Simple english grammar

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Simple English Grammar for Students
at Faculty of Engineering Semarang State University
Arranged by:
LELU DINA APRISTIA
2012

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Chapter 1
Numbers
1.1 Types of Numbers
1.1.1 Cardinal Number
It involves a lot of numbers.
ZERO, ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT, NINE, TEN, ELEVEN, TWELVE, THIRTEEN, FOURTEEN,
FIFTEEN, SIXTEEN, SEVENTEEN, EIGHTEEN, NINETEEN, TWENTY, TWENTY-ONE, TWENTY-TWO, TWENTY-THREE,
TWENTY-FOUR, TWENTY-FIVE, TWENTY-SIX, TWENTY-SEVEN, TWENTY-EIGHT, TWENTY-NINE, THIRTY, FORTY,
FIFTY, SIXTY, SEVENTY, EIGHTY, NINETY, HUNDRED, THOUSAND, MILLION, BILLION, TRILLION, ETC.
1.1.2 Ordinal Number
It consists of a lot of numbers .
Pertama FIRST 1st
Kedua SECOND 2nd
Ketiga THIRD 3rd
Keempat FOURTH 4th
Kelimat FIFTH 5th
Keenam SIXTH 6th
Ketujuh SEVENTH 7th
Kedelapan EIGHTH 8th
Kesembilan NINTH 9th
kesepuluh TENTH 10th
Kesebelas ELEVENTH 11th
Keduabelas TWELFTH 12th
Ketigabelas THIRTEENTH 13th
Keempatbelas FOURTEENTH 14th
Kelimabelas FIFTEENTH 15th
Keenambelas SIXTEENTH 16th
Ketujuhbelas SEVENTEENTH 17th
Kedelapanbelas EIGHTEENTH 18th
Kesembilanbelas NINETEENTH 19th
Keduapuluh TWENTIETH 20th
Keduapuluhsatu TWENTY-FIRST 21st
Keduapuluhdua TWENTY-SECOND 22nd
Keduapuluhtiga TWENTY-THIRD 23rd
keduapuluhempat TWENTY-FOURTH 24th
ketigapuluhsatu THIRTY-FIRST 31st
ketigapuluhdua THIRTY-SECOND 32nd
ketigapuluhtiga THIRTY-THIRD 33rd
Keempatpuluhsatu, dst FORTY-FIRST 41st
1.2 Function of Numbers
1.2.1 Cardinal Number
Its functions are:
- To tell year
Example: I was born in 1986
1986 dibaca: Nineteen (dua digit pertama: 19) Eighty-Six (dua digit terakhir: 86).
Secara lengkap: I was born in nineteen eighty-six (1986)
- To tell age
Example: I am 25 years old. Or I am twenty-five years old.
- To tell number of house, or others in connection with address.
Example : I live at Jl. Mujahir No. 14 or I live at Jl. Mujahir number fourteen.
- To tell cellhone/phone numbers
Example:
A : What’s your cellphone number?
B : It’s 081223224567 or It’s Zero Eight One Double Two Three Double Two Four Five Six Seven
- To tell price

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Example:
A : What’s the price of this T-Shirt?
B : It’s Rp125.000 or It’s one hundred and twenty-five thousand rupiahs.
- To tell types of goods, for example: type of cellphone such as N70
Example:
A : What’s the type of your Nokia cellphone?
B : It’s N70 or It’s N Seventy
- To tell amount of goods
Example:
A : How many cars do you have?
B : I have 5 cars or I have five cars.
- To tell increase, decrease, multiplication, and division mathematically
Example of increase:
1+23 = 24
One plus twenty-three is twenty four.
Example of decrease:
45-35=10
Forty-five minus thirty-five is ten.
Example of multiplication:
3x4=12
Three times four is twelve.
Example of division:
20:4=5
Twenty divided into four is five.
- To tell time
Example:
A : What time is it?
B : It’s 13.56 or It’s thirteen fifty-six.
1.2.2 Ordinal Number
Its functions are:
- To tell date of birth
Example:
A : When were you born?
B : I was born on March 17th, 1977.
Or I was born on March the seventeenth, nineteen seventy-seven.
- To tell date
A : What is the date of today?
B : Today is September 2nd, 2012.
Or Today is September the second, two thousand and twelve.
- To tell the order of something or someone
Examples:
1. A : Are you the first child in your family?
B : No, I am not. I am the fourth child in my family.
