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Introduction to
Internet of Things

.

Raj Jain
Washington University in Saint Louis
Saint Louis, MO 63130
Jain@cse.wustl.edu
These slides and audio/video recordings of this class lecture are at:
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/
Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-1

©2013 Raj Jain
Overview
1.
2.
3.
4.

What are “Things” and why IoT is important
Recent Protocols for IoT
IEEE 1901 - Power Line Communication (PLC)
IEEE 1905.1 - Convergent Digital Home Network

Note: This is part 1 of a series of class lectures on IoT.
MQTT, 6LowPAN, and RPL are covered in other parts.
Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-2

©2013 Raj Jain
Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
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1.1 Billion smart phones
244 Million smart meters
487 Million e-readers and tablets
2.37 Billion networked office devices
86 Million medical devices
45 Million connected automobiles
547 Million connected appliances
105 Million connected military devices
431 Million information technology devices
45 Million supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
5+ Billion other (non-phone/tablet/e-reader) electronic devices

Ref: H. Zhou, “The Internet of Things in the Cloud: A Middleware Perspective,” CRC Press, 2013, 365 pp., ISBN: 9781439892992
(Safari Book)
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/
Washington University in St. Louis
©2013 Raj Jain

18-3
Internet of Things


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Only 1% of things around us is connected.
Refrigerator, car, washing machine, heater, a/c, garage door,
should all be connected but are not.
From 10 Billion today to 50 Billion in 2020
Should include processes, data, things, and people.
$14 Trillion over 10 years
 Third in the list of top 10 strategic technologies by Gartner
(After Mobile devices, Mobile Apps, but before Clouds, …)
a.k.a. Internet of Everything by Cisco
Smarter Planet by IBM
Industrial Internet by GE
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
Internet of European Things (more popular in Europe)

Ref: “Gartner Identifies Top 10 Strategic Technologies,”
http://www.cioinsight.com/it-news-trends/gartner-identifies-top-10-strategic-technologies.html
Ref: J. Bradley, “The Internet of Everything: Creating Better Experiences in Unimaginable Ways,” Nov 21, 2013,
http://blogs.cisco.com/ioe/the-internet-of-everything-creating-better-experiences-in-unimaginable-ways/#more-131793
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/
Washington University in St. Louis
©2013 Raj Jain

18-4
Research Funding for IoT
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

Networking and Information Technology Research and
Development (NITRD)
 Group of 15 Federal agencies: NSF, NIH, NASA, DOE,
DARPA, ONR, …
 Recommends supplement to the president’s annual budget
CPS is one of the areas recommended by NITRD starting 2012
 Models, tools, and architectures for highly dependable CPS
 Safety models and designs for CP medical systems
 Cloud enablement of CPS
 Software verification and validation for large scale CPS,
e.g., next generation air transportation

Ref: NITRD, http://www.nitrd.gov/
Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-5

©2013 Raj Jain
Cyber Physical Systems
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CPS: Tight coupling between computing and physical
components
 Smart infrastructure
Industrial Control Systems:
 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA):
Over a large area spanning thousands of square kilometers,
e.g., power grid, gas pipelines
 Distributed Control Systems (DCS):
Within one location, e.g., wastewater treatment plant
 Programmable Logic Controllers:
Devices used in SCADA and DCS, e.g., assembly lines

Ref: Workshop on Future Directions in CPS Security, July 2009, http://www.ee.washington.edu/faculty/radha/dhs_cps.pdf
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/
Washington University in St. Louis
©2013 Raj Jain

18-6
CPS (Cont)
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Electric Grid: Smart Grid
Water Supply and Waste Water
Chemical: agricultural, pharmaceuticals, and other chemicals
Transportation: Smart Bridges, Smart Cars, In-Aircraft
systems
Healthcare: Robotic assistance for the Elderly, tele-operational
surgical robots
Commercial Buildings

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-7

©2013 Raj Jain
Smart Grid
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$4B funding in Economic Recovery Act
Smart Grid can
 Identify surges, outages, and failure points
 Contain damage and reroute power around failure
 Accommodate new off-grid energy sources
 Load balance dynamically
 Be less vulnerable to accidental or malicious harms
Meters that provide features needed for energy control
Efficient cryptographic communication between substations
and control centers
Protocols for publishing/subscribing of system data

Ref: Workshop on Future Directions in CPS Security, July 2009, http://www.ee.washington.edu/faculty/radha/dhs_cps.pdf
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/
Washington University in St. Louis
©2013 Raj Jain

18-8
Recent Protocols for IoT
1.
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Powerline Communications (PLC)
IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network
(6LowPAN)
Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)
ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0
ETSI M2M Architecture
MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-9

©2013 Raj Jain
Legacy IoT Protocols
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BACnet
LonWorks
ModBus
KNX
ZigBee
Z-Wave
M-Bus
ANSI CI-12
Device Language Message Specification (DLMS)/Company
Specification for Energy Metering (COSEM)

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-10

©2013 Raj Jain
Power Line Communication (PLC)
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Used in 1950 for remote ignition and lighting of
street lights. 100 Hz and 1 kHz signals over electrical wires
Two way systems using 3-148.5 kHz for reading electric
meters, and home automation, alarms etc.
HP AV2

