Implementation of the ecosystem approach through Marine Spatial Planning: the Norwegian case

International Marine Spatial Planning Symposium: Sharing Practical Solutions/11th Annual Ronald C.
Baird Sea Grant Science Symposium (IMSPS)

May 14th 2012



   Implementation	of	the	ecosystem	
   approach	through	Marine	Spatial	
              Planning:	
       the	Norwegian	case	
                                      ”‹ Ž
                                        •‡
                       ‡ƒ† ‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” ’” ƒ ˆ
                                    …Š ‘‰”   ‘”‘‹
                                                Žƒ† ˆ•Š
                                                      ‹
Overview

1. Overview of the Norwegian planning 
   process
  1. Structure
  2. Governance
  3. New regulatory tools
2. Final product
3. What difference did it make?
4. Challenges and potential for improvement

                                    Photo: T. de Lange Wenneck
Norway;	the	
 ”ocean	state”
• Area
   – Waters under Norwegian 
     jurisdiction:
     2,3 million km2
   – Land territory: 
     385 000 km2
• Economic importance
   – Petroleum, aquaculture 
     and fisheries are the main 
     exports and foundation our 
     welfare
A	growing	understanding	for	
    integrated	ocean	management
• Response to challenges and pressures:
    – Climate change and pollution 
                                                        Potential Petroleum
    – Petroleum industry seeking expansion into the     Fields
      north and coastal areas                           Exp. Value: $100 billion
    – Increased shipping
• External pressure for implementing the 
  Ecosystem Approach:
    – North Sea ministerial meeting 1997 calling for 
      implementation of the Ecosystem Approach
    – Johannesburg Declaration 2002 calling for 
      implementation of EA by 2010
• The cumulative impacts necessitate integrated 
  and ecosystem‐based approaches to 
  management.
    – Marine Spatial Planning, Ocean Zoning, ICZM etc
The	Norwegian	
Management	plans
• Initiated in 2001 to 
  implement integrated and                               Barents sea
  ecosystem‐based                   Norwegian sea
  management for Nor. EEZs
• Barents sea: 2006 (revision in 
  2011)
• Norwegian sea: 2009 
  (revision due in 2014)
• North Sea: under 
  development (expected in 
  2013)                                      North Sea
Organization




Similar process for the Norwegian Sea and North Sea plans
Development	process
Governance	Structure
Implementation	and	review
                     Ministerial steering group

  Monitoring group        Management forum        Environmental risk
                                                        forum


                                        Outside
                                        events

2007                2010
                 Knowledge           Political            2011
 2008                                                   New Gov.
                   base for          process:
   2009           review of                            White paper.
                 Management
                                       New
  Annual             Plan            priorities
  reports                                             Revised plan
Hybrid	top‐down	approach
• Led and initiated by the government 
  (political decision)
• Development carried out by government 
  research institutes and directorates
• Input from stakeholders at various stages:
  – Hearings
  – Public meetings
• Important zoning decisions made at 
  political level
Zoning aspects

• Identification of valuable areas
• Shipping lanes moving ship traffic further 
  off‐shore
• Area‐based management framework for 
  petroleum activities
Valuable	areas
 Spawning areas for cod,         Larvae areas for cod, herring, 
 herring, capelin, haddock and   capelin, haddock and saithe
 saithe




                                        Olsen et al. 2010. ICES JMS
Barents	Sea	
       Shipping	
         lanes
350                                      18

                                         16
300
                                         14
250
                                         12

200                                      10

150                                      8
                                              Antall transitter

                                         6
100
                                         4    Antall tonn
50
                                         2

 0                                       0
      2005   2006   2007   2008   2009



       Vessle traffic pr year
-75 ° -50 ° -35 ° -25 °    -15 °       -5 ° 0 ° 5 °   15 °    25 °   35 °   45 °   55 °     65 °   75 ° 85 °




                              -30 ° -40 ° -65 °




                                                                                                                                                               81 ° 80 °
Petroleum	management                                        Greenland

      framework




                                                                                                                                                               65 °
                                                                                                                                Franz Josef Land

      2006‐2010




                              -20 °




                                                                                                                                                               60 °
                              -15 °
                                                                                                 Spitzbergen




                                                                                                                                                               55 °
                              76 °
No Petroleum Activities
-Lofoten – Vesterålen




                                                                                                                                                               50 ° 76 °
                                                                            Ice-edge
-Eggkanten                                                                                                Polar front




                              -5 °
-Bear Island
-Polar front
                                                                             Bear Island
-Ice-edge                                                                    65 km zone
-Coastal zone 0 – 35km
                              71 °




                                                                                                                                                               71 ° 45 °
                                                                        Tromsøflaket
No NEW Petroleum Activities                                              bank area
-Coastal zone 35 – 50 km                            Lofoten -                                           Norway
                                                   Vesterålen