2. A : Which one is the second novel you have?
B : Here it is.
Chapter 2

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Introduction and Greeting
2.1 Introduction
Memperkenalkandiri ataumemperkenalkanseseorang pada oranglainnya merupakan aktivitas yang situasional
dan kondisional. Artinya, aspek-aspek dalam perkenalan itu bergantung pada situasi dan kondisi. Aspek-aspek
perkenalan meliputi:nama lengkap, nama panggilan, tempat tanggal lahir, umur, alamat, asal, status, latar belakang
pendidikan, informasi mengenai keluarga, pekerjaan (termasuk pengalaman kerja), agama, prinsip hidup,
karakteristik, dan lain-lain.
Ketika dipertemukandenganseseorang dalam sebuah perjalanan di dalam kereta api, tentu saja Anda akan
mempertimbangkan aspek-aspekapa yang perluAnda kemukakan, karena Anda memiliki privasi yang mana Anda
tidakberkenanmembaginya dengan orang lain. Sebaliknya, ketika dihadapkan pada forum formal misal nya
wawancara kerja atauwawancara untuk memperoleh beasiswa, maka Anda disarankanmengikuti ‘aturan main’ dari si
pewawancara berkenaan dengan perkenalan ini.
Berikut ini merupakan dialog tentang perkenalan dalam versi terperinci.
Mr. Rama : Good morning, how are you doing?
Irene : I am fine, Sir. Thanks. And you?
Mr. Rama : Very well, thanks. Anyway, I want to know more about you. What’s your full name?
Irene : My full name is Irene Rachel.
Mr. Rama : How should I call you? Irene or Rachel?
Irene : Just call me Irene.
Mr. Rama : When and where were you born, Irene?
Irene : I was born on the ninth (9th) of May 1987 in Surabaya.
Mr. Rama : How old are you?
Irene : I am 24 years old.
Mr. Rama : Where do you live here in Jakarta?
Irene : I live at Jl. Raya Kemang No. 77 Jakarta, Sir.
Mr. Rama : Do you live in your family house, rental house, or boarding house?
Irene : That’s my aunt’s house.
Mr. Rama : Oh, I think you have your own house. Are you single?
Irene : Yes, I am, Sir.
Mr. Rama : What about your parents, brothers or sisters?
Irene : I am the onlyone childin myfamily. So, I have no brother or sister. Myparents are still in Surabaya.
They are making their own jobs up there.
Mr. Rama : Could you please explain about your education?
Irene : I spent mytime for kindergarten, elementaryschool and junior high school in Surabaya. Then, my
parents wantedme to continue mysenior highschool inJakarta. But actuallynot only that, I continued my college
time at a private university in Jakarta. It was Trisakti University. I took accounting at Faculty of Economy.
Mr. Rama : I see. I cansee from your certificate here before myeyes. Next, have you ever worked in any other
company before?
Irene : No, I haven’t, Sir. I’ve just graduated from my college. Therefore, it’s my first job interview.
Mr. Rama : Tell me about yourself in five words.
Irene : smart, diligent, professional, ambitious and energetic.
Mr. Rama : What will you dofor this companywith your achievement and characteristics while you have no
working experience?
Irene : I will contribute myenergyto energize thiscompanyto be creative andstrong in competitive world.
Mr. Rama : Just energize?
Irene : Energize and work hard energetically for this company, Sir.
Mr. Rama : (smiling) now I believe that you’re smart. Anyway, what’s your religion, Irene?
Irene : I am a Moslem, Sir.
Mr. Rama : Do you think God is important now?
Irene : Sure. ThoughI amsmart as you said, I still can’t answer manywonderful things or events inthe world
with my logic or ratio. That’s why I belive in God. I am just a human.
Mr. Rama : Well then, I like your point of view, Irene. Just wait for the result ofthis interviewtomorrow morning.
Nice to meet you, Irene.
Irene : I look forward to hearing from you, Sir. Nice to meet you, too.
2.2 Greeting
There are some greeting phrases in English. Such as:
- Good morning (pukul 00.00 hingga pukul 12.00 siang)
- Good afternoon (pukul 12.00 siang hingga pukul 17.00/17.30)
- Good day (tengah hari)
- Good evening (pukul 17.00/17.30 hingga pukul 00.00)

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- Good night (sebelum berpisah dengan seseorang di siang atau sore hari atau ketika berpamitan tidur)
- Good bye (sebelum berpisah)
- Bye (sebelum berpisah)
- See you later (sebelum berpisah)
- See you next time (sebelum berpisah)
- See ya (sebelum berpisah)
- See you tomorrow (sebelum berpisah dan bertemu lagi besok)
Anda juga bisa memerhatikan materi ini lebih lanjut pada tabel di bawah ini.