SPiDCOM

GreenPHY

Evolution

HP Turbo
HP BPL

HP 1.0
DS2

Main.net
ASCOM

1990

CEBus

1995

LonWorks

2000

HP AV

HP=HomePlug

Passport
X10

IEEE 1901

HP CC

2005
Year

2010

2015

Ref: H. Chaouchi, "The Internet of Things: Connecting Objects," Wiley, Jun 2010, 288 pp., ISBN: 9781848211407 (Safari Book)
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/
Washington University in St. Louis
©2013 Raj Jain

18-11
Broadband Over Power Lines (BPL)
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High-speed internet connection using power lines
(like DSL)
IEEE 1901-2011 Broadband over Power Line standard
Not cost competitive with optical fiber or DSL
 Suitable for remote locations
High-frequency signal cannot pass through transformers and so
the signal has to be bypassed using a repeater
In US 1 transformer per house  Very expensive
In Europe: 1 transformer per 10-100 houses  More cost
effective
Radio frequency interference with existing wireless services is
avoided using OFDM

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_over_power_lines
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/
Washington University in St. Louis

18-12

©2013 Raj Jain
OFDM
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Ten 100 kHz channels are better than one 1 MHz Channel
 Multi-carrier modulation
Frequency band is divided into 256 or more sub-bands.
Orthogonal  Peak of one at null of others
Each carrier is modulated with a BPSK (2bps/Hz), QPSK (4
bps/Hz), 16-QAM (8bps/Hz), 64-QAM (16 bps/Hz) etc
depending on the noise (Frequency selective fading)
Used in 802.11a/g, 802.16,
Digital Video Broadcast handheld (DVB-H)
Easy to implement using FFT/IFFT

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-13

©2013 Raj Jain
HomePlug
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HomePlug 1.0
HomePlug AV
HomePlug AV2
HomePlug GP

Washington University in St. Louis

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18-14

©2013 Raj Jain
Connected Home

Ref: HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug Connected Home Summits 2013 Presentations,”
http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/Connected_Home_Summits_2013.pdf
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/
Washington University in St. Louis

18-15

©2013 Raj Jain
HomePlug AV
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Leading industry consortium for power line communications
90% of PLC devices use HomePlug
1.8 MHz to 30 MHz spectrum = 28 MHz  20 to 200 Mbps
Multipath distortion
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM):
Using 1155 carriers at 24.414 kHz spacing of which 917 are
used for signal. Rest as pilots.
Adaptive bit loading: Each carrier is modulated based on the
noise level and multipath at that frequency.
2-bits/symbol to 10 bits/symbol.
Tone Maps: Each receiver keeps a table of signal strengths
from each of the other receivers  n-1 tone maps in a n-device
system

Ref: HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug AV White Paper,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HPAV-White-Paper_050818.pdf
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/
Washington University in St. Louis
©2013 Raj Jain

18-16
HomePlug AV (Cont)
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Robust OFDM (ROBO) mode for highly reliable
transmission. The same information is transmitted on 2-5
subcarriers using a low-bit rate modulation
Use only Line-neutral pair (ground is not used).
Four channel access priorities
MAC is similar to that of WiFi
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA).
All devices part of the same trust domain form a “AV Logical
Network (AVLN).”
All members of the AVLN share a Network Membership Key
128-bit AES.
Each AVLN has a central coordinator (CCo)

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-17

©2013 Raj Jain
HomePlug AV (Cont)
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CCo transmits beacons containing schedule
Long best effort transmissions declare their queues to CCo and
use a pre-allocated persistent shared CSMA region
Short best effort transmissions use non-persistent CSMA
region.
Real-time traffic uses periodic time division multiple access
(TDMA) allocation in the contention-free period
Before video transmission, the transmitter tests the channel for
achievable throughput. Helps determine the required
transmission interval per beacon period

Beacon Persistent Shared Non-Persistent
Region CSMA Region Local CSMA
Washington University in St. Louis

Non-Persistent Persistent
Local CSMA Allocation 1

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-18

Persistent
Allocation n
©2013 Raj Jain
HomePlug AV Security
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A station can participate in a AVLN if it has the Network
membership key (NMK).
A station with multiple keys can participate in multiple
AVLNs.
All devices have a default NMK and so can form the network.
Users should program the devices to use specific NMK.
Once a devices has a NMK, it will be given the network
encryption key which is used to encrypt the data.
If there are multiple networks on the same wire,
CCos coordinate their transmission schedules

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-19

©2013 Raj Jain
HomePlug AV2
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Gigabit networking using home powerline wiring. Peak PHY
rate of 1.256 Gbps. 600 Mbps net throughput.
Can transmit multiple HD video streams
Compatible with HomePlug AV devices on the same wires
Additional Spectrum: 2MHz-86MHz (84 MHz)
Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO): transmissions
using two wires with three-wire configuration (Line-Neutral,
Line-Ground, Neutral-Ground)
Beam forming: Bit loading for each transmitter
Lower overhead: Shorter packet delimiter and delay acks.
Efficient notching: Of noisy carriers

Ref: HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug AV2 Technology,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_AV2_whitepaper_130909.pdf

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-20

©2013 Raj Jain
HomePlug AV2 (Cont)
6.
7.
8.
9.

Repeating: Signal is demodulated and re-modulated at
intermediate devices
Better coding: 12 bps/Hz and aggressive code rates (8/9)
Power Control: Manage transmission power to enhance
coverage and throughput
Power Save: Stations can declare sleep periods. Other
transmit only when the destination is awake.