No drilling March - August                                                      te
                                                                                     n                                               Russia
                                                                              fo            Olsen et al. 2007, ICES JMS,
                                                                            Lo
-Coastal zone 50 - 65 km                     5°                 10 °            15 °             20 °           25 °          30 °          35 °        40 °

-Tromsøflaket                                                       Management plan area                                    High intensity fishing
                                                                           Shipping routes                     Framework for petroleum industry
                                                                Ecologically valuable areas                                 No petroleum activity
                                                                             Disputed area                          No new petroleum activities
                                                                        Oil/gas discoveries                       No drilling, March - September
Barents	Sea	2011	revision
• Changes:
   – Area from 50‐65 km opened with 
     for petroleum with no 
     restrictions
   – Area between 50 and 35 km 
     offshore opened for petroleum 
     activities (w date restrictions)
   – Eggakanten valuable area 
     opened for petroleum activities
   – Discharges of produced water 
     (containing oil residues) allowed
   – Collection of knowledge
   – Framework to be revised in 2013 
     following election
What differences did it make?
• No legislation specifically for the plans. Implemented through 
  existing legislation 
   – ‘Marine resources act’ has been designed with this in mind
• New meeting places for advisors, managers and stakeholders
• Annual reporting of status (ecosystem, human use) and state of 
  knowledge
• Development of an indicator‐based reporting system 
  (ecosystem state)
• Assessment of environmental risk
• Routing system for shipping
• Area‐based management framework for petroleum

                                                      Photo: T. de Lange Wenneck
Key	Science	Challenges
• Effects of climate change and ocean 
  acidification
• Assessing vulnerability and ecological 
  risk assessment
   – Identifying , quantifying  and mapping 
     ecological value
• Ecosystem goods and services
   – Mapping and setting value to GS
• Mapping all human impacts
   – Fishing activities and fishing grounds
   – Effects on benthic habitats
• Total and cumulative impacts of 
  human activities
                                               Photo: E Olsen
Potential for improvements
• STRUCTURAL / ORGANIZATIONAL:
   – Based on science, but need transparency and peer review
   – Improve sectoral cooperation, especially at ministerial level
   – Identifying and clarifying disagreements (between sectors) to 
     improve decision‐making and enhancing the scientific ethos

• SCIENTIFIC
   – Socioeconomic effects are not assessed although they are 
     instrumental in the decision‐making process
      –   Economic impact on communities, region and nation should be better 
          assessed
   – Ecosystem services should be assessed
   – Communication of uncertainties!

                                                             Photo: T. de Lange Wenneck
Concluding remarks
• The applicability of the Norwegian management 
  plans to other countries can be questioned. 
  – Norway is a small, homogenous and rich country. 
  – Its central administration is highly concentrated and by 
    international standards well coordinated. 
  – Its research institutions are well funded and have 
    substantial capacity to carry out the research for 
    Integrated oceans management.
• Even under these conditions implementing MSP 
  has been challenging!
Thank	you	for	your	attention!




                         Photo: T. de Lange Wenneck
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Implementation of the ecosystem approach through Marine Spatial Planning: the Norwegian case