Apa kabar? Kabar berelemen Positif Kabar berelemen Negatif
How do you do? How do you do?
How are you? I am fine. Thanks.
I am very well.
Very well. Thanks. And you?
I am great.
I am good.
Etc.
So-so
Not too bad.
Not so good.
Life sucks.
I am sick.
Etc.
How are you doing? I’m doing fine.
I’m doing well.
I’m doing good.
(sama saja seperti jawabandi atas)
(sama saja seperti jawabandi atas)
Ada apa? Answers (just examples)
What’s up? I am makingup myfinal report for in the end of this
month I have to give it to my lecturer.
What are you up to? I am lookingfor a job. It is really hard to find it now.
Chapter 3
Part of Speech and Gerund

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3.1 Part of Speech
3.1.1 Noun
Secara harfiah, noun ialah kata benda. Kata benda berfungsi sebagai subjek dan objek atau pelengkap
(complementer). Silakan pelajari contoh berikut.
1. Monalisa loves him. (Monalisa dalam kalimat ini berperan sebagai Subjek)
2. Marco loves Monalisa. (Monalisa dalam kalimat ini berfungsi sebagai Objek)
3. The fiance of Marco is Monalisa. (Monalisa dalam kalimat ini berperan sebagai Pelengkap)
Berkenaandengan noun, Anda diharapkan pula memahami singular and plural noun (regular plural noun dan
irregular plural noun) dan countable and uncountable noun.
a. Singular and plural noun
Singular noun merupakankata benda yangjumlahnya tunggal. Biasanya ciri khas yang menanda i bahwa kata
benda ituberjumlahtunggalialaheksistensidari article a, each, every, one, this, that, etc. Sebaliknya, plural noun ialah
kata benda yangjumlahnya lebih dari satu(>1) yang dikenal pula dengan sebutan jamak atau plural. Ciri khas yang
menempelpada kata benda ini ialahunsur numerik yang menunjukkan jumlah jamak misalnya two, three, etc. dan
article yangsecara otomatis menandai pluralitas misalnya a few, some, many, a lot of, plenty of, these, those, etc.
Plural noun terbagi lagi menjadi regular plural noun dan irregular plural noun. Regular plural noun merupakan
jenis plural noun yang mana suffix atauakhiran pada kata benda itubersifat regular, yakni akhiran –s, -es, -ies, dan –
ves.
Silakan perhatikan tabel berikut ini.
Akhiran Ketentuan Contoh
-s Sebagian besar kata benda yang
berakhirandenganhurufmana pun
Singular: a helmet
Plural: some helmets
Singular: a clock
Plural: many clocks
Singular: a car
Plural: two cars
-es Kata benda berakhiran –ch, -sh, -ss,
-x
Singular: a watch
Plural: these watches
Singular: a brush
Plural: some brushes
Singular: a glass
Plural: twelve glasses
Singular: a box
Plural: some boxes
-ies Kata benda berakhiran -y Singular: a fly
Plural: three flies
-ves Kata benda berakhiran –f, - fe Singular: a leaf
Plural: a lot of leaves
Singular: a knife
Plural: many knives
Sementara itu, yang termasukdalamranahirregular plural noun ialah kata-kata benda pada tabel berikut.
Singular Form Plural Form Example
child children those children
man men four men
woman women five women
tooth teeth a lot of teeth
foot feet two feet
mouse mice some mice
b. Countable and Uncountable Noun

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Countable noun merupakankata benda yangbisa ataumasuk akal dihitung jumlahnya. Secara logis, singular and
plural noun merupakanbagiandari ranahcountable noun. Sementara itu, uncountable noun merupakan kata benda
yang tidak bisa dihitung jumlahnya. Silakan cermati tabel berikut.