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-21

©2013 Raj Jain
HomePlug GreenPHY
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Designed for home area network (HAN) for monitoring and
control of energy consuming/controlling devices including
electric vehicle charging.
Low cost. Low power. Low data rate version of HomePlug AV.

Ref: HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug GreenPHY White Paper,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_Green_PHY_whitepaper_121003.pdf

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-22

©2013 Raj Jain
HomePlug GP (Cont)
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HomePlug GP is a profile of IEEE 1901-2010 standard for
Powerline Networks and is compatible with HomePlug AV and
HomePlug AV2.
28 MHz  256 kbps to 10 Mbps using only one modulation
No tone maps.
Use 75% less power than HomePlug AV.
75% less bill of materials
Devices coordinate their sleep cycle and may sleep for 2n
beacon intervals, n=1,..,10
HomePlug GP 1.1 adds new power management and features
for electric vehicles. Secure billing is possible at a public
charging station.

Ref: HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug GreenPHY Overview,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_GreenPHY_Overview.pdf

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-23

©2013 Raj Jain
Convergent Digital Home Network
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IEEE 1905.1-2013 Convergent Digital Home Network for
Heterogeneous Technologies
Combined use of WiFi, HomePlug, Ethernet, Multimedia over
Coax (MoCA) in a home

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1905
Washington University in St. Louis

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18-24

©2013 Raj Jain
Convergent Digital Home (Cont)
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Entire home looks like a single network with automated
provisioning, management, and operation
Allows a device to aggregate throughput from multiple
interfaces
A link can be used fallback when another link fails
An abstraction layer is used to exchange Control Message
Data Unit (CMDU) among 1905.1 compliant devices
No changes to underlying technologies is required.
Network Layer
1905.1 Abstraction Layer
802.3 802.11 PLC MoCA
1901

Washington University in St. Louis

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18-25

©2013 Raj Jain
IEEE 1905.1 Management
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1905.1 compliant devices speak Abstraction Layer
Management Entity (ALME) Protocol

Network Layer

Network Layer

1905.1
1905.1 1905.1 CMDU
Abstraction Layer ALME

1905.1
1905.1
Abstraction Layer ALME

Data Link Layer

Data Link Layer

Physical Layer

Physical Layer

1905.1 Device 1

1905.1 Device 2

Washington University in St. Louis

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18-26

©2013 Raj Jain
IEEE 1905.1 Management (Cont)
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ALME has messages for
 Neighbor discovery,
 Topology exchange,
 Topology change notification,
 Measured traffic statistics exchange,
 Flow forwarding rules, and
 Security associations
HomePlug AV2 can be used as a backbone for Wi-Fi
Existing IEEE 802.1 bridging protocols are used for loop
prevention and forwarding

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-27

©2013 Raj Jain
IEEE 1905.1 Security and Configuration
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Security Setup:

Push Button: Press buttons on new and existing devices
The new device gets the keys from the existing device

User can configure passphrase/key in the new device

NFC: User touches the new device with a NFC equipped smart phone
which is existing member of the network
Auto configuration:

New Access Points (APs) can get configuration information from
existing APs
The certification program for IEEE 1905.1 is called “nVoy”
Connects disparate networks = Network Diplomat = Network Envoy
 nVoy
Qualcomm Atheros products implementing IEEE 1905.1 are called Hy-Fi
(for Hybrid Fidelity)

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-28

©2013 Raj Jain
Netricity
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Long-range outside-the-home PLC for smart grid applications
Certification for IEEE 1901.2 Low Frequency, Narrowband
Powerline Communications Standard is called “Netricity”

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-29

©2013 Raj Jain
Fieldbus
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Family of protocols for short-range real-time distributed
industrial control systems standardized as IEC 61158
Fieldbus connects programmable logic controllers to sensors,
actuators, electric motors, console lights, switches, valves, and
contractors
Hundreds of nodes are connected to a single microcontroller
using a single cable, e.g., 250 nodes on 13.2 km cable Highlevel Datalink Control (HDLC)-like master-slave
communication with polling
Master

Node 1

Node n

Ref: H. Zhou, “The Internet of Things in the Cloud: A middleware Perspective,” CRC Press, 2013, 366pp., ISBN:9781439892992 (Safari Book)
Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldbus

Washington University in St. Louis

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18-30

©2013 Raj Jain
Fieldbus (Cont)
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Collection of 8 different incompatible “Types”
1. Foundation Fieldbus H1
2. ControlNet
3. PROFIBUS
4. P-NET
5. FOUNDATION Fieldbus High Speed Ethernet
6. SwiftNet
7. WorldFIP
8. Interbus
Only PHY, Datalink, and application layer
 No routing  Need Ethernet/IP from microcontroller

Washington University in St. Louis

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18-31

©2013 Raj Jain
Industrial Ethernet
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Same as regular Ethernet but with rugged connectors and
designed for extended temperature/humidity environment
Full duplex links (no CSMA/CD)
Optical fibers (electrical interference)
Min frame size of 64 byte may be too big for some applications

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Ethernet
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/
Washington University in St. Louis

18-32

©2013 Raj Jain
IEEE 1451
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Set of smart transducer interface for sensors and actuators
Transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS) is a memory device
that stores transducer id, calibration, correction data, and
manufacturer information
Allows access to transducer data regardless of wired or
wireless connection
XML based  Allows manufacturers to change the contents

