The document discusses the problem of knowledge acquisition in artificial intelligence. It describes knowledge acquisition as the critical bottleneck problem that has hindered the development of successful applied AI. The document outlines several historical problems with knowledge engineering, including a lack of hardware and trained knowledge engineers. It also discusses various methods that were developed to help with the process of eliciting and acquiring knowledge from experts, such as repertory grids, think aloud methods, and card sorting. Modern approaches and methodologies for building ontologies are also covered, such as CommonKADS and METHONTOLOGY.

1. The Knowledge
Reengineering Bottleneck
Rinke Hoekstra
rinke.hoekstra@vu.nl
VU University Amsterdam/University of Amsterdam
vrijdag 24 februari 12

2. Knowledge Engineering
“Critical scientific problem [...] successful applied AI requires that
knowledge move from the heads of experts into programs”
FEIGENBAUM, E. A. (1984), Knowledge Engineering. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 426: 91–107. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb16513.x
vrijdag 24 februari 12

3. ‣ The lack of adequate and appropriate hardware
‣ Lack of cumulation of AI methods and techniques
‣ Shortage of trained knowledge engineers
‣ The problem of knowledge acquisition
‣ The development gap
Problems of
Knowledge Engineering
vrijdag 24 februari 12

4. Knowledge Acquisition Bottleneck
“The problem of knowledge acquisition is the critical bottleneck
problem in artificial intelligence”
FEIGENBAUM, E. A. (1984), Knowledge Engineering. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 426: 91–107. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb16513.x
vrijdag 24 februari 12

5. The Dark Ages
vrijdag 24 februari 12

6. Knowledge Elicitation
Repertory Grids
Think Aloud Method
Cardsorting
...
vrijdag 24 februari 12

7. Knowledge Elicitation
Repertory Grids
Think Aloud Method
Cardsorting MYCIN and GUIDON
... Knowledge Types
vrijdag 24 februari 12

8. Knowledge Elicitation
Repertory Grids
Think Aloud Method
Cardsorting MYCIN and GUIDON
... Knowledge Types
CommonKADS
Engineering Methodology
Problem Solving Methods
Domain Models
vrijdag 24 februari 12

9. Knowledge Elicitation
Repertory Grids
Think Aloud Method
Cardsorting MYCIN and GUIDON
... Knowledge Types
CommonKADS
Engineering Methodology
Problem Solving Methods
Domain Models
Ontolingua
“Explicit specification of a shared conceptualization”
Sharing ontologies
vrijdag 24 februari 12

10. How to build
the right
ontology?
vrijdag 24 februari 12

11. How to build
the right Methodologies
Middle Out Approach
Documentation
Ontology
ontology?
Identify Capture
Purpose and
Uschold & Gruninger Specify
Scope
Ontology
METHONTOLOGY Guidelines
Motivating
Coding
Evaluation
KACTUS Scenarios
Ontology
Competency
SENSUS Questions
Integration
(KA)2
vrijdag 24 februari 12

12. How to build
the right Methodologies
Middle Out Approach
Documentation
Ontology
ontology?
Identify Capture
Purpose and
Uschold & Gruninger Specify
Scope
Ontology
METHONTOLOGY Guidelines
Motivating
Coding
Evaluation
KACTUS Scenarios
Ontology
Competency
SENSUS Questions
Integration
(KA)2
Top Ontology
Ontology Types
Representation Ontology
Generic Ontology
Top Foundation
Core Ontology
Generic Domain
Domain
Ontology Application Core
vrijdag 24 februari 12

13. How to build
the right Methodologies
Middle Out Approach
Documentation
Ontology
ontology?
Identify Capture
Purpose and
Uschold & Gruninger Specify
Scope
Ontology
METHONTOLOGY Guidelines
Motivating
Coding
Evaluation
KACTUS Scenarios
Ontology
Competency
SENSUS Questions
Integration
(KA)2
Top Ontology
Ontology Types
Representation Ontology
Generic Ontology
Top Foundation
Core Ontology
Generic Domain
Domain
Ontology Application Core
Principles
OntoClean
Ontology vs. Epistemology
vrijdag 24 februari 12

14. How to build
the right Methodologies
Middle Out Approach
Documentation
Ontology
ontology?
Identify Capture
Purpose and
Uschold & Gruninger Specify
Scope
Ontology
METHONTOLOGY Guidelines
Motivating
Coding
Evaluation
KACTUS Scenarios
Ontology
Competency
SENSUS Questions
Integration
(KA)2
Top Ontology
Ontology Types
Representation Ontology
Generic Ontology
Top Foundation
Core Ontology
Generic Domain
Domain
Ontology Application Core
Principles
OntoClean
Ontology vs. Epistemology
Ontology Reuse
Merging & Alignment
Modularization
Ontology Design Patterns
vrijdag 24 februari 12

15. Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/
vrijdag 24 februari 12

16. Linked
LOV User Slideshare tags2con
Audio
Feedback 2RDF delicious
Moseley Scrobbler Bricklink Sussex
Folk (DBTune) Reading St.
GTAA
Magna- Lists Andrews
Klapp-
tune stuhl- Resource NTU
DB club Lists Resource
Tropes Lotico Semantic yovisto
John Music Man- Lists
Music Tweet chester
Hellenic Peel Brainz NDL
(DBTune) (Data Brainz Reading
subjects
FBD (zitgist) Lists Open
EUTC Incubator) Linked
Hellenic Library Open t4gm
Produc- Crunch-
PD Surge RDF info
tions
Discogs base Library
Radio Ontos Source Code
Crime ohloh Plymouth (Talis)
(Data News LEM
Ecosystem Reading RAMEAU
Reports business Incubator)
Crime data.gov. Portal Linked Data Lists SH
UK Music Jamendo
(En- uk
Brainz (DBtune) LinkedL
Ox AKTing) FanHubz gnoss ntnusc
(DBTune) SSW CCN
Points Thesau-
Last.FM Poké- Thesaur
Popula- artists pédia Didactal us rus W LIBRIS
tion (En- (DBTune) Last.FM ia theses. LCSH Rådata
reegle research patents MARC
AKTing) (rdfize) my fr nå!
data.gov. data.go Codes
Ren.
NHS uk v.uk Good- Experi-
Classical List
Energy (En- win flickr ment
(DB Pokedex Norwe-
Genera- AKTing) Mortality BBC Family wrappr Sudoc PSH
Tune) gian
(En-
tors Program MeSH
AKTing) semantic
mes BBC IdRef GND
CO2 educatio OpenEI web.org SW
Energy Sudoc ndlna
Emission n.data.g Music Dog VIAF
EEA (En- Chronic- Linked
(En- ov.uk Portu- Food UB
AKTing) ling Event MDB
AKTing) guese Mann- Europeana
BBC America Media
DBpedia Calames heim
Ord- Recht- Wildlife Deutsche
Open Revyu DDC
Openly spraak. Finder Bio- lobid
Election nance
legislation Local nl RDF graphie
Resources NSZL Swedish
Data Survey Tele- data Ulm
EU New Book
Project data.gov.uk graphis bnf.fr Catalog Open
Insti- York Open Mashup Cultural
tutions Times URI Greek P20
UK Post- Burner Calais Heritage
codes DBpedia ECS Wiki
statistics lobid
GovWILD data.gov. Taxon iServe South- Organi-
LOIUS BNB
Brazilian
uk Concept ECS ampton sations
Geo World OS BibBase STW GESIS
Poli- ESD South- ECS
Names Fact- (RKB
ticians stan- reference ampton
data.gov.uk book Freebase Explorer) Budapest
dards data.gov. NASA EPrints
uk intervals Project OAI
Lichfield transport (Data DBpedia data
Guten- Pisa
Spen- data.gov. Incu- dcs RESEX Scholaro-
ISTAT ding bator) Fishes berg DBLP DBLP
uk Geo
meter
Immi- Scotland of Texas (FU (L3S)
Pupils & Uberblic DBLP
gration Species Berlin) IRIT
Exams Euro- dbpedia data- (RKB
London TCM ACM
stat lite open- Explorer) NVD
Gazette (FUB) Gene IBM
Traffic Geo ac-uk
Scotland TWC LOGD Eurostat Daily DIT
Linked UN/
Data UMBEL Med ERA
Data LOCODE DEPLOY
Gov.ie CORDIS YAGO New-
lingvoj Disea-
(RKB some SIDER RAE2001 castle LOCAH
CORDIS Explorer) Linked Eurécom
Eurostat Drug CiteSeer Roma
(FUB) Sensor Data
GovTrack (Ontology (Kno.e.sis) Open Bank Pfam Course-
Central) riese Enipedia
Cyc Lexvo LinkedCT ware
Linked PDB
UniProt VIVO
EURES EDGAR dotAC
US SEC Indiana ePrints IEEE
(Ontology totl.net
(rdfabout)
Central) WordNet RISKS
(VUA) Taxono UniProt
US Census EUNIS Twarql HGNC
Semantic Cornetto (Bio2RDF)
(rdfabout) my VIVO
FTS XBRL PRO- ProDom STITCH Cornell LAAS
SITE KISTI NSF
Scotland
Geo- GeoWord LODE
graphy Net WordNet WordNet JISC
(W3C) (RKB
Climbing
Linked Affy- KEGG
SMC Explorer) SISVU Pub VIVO UF
Piedmont GeoData metrix Drug
ECCO-
Finnish Journals PubMed Gene SGD Chem
Munici-
Accomo- El AGROV Ontology TCP Media
dations Alpine bible
palities Viajero OC
Ski ontology
Tourism KEGG
Ocean
Austria
Enzyme PBAC Geographic
Metoffice GEMET ChEMBL
Italian Drilling OMIM KEGG
Weather Open
public Codices AEMET Linked MGI Pathway
schools Forecasts
Data
Open InterPro GeneID Publications
EARTh Thesau- KEGG
Turismo
rus Colors Reaction
de
Zaragoza Product Smart KEGG
User-generated content
Weather DB Link Medi Glycan
Janus Stations Product Care KEGG
AMP UniParc UniRef UniSTS Government
Types Italian
Homolo Com-
Yahoo! Airports Museums pound
Ontology Google
Gene
Geo Art
Planet National
wrapper
Chem2 Cross-domain
Radio- Bio2RDF
activity UniPath
JP Sears Open Linked OGOLOD way
Life sciences
Corpo- Amster- Reactome
dam medu- Open
rates Numbers
Museum cator
As of September 2011
Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/
vrijdag 24 februari 12