Whole
Groups
Made Up of
Similar
Items
Fluids Solids Gases Particles Abstractions Languages Fields of
Study
Recreation General
Activities
baggage
clothing
equipment
food
fruit
furniture
garbage
hardware
jewelry
junk
luggage
machinery
mail
makeup
money/
cash/
change
postage
scenery
traffic
excitement
water
coffee
tea
milk
oil
soap
gasoline
blood,
etc.
ice
bread
butter
cheese
meat
gold
iron
silver
glass
paper
cotton
wood
wool,
etc.
steam
air
oxygen
nitrogen
smoke
smog
pollution,
etc.
rice
chalk
corn
dirt
dust
flour
grass
hair
pepper
salt
sand
sugar
wheat,
etc.
beauty
confidence
courage
education
enjoyment
fun
happiness
health
help
honesty
hospitality
importance
intelligence
justice
knowledge
laughter
luck
music
patience
peace
pride
progress
recreation
significance
sleep
truth
violence
wealth
advice
information
news
evidence
proof
time
space
energy
homework
work
grammar
slang
vocabulary
arabic
chinese
english
spanish
deutch,
etc.
chemistry
engineering
history
literature
mathematics
phychology,
etc.
baseball
soccer
tennis
chess
bridge
poker,
etc.
driving
studying
swimming
traveling
walking,
(and other
gerunds)
Jenis-jenis dari natural phenomena juga masukdalam ranah uncountable noun. Jenis -jenis tersebut antara lain:
weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, lighting, rain, sleet, snow, thunder, wind, darkness, light, sunshine, electricity,
fire, gravity
3.1.2 Verb
a. Special verbs
Dikatakan special verbs karena memang tiga kata kerja berikut memiliki variasi paling banyak apabila
dikomparasikandengankata kerja lainnya. Variasiini terkait erat dengantenses yang digunakandalam suatu diskursus.
Ironisnya, variasi ini kerap kali luput dari perhatian mere ka yang baru belajar bahasa Inggris.
Special verbs tersebut ialah verb BE, DO, dan HAVE.

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SPECIAL VERB VARIATION TENSE SUBJECT
BE IS PRESENT TENSES SHE, HE, IT
AM I
ARE THEY, WE, I, YOU
WAS PAST TENSES I, SHE, HE, IT
WERE THEY, WE, YOU
BEEN PRESENT PERFECT, PAST
PERFECT, PASSIVE
ALL SUBJECTS
BEING PRESENT CONTINUOUS,
PAST CONTINUOUS,
PASSIVE
ALL SUBJECTS
HAVE HAS PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT
CONTINUOUS, PRESENT
PERFECT
SHE, HE, IT
HAVE THEY, WE, I, YOU
HAD PRESENT PERFECT, PAST
PERFECT, PAST PERFECT,
PASSIVE
ALL SUBJECTS
HAVING PRESENT CONTINUOUS,
PAST CONTINUOUS,
PASSIVE
ALL SUBJECTS
DO DOES PRESENT SIMPLE SHE, HE, IT
DO PRESENT SIMPLE THEY, WE, I, YOU
DID PAST SIMPLE ALL SUBJECTS
DONE PRESENT PERFECT, PAST
PERFECT, PASSIVE
ALL SUBJECTS
DOING PRESENT CONTINUOUS,
PAST CONTINUOUS,
PASSIVE
ALL SUBJECTS
b. General verbs
Dikatakan general verbs karena kata-kata kerja yang termasuk dalam ranah ini tidak begitu ruwet dalam
penggunaannya, karena tidak menjadi bagianutama dari pola dasar suatu tense. Di bawah ini, Anda dapat mempelajari
sejumlah contoh general verbs yang kerap muncul dalam kehidupa n sehari-hari.