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1451
Washington University in St. Louis

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18-33

©2013 Raj Jain
Smart Cards
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Chip

Smart  With a processor
Radio Frequency ID (RFID) is a subset
Reader queries using RF, ID sends its ID using RF
Used for retail loss prevention, toll collection, bus/rail passes,
passports
May have battery (active), no battery (passive), small battery
(semi-passive)
Get power from the reader by inductive or capacitive coupling
Standards: ISO 14443 (Proximity ~10cm), ISO15693 (vicinity
~50cm), ECMA 340 (near field communication transceiver)
More details in CSE 574 wireless networking course
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-10/index.html

Washington University in St. Louis

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18-34

©2013 Raj Jain
Smart Card Security Issues
1.
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3.
4.
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Skimming: Read w/o knowledge of owner
Eavesdropping or sniffing: Man-in-the-middle
Data Tampering: Erasing or changing data
Spoofing: Mimic another source
Cloning: Making a copy of data
Malicious Code: Insertion of executable virus code
Denial of Service: Overwhelm the receiver’s capacity
Killing: Disable
Jamming: Interfere with a strong signal
Shielding: Mechanically prevent reading

Ref: H. Zhou, “The Internet of Things in the Cloud: A middleware Perspective,” CRC Press, 2013, 366pp., ISBN:9781439892992 (Safari Book)
Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification#Security_concerns

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-35

©2013 Raj Jain
Summary

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Only 1% of things are connected  Big opportunity for IoT
Smart Grid and Energy management is leading the change.
HomePlug Powerline communication can provide up to 600
Mbps over electrical power lines
IEEE 1905.1 allows combining WiFi, Ethernet, and PLC, and
Cable communication in a home
Fieldbus and Industrial Ethernet are used in manufacturing
environments.
Smart cards including RFID allow short distance
communication using active, passive, or semi-passive modes

Washington University in St. Louis

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18-37

©2013 Raj Jain
Reading List
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HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug AV White Paper,”
http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HPAV-White-Paper_050818.pdf
HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug AV2 Technology,”
http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_AV2_whitepaper_1309
09.pdf
HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug Connected Home Summits 2013
Presentations,”
http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/Connected_Home_Summits_2013.p
df
HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug GreenPHY Overview,”
http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_GreenPHY_Overview.p
df
HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug GreenPHY White Paper,”
http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_Green_PHY_whitepape
r_121003.pdf
J. Bradley, “The Internet of Everything: Creating Better Experiences in
Unimaginable Ways,” Nov 21, 2013, http://blogs.cisco.com/ioe/the-internet-ofeverything-creating-better-experiences-in-unimaginable-ways/#more-131793

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-38

©2013 Raj Jain
Wikipedia Links
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1905
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1901
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_over_power_lines
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_line_communication
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePlug
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-physical_system
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePlug_Powerline_Alliance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.hn
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Smart_Grid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldbus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Ethernet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1451

Washington University in St. Louis

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18-39

©2013 Raj Jain
Wikipedial Links (Cont)
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_broadband_over_power_line_deploym
ents
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Atheros
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.9972
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_network
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPiDCOM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_meter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_62196

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-40

©2013 Raj Jain
References








H. Chaouchi, "The Internet of Things: Connecting Objects," Wiley, Jun
2010, 288 pp., ISBN: 9781848211407 (Safari Book)
H. Zhou, “The Internet of Things in the Cloud: A Middleware Perspective,”
CRC Press, 2013, 365 pp., ISBN: 9781439892992 (Safari Book)
NITRD, http://www.nitrd.gov/
NITRD, “FY 2014 Supplement to the President’s Budget,”
http://www.nitrd.gov/Publications/PublicationDetail.aspx?pubid=48
“Gartner Identifies Top 10 Strategic Technologies,”
http://www.cioinsight.com/it-news-trends/gartner-identifies-top-10strategic-technologies.html
Workshop on Future Directions in CPS Security, July 2009,
http://www.ee.washington.edu/faculty/radha/dhs_cps.pdf

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-41

©2013 Raj Jain
Acronyms


















6LowPAN
AES
ALME
APs
AV
AVLN
BPL
BPSK
CCo
CMDU
CP
CPS
CSIA
CSMA
DARPA
DCS
DOE

IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network
Advanced Encryption Standard
Abstraction Layer Management Entity
Access Points
Audio-Visual
Audio-Visual Logical Network
Broadband Over Power Lines
Binary Phase-Shift Keying
Central Coordinator
Control Message Data Unit
Cyber Physical
Cyber Physical Systems
Cyber Security and Information Assurance
Carrier Sense Multiple Access
Defense Advance Research Project Agency
DIstributed Control Systems
Department of Energy

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-42

©2013 Raj Jain
Acronyms (Cont)
DVB-H
Digital Video Broadcast handheld
 FFT
Fast Fourier Transform
 GE
General Electric
 GP
GreenPHY
 GreenPHY
Green Physical Layer
 HAN
Home Area Network
 HCSS
High Confidence Software and Systems
 HD
High Definition
 HDLC
High-Level Datalink Control
 HEC
High-End Computing
 HPAV
HomePlug Audio-Visual
 IEEE
Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
 IFFT
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
 IM
Information Management
 IoT
Internet of Things
 IPv6
Internet Protocol V6
 IT
Information Technology
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/
Washington University in St. Louis


