does the gender of participants matter?. Journal of political Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1
  • 19. economy,106(5),pp.958-996. 12) Seibel, H.D. and Felloni, F., 2005. Mainstreaming Banking with the Poor in the Philippines. Internationales Asienforum, 36(3-4), pp.361-375. 13) Wood, G.D. and Sharif, I.A., 1997. Who needs credit? Poverty and finance in Bangladesh. ZedBooks. 14) Yunus, M., 2007. Credit for the poor: Poverty as distant history. Harvard International Review,29(3),p.20. 15) Yunus, M., 2009. Creating a world without poverty: Social business and the future of capitalism. Public Affairs. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 5 November 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201911.0045.v1 View publication statsView publication stats