V1 (SIMPLE FORM) V2 (SIMPLE PAST) V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE) Meaning
read read read membaca
write wrote written menulis
listen listened listened mendengarkan
hear heard heard mendengarkan
present presented presented mempresentasikan
show showed showed/shown menunjukkan
draw drew drawn menggambar
design designed designed mendesign
browse browsed browsed mencari
operate operated operated mengoperasikan
do did done mengerjakan
discuss discussed discussed berdiskusi
make made made membuat
finish finished finished menyelesaikan
obey obeyed obeyed mematuhi
ignore ignored ignored mengabaikan
skip skipped skipped bolos/melewati
cheat cheated cheated menyontek/selingkuh
study studied studied belajar
learn learned learned/learnt belajar
get got got/gotten memperoleh
have had had memiliki/mempunyai
open opened opened membuka
close closed closed menutup
agree agreed agreed menyetujui
disagree disagreed disagreed tidakmenyetujui

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analyse analysed analysed menganalisis
tell told told memberitahukan
talk talked talked berbincang
speak spoke spoken berbicara
say said said mengatakan
describe described described menggambarkan
explain explained explained menjelaskan
inform informed informed menginformasikan
watch watched watched menonton/menyaksikan
notice noticed noticed memperhatikan
insist insisted insisted memaksa
push pushed pushed memaksa/mendorong
force forced forced memaksa
forget forgot forgotten melupakan
remember remembered remembered mengingat
memorize memorized memorized menghafalkan
think thought thought memikirkan
understand understood understood mengerti
feel felt felt merasakan
taste tasted tasted mencicipi
eat ate eaten makan
drink drank drunk minum
whisper whispered whispered membisikkan
sing sang sung menyanyi
call called called memanggil/menghubungi
send sent sent mengirim
imagine imagined imagined membayangkan
concentrate concentrated concentrated berkonsentrasi
focus focused focused fokus
look for lookedfor lookedfor mencari
wait waited waited menunggu
bring brought brought membawa
buy bought bought membeli
sell sold sold menjual
pass passed passed melewati/lulus
cross crossed crossed menyeberang
walk walked walked berjalan
run ran run berlari
jump jumped jumped meloncat
climb climbed climbed memanjat
sour poured poured menuang
add added added menambahkan
stir stirred stirred mengaduk
fry fried fried menggoreng
boil boiled boiled merebus
slice sliced sliced mengiris
chop chopped chopped merajang
cut cut cut memotong
meet met met bertemu
know knew known mengetahui
hold held held mengadakan/memegang
long longed longed merindukan
miss missed missed melewatkan/kangen
come came come datang
arrive arrived arrived tiba
visit visited visited mengunjungi
keep kept kept menjaga
wear wore worn mengenakan
tear tore torn merobek
sleep slept slept tidur

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worry worried worried mengkawatirkan
choose chose chosen memilih
pick picked picked menjemput/memetik
lean leaned leaned bersandar
wake woke waken bangun/membangunkan
sit sat sat duduk
stand stood stood berdiri
move moved moved bergerak/pindah
let let let membiarkan
express expressed expressed mengungkapkan
create created created menciptakan
realize realize realize menyadari
recognize recognized recognized mengenal/mengakui
quarantee quaranteed quaranteed menjamin
apply applied applied mengaplikasikan
practice practiced practiced mempraktikkan
continue continued continued melanjutkan
try tried tried mencoba
repeat repeated repeated mengulangi
reject rejected rejected menolak
accept accepted accepted menerima
invite invited invited mengundang
ask asked asked bertanya/meminta
answer answered answered menjawab
mention mentioned mentioned menyebutkan
find found found menemukan
set set set menata
solve solved solved memecahkan masalah
open opened opened membuka
close closed closed menutup
kick kicked kicked menendang/menghajar
throw threw thrown membuang
pull pulled pulled menarik
c. Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs merupakankata kerja bantu. Mengapa dikatakanbantu?Karena pada umumnya fungsinya ialah
untuk mengubahtatananpola kalimat positif menjadi kalimat negatif dan kalimat interrogatif (kalimat tanya).
Silogisme yang muncul ialahbahwa auxiliaryverbs hanya muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Hal ini
berlaku untuk auxiliaryverbs DOES, DOESN’T, DO, DON’T, DID, danDIDN’T. Lainhalnya denganauxiliary HAS, HASN’T,
HAVE, HAVEN’T, HAD, HADN’T, sebab auxiliaryverbs ini muncul dalamkalimat positif, negatifatau interrogatif untuk
menunjukkan sudah, belum, ataubertanya sudahkah. Anda tentu ingin mengetahui apa saja contoh dari auxiliary
verbs.
DOES : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu)yangmuncul dalamkalimat negatif dankalimat interrogatif yang
menggunakan tense present simple with general verb untuk subjek SHE, HE, IT
Contoh: Does she really know computer?
DOESN’T : Kependekan dari DOES NOT
Contoh: She doesn’t really know computer.
DO : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu)yangmuncul dalamkalimat negatif dankalimat interrogatif yang
menggunakan tense present simple with general verb untuk subjek THEY, WE, I, YOU
Contoh: Do we stay at this hotel for some nights?
DON’T : Kependekan dari DO NOT
Contoh: We don’t stay at this hotel for some nights.
DID : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu)yangmuncul dalamkalimat negatif dankalimat interrogatif yang
menggunakan tense past simple with general verb untuk semua subjek
Contoh: Did you forget to bring your tablet yesterday?