18-43

©2013 Raj Jain
Acronyms (Cont)

















kHz
LSN
MAC
MHz
MIMO
MoCA
MQTT
NASA
NFC
NIH
NITRD
NMK
NSF
OFDM
ONR
PHY

Kilo Hertz
Large Scale Networking
Media Access Control
Mega Hertz
Multiple-input Multiple-output
Multimedia over Coax
MQ Telemetry Transport
National Aeronautical and Space Administration
Near Field Communication
National Institute of Health
Networking and Info Technology Res and Development
Network Membership Key
National Science Foundation
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Office of Naval Research
Physical Layer

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-44

©2013 Raj Jain
Acronyms (Cont)










PLC
QAM
QPSK
RFID
RPL
SCADA
SDP
TDMA
TEDS

Power Line Communication
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Radio Frequency Identification
Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
Software Design and Productivity
Time division multiple access
Transducer electronic data sheets

Washington University in St. Louis

http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/

18-45

©2013 Raj Jain

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Introduction to Internet of Things

  • 1. Introduction to Internet of Things . Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis, MO 63130 Jain@cse.wustl.edu These slides and audio/video recordings of this class lecture are at: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-1 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 2. Overview 1. 2. 3. 4. What are “Things” and why IoT is important Recent Protocols for IoT IEEE 1901 - Power Line Communication (PLC) IEEE 1905.1 - Convergent Digital Home Network Note: This is part 1 of a series of class lectures on IoT. MQTT, 6LowPAN, and RPL are covered in other parts. Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-2 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 3. Machine-to-Machine (M2M)            1.1 Billion smart phones 244 Million smart meters 487 Million e-readers and tablets 2.37 Billion networked office devices 86 Million medical devices 45 Million connected automobiles 547 Million connected appliances 105 Million connected military devices 431 Million information technology devices 45 Million supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) 5+ Billion other (non-phone/tablet/e-reader) electronic devices Ref: H. Zhou, “The Internet of Things in the Cloud: A Middleware Perspective,” CRC Press, 2013, 365 pp., ISBN: 9781439892992 (Safari Book) http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ Washington University in St. Louis ©2013 Raj Jain 18-3
  • 4. Internet of Things     Only 1% of things around us is connected. Refrigerator, car, washing machine, heater, a/c, garage door, should all be connected but are not. From 10 Billion today to 50 Billion in 2020 Should include processes, data, things, and people. $14 Trillion over 10 years  Third in the list of top 10 strategic technologies by Gartner (After Mobile devices, Mobile Apps, but before Clouds, …) a.k.a. Internet of Everything by Cisco Smarter Planet by IBM Industrial Internet by GE Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) Internet of European Things (more popular in Europe) Ref: “Gartner Identifies Top 10 Strategic Technologies,” http://www.cioinsight.com/it-news-trends/gartner-identifies-top-10-strategic-technologies.html Ref: J. Bradley, “The Internet of Everything: Creating Better Experiences in Unimaginable Ways,” Nov 21, 2013, http://blogs.cisco.com/ioe/the-internet-of-everything-creating-better-experiences-in-unimaginable-ways/#more-131793 http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ Washington University in St. Louis ©2013 Raj Jain 18-4
  • 5. Research Funding for IoT   Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD)  Group of 15 Federal agencies: NSF, NIH, NASA, DOE, DARPA, ONR, …  Recommends supplement to the president’s annual budget CPS is one of the areas recommended by NITRD starting 2012  Models, tools, and architectures for highly dependable CPS  Safety models and designs for CP medical systems  Cloud enablement of CPS  Software verification and validation for large scale CPS, e.g., next generation air transportation Ref: NITRD, http://www.nitrd.gov/ Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-5 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 6. Cyber Physical Systems   CPS: Tight coupling between computing and physical components  Smart infrastructure Industrial Control Systems:  Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA): Over a large area spanning thousands of square kilometers, e.g., power grid, gas pipelines  Distributed Control Systems (DCS): Within one location, e.g., wastewater treatment plant  Programmable Logic Controllers: Devices used in SCADA and DCS, e.g., assembly lines Ref: Workshop on Future Directions in CPS Security, July 2009, http://www.ee.washington.edu/faculty/radha/dhs_cps.pdf http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ Washington University in St. Louis ©2013 Raj Jain 18-6
  • 7. CPS (Cont)       Electric Grid: Smart Grid Water Supply and Waste Water Chemical: agricultural, pharmaceuticals, and other chemicals Transportation: Smart Bridges, Smart Cars, In-Aircraft systems Healthcare: Robotic assistance for the Elderly, tele-operational surgical robots Commercial Buildings Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-7 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 8. Smart Grid      $4B funding in Economic Recovery Act Smart Grid can  Identify surges, outages, and failure points  Contain damage and reroute power around failure  Accommodate new off-grid energy sources  Load balance dynamically  Be less vulnerable to accidental or malicious harms Meters that provide features needed for energy control Efficient cryptographic communication between substations and control centers Protocols for publishing/subscribing of system data Ref: Workshop on Future Directions in CPS Security, July 2009, http://www.ee.washington.edu/faculty/radha/dhs_cps.pdf http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ Washington University in St. Louis ©2013 Raj Jain 18-8
  • 9. Recent Protocols for IoT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Powerline Communications (PLC) IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LowPAN) Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0 ETSI M2M Architecture MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-9 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 10. Legacy IoT Protocols          BACnet LonWorks ModBus KNX ZigBee Z-Wave M-Bus ANSI CI-12 Device Language Message Specification (DLMS)/Company Specification for Energy Metering (COSEM) Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-10 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 11. Power Line Communication (PLC)   Used in 1950 for remote ignition and lighting of street lights. 100 Hz and 1 kHz signals over electrical wires Two way systems using 3-148.5 kHz for reading electric meters, and home automation, alarms etc. HP AV2 SPiDCOM GreenPHY Evolution HP Turbo HP BPL HP 1.0 DS2 Main.net ASCOM 1990 CEBus 1995 LonWorks 2000 HP AV HP=HomePlug Passport X10 IEEE 1901 HP CC 2005 Year 2010 2015 Ref: H. Chaouchi, "The Internet of Things: Connecting Objects," Wiley, Jun 2010, 288 pp., ISBN: 9781848211407 (Safari Book) http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ Washington University in St. Louis ©2013 Raj Jain 18-11