  • 1. International Marine Spatial Planning Symposium: Sharing Practical Solutions/11th Annual Ronald C. Baird Sea Grant Science Symposium (IMSPS) May 14th 2012 Implementation of the ecosystem approach through Marine Spatial Planning: the Norwegian case ”‹ Ž  •‡ ‡ƒ† ‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” ’” ƒ ˆ …Š ‘‰” ‘”‘‹ Žƒ† ˆ•Š ‹
  • 2. Overview 1. Overview of the Norwegian planning  process 1. Structure 2. Governance 3. New regulatory tools 2. Final product 3. What difference did it make? 4. Challenges and potential for improvement Photo: T. de Lange Wenneck
  • 3. Norway; the ”ocean state” • Area – Waters under Norwegian  jurisdiction: 2,3 million km2 – Land territory:  385 000 km2 • Economic importance – Petroleum, aquaculture  and fisheries are the main  exports and foundation our  welfare
  • 4. A growing understanding for integrated ocean management • Response to challenges and pressures: – Climate change and pollution  Potential Petroleum – Petroleum industry seeking expansion into the  Fields north and coastal areas Exp. Value: $100 billion – Increased shipping • External pressure for implementing the  Ecosystem Approach: – North Sea ministerial meeting 1997 calling for  implementation of the Ecosystem Approach – Johannesburg Declaration 2002 calling for  implementation of EA by 2010 • The cumulative impacts necessitate integrated  and ecosystem‐based approaches to  management. – Marine Spatial Planning, Ocean Zoning, ICZM etc
  • 5. The Norwegian Management plans • Initiated in 2001 to  implement integrated and  Barents sea ecosystem‐based  Norwegian sea management for Nor. EEZs • Barents sea: 2006 (revision in  2011) • Norwegian sea: 2009  (revision due in 2014) • North Sea: under  development (expected in  2013) North Sea
  • 9. Implementation and review Ministerial steering group Monitoring group Management forum Environmental risk forum Outside events 2007 2010 Knowledge Political 2011 2008 New Gov. base for process: 2009 review of White paper. Management New Annual Plan priorities reports Revised plan
  • 10. Hybrid top‐down approach • Led and initiated by the government  (political decision) • Development carried out by government  research institutes and directorates • Input from stakeholders at various stages: – Hearings – Public meetings • Important zoning decisions made at  political level
  • 11. Zoning aspects • Identification of valuable areas • Shipping lanes moving ship traffic further  off‐shore • Area‐based management framework for  petroleum activities
  • 12. Valuable areas Spawning areas for cod,  Larvae areas for cod, herring,  herring, capelin, haddock and capelin, haddock and saithe saithe Olsen et al. 2010. ICES JMS
  • 13. Barents Sea Shipping lanes 350 18 16 300 14 250 12 200 10 150 8 Antall transitter 6 100 4 Antall tonn 50 2 0 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Vessle traffic pr year
  • 14. -75 ° -50 ° -35 ° -25 ° -15 ° -5 ° 0 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° -30 ° -40 ° -65 ° 81 ° 80 ° Petroleum management Greenland framework 65 ° Franz Josef Land 2006‐2010 -20 ° 60 ° -15 ° Spitzbergen 55 ° 76 ° No Petroleum Activities -Lofoten – Vesterålen 50 ° 76 ° Ice-edge -Eggkanten Polar front -5 ° -Bear Island -Polar front Bear Island -Ice-edge 65 km zone -Coastal zone 0 – 35km 71 ° 71 ° 45 ° Tromsøflaket No NEW Petroleum Activities bank area -Coastal zone 35 – 50 km Lofoten - Norway Vesterålen No drilling March - August te n Russia fo Olsen et al. 2007, ICES JMS, Lo -Coastal zone 50 - 65 km 5° 10 ° 15 ° 20 ° 25 ° 30 ° 35 ° 40 ° -Tromsøflaket Management plan area High intensity fishing Shipping routes Framework for petroleum industry Ecologically valuable areas No petroleum activity Disputed area No new petroleum activities Oil/gas discoveries No drilling, March - September
  • 15. Barents Sea 2011 revision • Changes: – Area from 50‐65 km opened with  for petroleum with no  restrictions – Area between 50 and 35 km  offshore opened for petroleum  activities (w date restrictions) – Eggakanten valuable area  opened for petroleum activities – Discharges of produced water  (containing oil residues) allowed – Collection of knowledge – Framework to be revised in 2013  following election
  • 16. What differences did it make? • No legislation specifically for the plans. Implemented through  existing legislation  – ‘Marine resources act’ has been designed with this in mind • New meeting places for advisors, managers and stakeholders • Annual reporting of status (ecosystem, human use) and state of  knowledge • Development of an indicator‐based reporting system  (ecosystem state) • Assessment of environmental risk • Routing system for shipping • Area‐based management framework for petroleum Photo: T. de Lange Wenneck
  • 17. Key Science Challenges • Effects of climate change and ocean  acidification • Assessing vulnerability and ecological  risk assessment – Identifying , quantifying  and mapping  ecological value • Ecosystem goods and services – Mapping and setting value to GS • Mapping all human impacts – Fishing activities and fishing grounds – Effects on benthic habitats • Total and cumulative impacts of  human activities Photo: E Olsen
  • 18. Potential for improvements • STRUCTURAL / ORGANIZATIONAL: – Based on science, but need transparency and peer review – Improve sectoral cooperation, especially at ministerial level – Identifying and clarifying disagreements (between sectors) to  improve decision‐making and enhancing the scientific ethos • SCIENTIFIC – Socioeconomic effects are not assessed although they are  instrumental in the decision‐making process – Economic impact on communities, region and nation should be better  assessed – Ecosystem services should be assessed – Communication of uncertainties! Photo: T. de Lange Wenneck
  • 19. Concluding remarks • The applicability of the Norwegian management  plans to other countries can be questioned.  – Norway is a small, homogenous and rich country.  – Its central administration is highly concentrated and by  international standards well coordinated.  – Its research institutions are well funded and have  substantial capacity to carry out the research for  Integrated oceans management. • Even under these conditions implementing MSP  has been challenging!
  • 20. Thank you for your attention! Photo: T. de Lange Wenneck