DIDN’T : kependekan dari DID NOT
Contoh: You didn’t forget to bring your tablet yesterday.
HAS : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu)yangmuncul dalamkalimat positifdankalimat interrogatif yang
menggunakan tense present perfect with be and with general verb untuk subjek SHE, HE, IT
Contoh:He has done the jobsince half anhour ago(+) atau Hashe done the job since half an hour ago?

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HASN’T : Auxilirayverb yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan merupakan kependekan dari HAS NOT
Contoh: He hasn’t done the job since half an hour ago.
HAVE : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu)yangmuncul dalamkalimat positifdankalimat interrogatif yang
menggunakan tense present perfect with be and with general verb untuk subjek THEY, WE, I, YOU
Contoh: They have lived here for 7 years (+) atau Have they lived here for 7 years?
HAVEN’T : Auxiliaryverb yangmuncul dalamkalimat negatif danmerupakan kependekan dari HAVE NOT
Contoh: They haven’t lived here for 7 years.
HAD : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu)yangmuncul dalamkalimat positifdankalimat interrogatif yang
menggunakan tense past perfect with be and with general verb
Contoh:I had finishedmyjob whenshe asked me to hang out this morning(+) or HadI finishedmyjob when
she asked me to hang out this morning?
HADN’T : Auxiliary verb yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan merupakan kependekan dari HAD NOT
Contoh: I hadn’t finished my job when she asked me to hang out this morning.
3.1.3 Adjective
Adjective merupakankata sifat, yakni kata yangmenunjukkan kualitas sesuatuatau seseorang. Kualitas itusendiri
dapat berunsur positifmaupun negatif. Perlu diingat, positifitasmaupun negativitas dalam hal ini bersifat relatif.
Berikut ini merupakan beberapa contoh dari kata sifat.
Adjective Positif and the meaning Adjective Negatif and the meaning
smart (cerdas) dull (tolol)
clever (pintar) stupid (bodoh)
beautiful (cantik) ugly (jelek)
handsome (ganteng)
diligent (rajin) lazy (malas)
full (kenyang) hungry (lapar)
rich (kaya) poor (miskin)
bright (terang) dark (gelap)
happy (bahagia) sad (sedih)
strong (kuat) weak (lemah)
clean (bersih) dirty (kotor)
good (bagus) bad (buruk)
healthy (sehat) sick (sakit)
generous (dermawan) stingy (pelit)
careful (hati-hati/teliti) careless (tidak peduli/sembarangan)
arrogant (sombong) friendly (ramah)
3.1.4 Adverb
a. Adverb of Time
Adverb of time merupakan kata yang menerangkan tentang waktu terjadinya suatu peristiwa.
Days Months Past Present Future
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Yesterday
This morning
This afternoon
Last week
Last Friday night
An hour ago
A year ago
Last century
today
Tonight
At the moment
At present
Now
Nowadays
Recently
Along day
Tomorrow
Next day
A day after tomorrow
Next three days
Next Thursday
The following week
Next week
Next year
Musim juga merupakanbagiandari keteranganwaktu, yakni DRY SEASONdanWET (RAINY) SEASON di Indonesia serta
WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, dan AUTUMN di negara barat.
b. Adverb of Place

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Adverb of place merupakankata yangmemberikaninformasi mengenai tempat terjadinya suatu peristiwa.
Keterangantempat dapat denganmudahdideteksi, yakni dengan mencari preposisi (kata depan) misalnya di, pada,
dari danseterusnya. Negara, kota, kabupaten, kecamatan, desa, tempat akademis, tempat kuliner, tempat hedonistik,
tempat konsumsifdanjenis tempat lainnya merupakanbagianinherendari keterangan tempat apabila mereka disertai
denganpreposisi (kata depan), sebabapabila tidakdidahului kata depan, maka mereka merupakan bagian dari Noun.
Silakan bandingkan:
1. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia.