  • 12. Broadband Over Power Lines (BPL)       High-speed internet connection using power lines (like DSL) IEEE 1901-2011 Broadband over Power Line standard Not cost competitive with optical fiber or DSL  Suitable for remote locations High-frequency signal cannot pass through transformers and so the signal has to be bypassed using a repeater In US 1 transformer per house  Very expensive In Europe: 1 transformer per 10-100 houses  More cost effective Radio frequency interference with existing wireless services is avoided using OFDM Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_over_power_lines http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ Washington University in St. Louis 18-12 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 13. OFDM       Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Ten 100 kHz channels are better than one 1 MHz Channel  Multi-carrier modulation Frequency band is divided into 256 or more sub-bands. Orthogonal  Peak of one at null of others Each carrier is modulated with a BPSK (2bps/Hz), QPSK (4 bps/Hz), 16-QAM (8bps/Hz), 64-QAM (16 bps/Hz) etc depending on the noise (Frequency selective fading) Used in 802.11a/g, 802.16, Digital Video Broadcast handheld (DVB-H) Easy to implement using FFT/IFFT Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-13 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 14. HomePlug     HomePlug 1.0 HomePlug AV HomePlug AV2 HomePlug GP Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-14 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 15. Connected Home Ref: HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug Connected Home Summits 2013 Presentations,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/Connected_Home_Summits_2013.pdf http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ Washington University in St. Louis 18-15 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 16. HomePlug AV       Leading industry consortium for power line communications 90% of PLC devices use HomePlug 1.8 MHz to 30 MHz spectrum = 28 MHz  20 to 200 Mbps Multipath distortion Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM): Using 1155 carriers at 24.414 kHz spacing of which 917 are used for signal. Rest as pilots. Adaptive bit loading: Each carrier is modulated based on the noise level and multipath at that frequency. 2-bits/symbol to 10 bits/symbol. Tone Maps: Each receiver keeps a table of signal strengths from each of the other receivers  n-1 tone maps in a n-device system Ref: HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug AV White Paper,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HPAV-White-Paper_050818.pdf http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ Washington University in St. Louis ©2013 Raj Jain 18-16
  • 17. HomePlug AV (Cont)        Robust OFDM (ROBO) mode for highly reliable transmission. The same information is transmitted on 2-5 subcarriers using a low-bit rate modulation Use only Line-neutral pair (ground is not used). Four channel access priorities MAC is similar to that of WiFi  Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA). All devices part of the same trust domain form a “AV Logical Network (AVLN).” All members of the AVLN share a Network Membership Key 128-bit AES. Each AVLN has a central coordinator (CCo) Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-17 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 18. HomePlug AV (Cont)      CCo transmits beacons containing schedule Long best effort transmissions declare their queues to CCo and use a pre-allocated persistent shared CSMA region Short best effort transmissions use non-persistent CSMA region. Real-time traffic uses periodic time division multiple access (TDMA) allocation in the contention-free period Before video transmission, the transmitter tests the channel for achievable throughput. Helps determine the required transmission interval per beacon period Beacon Persistent Shared Non-Persistent Region CSMA Region Local CSMA Washington University in St. Louis Non-Persistent Persistent Local CSMA Allocation 1 http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-18 Persistent Allocation n ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 19. HomePlug AV Security     A station can participate in a AVLN if it has the Network membership key (NMK). A station with multiple keys can participate in multiple AVLNs. All devices have a default NMK and so can form the network. Users should program the devices to use specific NMK. Once a devices has a NMK, it will be given the network encryption key which is used to encrypt the data. If there are multiple networks on the same wire, CCos coordinate their transmission schedules Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-19 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 20. HomePlug AV2    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Gigabit networking using home powerline wiring. Peak PHY rate of 1.256 Gbps. 600 Mbps net throughput. Can transmit multiple HD video streams Compatible with HomePlug AV devices on the same wires Additional Spectrum: 2MHz-86MHz (84 MHz) Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO): transmissions using two wires with three-wire configuration (Line-Neutral, Line-Ground, Neutral-Ground) Beam forming: Bit loading for each transmitter Lower overhead: Shorter packet delimiter and delay acks. Efficient notching: Of noisy carriers Ref: HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug AV2 Technology,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_AV2_whitepaper_130909.pdf Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-20 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 21. HomePlug AV2 (Cont) 6. 7. 8. 9. Repeating: Signal is demodulated and re-modulated at intermediate devices Better coding: 12 bps/Hz and aggressive code rates (8/9) Power Control: Manage transmission power to enhance coverage and throughput Power Save: Stations can declare sleep periods. Other transmit only when the destination is awake. Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-21 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 22. HomePlug GreenPHY   Designed for home area network (HAN) for monitoring and control of energy consuming/controlling devices including electric vehicle charging. Low cost. Low power. Low data rate version of HomePlug AV. Ref: HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug GreenPHY White Paper,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_Green_PHY_whitepaper_121003.pdf Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-22 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 23. HomePlug GP (Cont)      HomePlug GP is a profile of IEEE 1901-2010 standard for Powerline Networks and is compatible with HomePlug AV and HomePlug AV2. 28 MHz  256 kbps to 10 Mbps using only one modulation No tone maps. Use 75% less power than HomePlug AV. 75% less bill of materials Devices coordinate their sleep cycle and may sleep for 2n beacon intervals, n=1,..,10 HomePlug GP 1.1 adds new power management and features for electric vehicles. Secure billing is possible at a public charging station. Ref: HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug GreenPHY Overview,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_GreenPHY_Overview.pdf Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-23 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 24. Convergent Digital Home Network   IEEE 1905.1-2013 Convergent Digital Home Network for Heterogeneous Technologies Combined use of WiFi, HomePlug, Ethernet, Multimedia over Coax (MoCA) in a home Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1905 Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-24 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 25. Convergent Digital Home (Cont)      Entire home looks like a single network with automated provisioning, management, and operation Allows a device to aggregate throughput from multiple interfaces A link can be used fallback when another link fails An abstraction layer is used to exchange Control Message Data Unit (CMDU) among 1905.1 compliant devices No changes to underlying technologies is required. Network Layer 1905.1 Abstraction Layer 802.3 802.11 PLC MoCA 1901 Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-25 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 26. IEEE 1905.1 Management  1905.1 compliant devices speak Abstraction Layer Management Entity (ALME) Protocol Network Layer Network Layer 1905.1 1905.1 1905.1 CMDU Abstraction Layer ALME 1905.1 1905.1 Abstraction Layer ALME Data Link Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer 1905.1 Device 1 1905.1 Device 2 Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-26 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 27. IEEE 1905.1 Management (Cont)    ALME has messages for  Neighbor discovery,  Topology exchange,  Topology change notification,  Measured traffic statistics exchange,  Flow forwarding rules, and  Security associations HomePlug AV2 can be used as a backbone for Wi-Fi Existing IEEE 802.1 bridging protocols are used for loop prevention and forwarding Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-27 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 28. IEEE 1905.1 Security and Configuration     Security Setup:  Push Button: Press buttons on new and existing devices The new device gets the keys from the existing device  User can configure passphrase/key in the new device  NFC: User touches the new device with a NFC equipped smart phone which is existing member of the network Auto configuration:  New Access Points (APs) can get configuration information from existing APs The certification program for IEEE 1905.1 is called “nVoy” Connects disparate networks = Network Diplomat = Network Envoy  nVoy Qualcomm Atheros products implementing IEEE 1905.1 are called Hy-Fi (for Hybrid Fidelity) Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-28 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 29. Netricity   Long-range outside-the-home PLC for smart grid applications Certification for IEEE 1901.2 Low Frequency, Narrowband Powerline Communications Standard is called “Netricity” Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-29 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 30. Fieldbus    Family of protocols for short-range real-time distributed industrial control systems standardized as IEC 61158 Fieldbus connects programmable logic controllers to sensors, actuators, electric motors, console lights, switches, valves, and contractors Hundreds of nodes are connected to a single microcontroller using a single cable, e.g., 250 nodes on 13.2 km cable Highlevel Datalink Control (HDLC)-like master-slave communication with polling Master Node 1 Node n Ref: H. Zhou, “The Internet of Things in the Cloud: A middleware Perspective,” CRC Press, 2013, 366pp., ISBN:9781439892992 (Safari Book) Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldbus Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-30 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 31. Fieldbus (Cont)   Collection of 8 different incompatible “Types” 1. Foundation Fieldbus H1 2. ControlNet 3. PROFIBUS 4. P-NET 5. FOUNDATION Fieldbus High Speed Ethernet 6. SwiftNet 7. WorldFIP 8. Interbus Only PHY, Datalink, and application layer  No routing  Need Ethernet/IP from microcontroller Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-31 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 32. Industrial Ethernet     Same as regular Ethernet but with rugged connectors and designed for extended temperature/humidity environment Full duplex links (no CSMA/CD) Optical fibers (electrical interference) Min frame size of 64 byte may be too big for some applications Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Ethernet http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ Washington University in St. Louis 18-32 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 33. IEEE 1451     Set of smart transducer interface for sensors and actuators Transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS) is a memory device that stores transducer id, calibration, correction data, and manufacturer information Allows access to transducer data regardless of wired or wireless connection XML based  Allows manufacturers to change the contents Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1451 Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-33 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 34. Smart Cards         Chip Smart  With a processor Radio Frequency ID (RFID) is a subset Reader queries using RF, ID sends its ID using RF Used for retail loss prevention, toll collection, bus/rail passes, passports May have battery (active), no battery (passive), small battery (semi-passive) Get power from the reader by inductive or capacitive coupling Standards: ISO 14443 (Proximity ~10cm), ISO15693 (vicinity ~50cm), ECMA 340 (near field communication transceiver) More details in CSE 574 wireless networking course