2. She lives in Jakarta.
Kata Jakarta pada kalimat 1 merupakanNoun. Sementara kata Jakarta pada kalimat 2 menjadi satu kesatuan dengan
preposisi in dan berperan sebagai keterangan tempat.
c. Adverb of Manner
Adverb of manner merupakankata yang menunjukkaninformasi tentangcara sesuatu berlangsung atau cara
seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Biasanya ciri khasdari kata yang merupakanketerangancara berakhirandenganhuruf –
ly. Misalnya: carefully, diligently, well, quickly, etc.
d. Adverb of Frequency
Adverb of frequency merupakankata yang menerangkan seberapa sering sesuatu berlangsung atau seberapa
sering seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Keterangan Frekuensi biasanya muncul dalam kalimat-kalimat yang
menggunakantense present simplewith general verb. Keterangantersebut antara lain always, usually, often, seldom,
sometimes, rarely, never, every day, every Sunday, every week, every month, every year, once a day, twice a day, three
times a day, four times a day, etc.
3.1.5 Article
a. a, an and the
Artikel a digunakanuntukmenunjukkan bahwa sesuatu atauseseorangituberjumlah tunggal saja. Artikel ini
digunakan untuk noun yang berawalan dengan huruf konsonan. Sementara itu, artikel an dengan fungsi yang sama
dengana disandingkandengannounyang berawalan dengan hurufvokal. Adapun, artikel the digunakan untuk noun
berawalanhuruf apa saja. Artikel ini disandingkan dengan noun yangtelahdisinggung atau disebutkan sebelumnya.
Jadi, artikel the berfungsiuntuk menyatakan bahwa sesuatu atauseseorangitusudahjelas, sudahteridentifikasi, sudah
diperkenalkan, danspesifik. Artikel ini juga selaluhadir di sebelah noun yang khas, spesifikdan hanya berjumlah satu.
Misalnya matahari (the sun), bulan (the moon), bumi (the earth) dan lain-lain.
b. that, this, those, these
That merupakan artikel yang diletakkanbersebelahandengannounyang jumlahnya hanya satu dan jaraknya
agak jauh dari speaker. Those merupakan artikel yang fungsinya hampir sama dengan that, hanya saja those
ditempatkandi sebelah nounyangjumlahnya lebihdari satu. Adapun, this merupakan artikel yang diletakkan di
sebelah noun yang jumlahnya hanya satu, tetapi jaraknya dekat dengan speaker. Demikianjuga halnya dengan these.
These merupakan artikel yang fungsinya sama dengan this, hanya saja this ditempatkan di sebelah noun yang
jumlahnya lebih dari satu.
c. a few, a little, many, much, some, any, a lot of
a few dan a little sama-sama memiliki makna sedikit. Namun, a few ditempatkan sebelum kata benda yang countable,
sedangkana little ditempatkan sebelum kata benda yang uncountable. Hal yang penting untuk diingat, meskipun
berarti sedikit, kata benda yang bersebelahan dengan a fewtetapmemperoleh akhiran –s, -es, -ies, atau –ves (lihat
pembahasan tentanplural noun baik regular plural nounmaupunirregular pluralnoun). Manydan much sama -sama
bermakna banyak. Akantetapi, manydigunakanuntukcountable noun dan much digunakanuntukuncountable noun.
Some bermakna beberapa. Artikel ini dapat disandingkandengankata kerja countable atau uncountable. Apabila
diletakkan sebelum kata kerja countable, maka kata kerja tersebut berakhiran –s, -es, -ies, atau –ves (lihat pembahasan
tentanplural nounbaikregular pluralnounmaupun irregular plural noun). Sementara itu, apabila ditempatkan
sebelum kata kerja uncountable, maka kata kerja tersebut tidak perlu penambahanartikel apa pun. Misalnya: some
homework. Begitu pula halnya dengan a lot of yangberarti banyak. Artikel ini dapat disandingkan dengan countable
atau uncountable noun.
3.1.6 Preposition
Preposition yang acapkali muncul dalam kehidupansehari-hari ialah TO, FOR, FROM, IN, ON, INTO, AT, BELOW,
UNDER, BENEATH, UP, DOWN, BY, WITH, WITHOUT, SINCE.
TO berarti ke, kepada, atau untuk. Misalnya:
They give the invitation to all their friends.
For juga memiliki arti yang sama. Namun, FOR dapat bermakna selama jika muncul dalamkonteks kalimat yang
menggunakan present perfect tense sebagaimana SINCE yang juga muncul dalam kalimat present perfect tense
dan bermakna sejak. Misalnya:

13
- I’ve learned English for 15 years.
- I’ve learned English since I was in Junior High School.
FOR dapat pula berperan sebagai konjungsi apabila maknanya karena. Misalnya:
I love you for you are really sweet (aku mencintaimu karena kamu sangat manis).