http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-10/index.html Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-34 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 35. Smart Card Security Issues 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Skimming: Read w/o knowledge of owner Eavesdropping or sniffing: Man-in-the-middle Data Tampering: Erasing or changing data Spoofing: Mimic another source Cloning: Making a copy of data Malicious Code: Insertion of executable virus code Denial of Service: Overwhelm the receiver’s capacity Killing: Disable Jamming: Interfere with a strong signal Shielding: Mechanically prevent reading Ref: H. Zhou, “The Internet of Things in the Cloud: A middleware Perspective,” CRC Press, 2013, 366pp., ISBN:9781439892992 (Safari Book) Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification#Security_concerns Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-35 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 36. Summary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Only 1% of things are connected  Big opportunity for IoT Smart Grid and Energy management is leading the change. HomePlug Powerline communication can provide up to 600 Mbps over electrical power lines IEEE 1905.1 allows combining WiFi, Ethernet, and PLC, and Cable communication in a home Fieldbus and Industrial Ethernet are used in manufacturing environments. Smart cards including RFID allow short distance communication using active, passive, or semi-passive modes Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-37 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 37. Reading List       HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug AV White Paper,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HPAV-White-Paper_050818.pdf HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug AV2 Technology,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_AV2_whitepaper_1309 09.pdf HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug Connected Home Summits 2013 Presentations,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/Connected_Home_Summits_2013.p df HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug GreenPHY Overview,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_GreenPHY_Overview.p df HomePlug Alliance, “HomePlug GreenPHY White Paper,” http://www.homeplug.org/tech/whitepapers/HomePlug_Green_PHY_whitepape r_121003.pdf J. Bradley, “The Internet of Everything: Creating Better Experiences in Unimaginable Ways,” Nov 21, 2013, http://blogs.cisco.com/ioe/the-internet-ofeverything-creating-better-experiences-in-unimaginable-ways/#more-131793 Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-38 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 38. Wikipedia Links                 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1905 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1901 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_over_power_lines http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_line_communication http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePlug http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-physical_system http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePlug_Powerline_Alliance http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.hn http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Smart_Grid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldbus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Ethernet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1451 Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-39 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 40. References       H. Chaouchi, "The Internet of Things: Connecting Objects," Wiley, Jun 2010, 288 pp., ISBN: 9781848211407 (Safari Book) H. Zhou, “The Internet of Things in the Cloud: A Middleware Perspective,” CRC Press, 2013, 365 pp., ISBN: 9781439892992 (Safari Book) NITRD, http://www.nitrd.gov/ NITRD, “FY 2014 Supplement to the President’s Budget,” http://www.nitrd.gov/Publications/PublicationDetail.aspx?pubid=48 “Gartner Identifies Top 10 Strategic Technologies,” http://www.cioinsight.com/it-news-trends/gartner-identifies-top-10strategic-technologies.html Workshop on Future Directions in CPS Security, July 2009, http://www.ee.washington.edu/faculty/radha/dhs_cps.pdf Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-41 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 41. Acronyms                  6LowPAN AES ALME APs AV AVLN BPL BPSK CCo CMDU CP CPS CSIA CSMA DARPA DCS DOE IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network Advanced Encryption Standard Abstraction Layer Management Entity Access Points Audio-Visual Audio-Visual Logical Network Broadband Over Power Lines Binary Phase-Shift Keying Central Coordinator Control Message Data Unit Cyber Physical Cyber Physical Systems Cyber Security and Information Assurance Carrier Sense Multiple Access Defense Advance Research Project Agency DIstributed Control Systems Department of Energy Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-42 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 42. Acronyms (Cont) DVB-H Digital Video Broadcast handheld  FFT Fast Fourier Transform  GE General Electric  GP GreenPHY  GreenPHY Green Physical Layer  HAN Home Area Network  HCSS High Confidence Software and Systems  HD High Definition  HDLC High-Level Datalink Control  HEC High-End Computing  HPAV HomePlug Audio-Visual  IEEE Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers  IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform  IM Information Management  IoT Internet of Things  IPv6 Internet Protocol V6  IT Information Technology http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ Washington University in St. Louis  18-43 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 43. Acronyms (Cont)                 kHz LSN MAC MHz MIMO MoCA MQTT NASA NFC NIH NITRD NMK NSF OFDM ONR PHY Kilo Hertz Large Scale Networking Media Access Control Mega Hertz Multiple-input Multiple-output Multimedia over Coax MQ Telemetry Transport National Aeronautical and Space Administration Near Field Communication National Institute of Health Networking and Info Technology Res and Development Network Membership Key National Science Foundation Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Office of Naval Research Physical Layer Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-44 ©2013 Raj Jain
  • 44. Acronyms (Cont)          PLC QAM QPSK RFID RPL SCADA SDP TDMA TEDS Power Line Communication Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Radio Frequency Identification Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Software Design and Productivity Time division multiple access Transducer electronic data sheets Washington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/ 18-45 ©2013 Raj Jain