FROM berarti dari. Misalnya:
I get the invitation from both of them.
In berarti di, di dalam atau pada. Biasanya muncul sebelum tahun, nama bulan, nama kota, nama tempat secara
general misalnya:in a class, atau sebelum V-ing, misalnya: I try hard in grasping the meaning. Contoh lain:
- I am in Bandung.
- We are in the class.
- Paulo was born in 1978.
ON berarti pada atau di atas. Biasanya muncul sebelum kata benda yang letaknya memang di atas benda yang
lain, sebelum nama hari, sebelum tanggal, dan lain-lain. Misalnya:
My netbook is on the table.
INTO berarti ke dalam. Pahami sendiri makna spesifiknya dari kalimat-kalimat berikut.
- I am pouring the water into the glass.
- You break this glass into pieces.
AT berarti di ataupada. Biasanya muncul sebelumtempat yang menjadi bagian dari kehidupan sehari -hari,
misalnya at home, at campus, at school, at night, sebelumjammisalnya at 10.00 p.m., atau sebelumtempat yang
spesifik misalnya at Semarang State University.
BELOW, UNDER, BENEATH bermakna di bawah. Silakan perhatikan contoh di bawah ini.
- Look at the example below, please.
- I’ve got you under my skin.
- I think there’s something spooky beneath my bathtub.
UP berarti di atas. Kemunculannya berfungsi sebagai penegas bahwa sesuatuitu berada di atas atau bangun.
Misalnya:
- I want to go upstairs.
- She wake up.
- You lift me up.
- He makes up his mind.
Bahkan ada pula yang menunjukkan sifat mengawang-ngawang misalnya:
- I feel like I’m up in the air.
- He doesn’t care about what’s happening up there.
DOWN berarti di bawah. Kemunculannya ialahsebagai penegas bahwa sesuatu itu memang berada di area
bawah. Misalnya:
- Deep down in Fiona’s heart, she’s still anxious.
- They are down since the proposal is rejected by the boss.
BY berarti oleh atau dengan.
Misalnya:
- Deddy is accepted to be a new employee by the manager.
- By giving the best, we deserve to get the best.
WITH berarti dengan. Contoh:
- I can live and get everything in this world with you.
- You will master this material with listening to the lecturer.
WITHOUT berarti tanpa. Contoh:
- I can live and get everything in this world without you.
- Without listening to the lecturer, you can’t master the material.
3.1.7 Conjunction
Conjunction berarti kata penghubung yang merangkai satukalimat dengankalimat lain. Berikut ini merupakan
beberapa contoh dari kata penghubung.
Conjunction Meaning Example
And dan Me and you like surfing the
internet.
But tetapi I browse some good
translations on Google
Translate, but I can’t find them
out.
Yet tetapi He tries, yet he fails to win the
game.
However Akan tetapi/Bagaimana punjuga They plan to stay. However,

14
they are already asked to go
back home.
Or Atau You leave him, or I’m goint to
leave you.
while Sementara itu We figure out this problem,
while she doesn’t care at all.
Meanwhile Sementara itu We figure out this problem.
Meanwhile, she doesn’t care at
all.
Hence Oleh karena itu You love English. Hence, you
learn much about it from many
sources.
Therefore You love English. Therefore, you
learn much about it from many
sources.
So Jadi You love English. So, you learn
much about it from many
sources.
Because karena Dave is angry because they
don’t obey the rules.
For Dave is angry for they don’t
obey the rules.
Since Dave is angry since they don’t
obey the rules.
Before Sebelum Before I go to campus, I put the
books into my bag.
After setelah After I put the books into my
bag, I go to campus.
Later on kemudian I’ll pray. Later on, I go to sleep.
Besides Selain itu Mom is gentle. Besides, she is
tough.
Next Selanjutnya I’ll switch on the computer.
Next, I’ll install some new
programs.
3.1.8 Pronoun
Pronoun merupakan kata ganti untuk menghindari repetisi yangkurang penting. Secara umum, pronoun terbagi
menjadi empat tipe, yakni subject pronoun, object pronoun, possessive adjective dan possessive pronoun. Subject
pronoun digunakanuntuk menggantikan kata-kata yang berperan sebagai subjek dalam kalimat. Object pronoun
diaplikasikanuntuk menggantikan kata -kata yang berperan sebagai objek dalam kalimat. Possessive adjective
merupakan kata ganti yangmenunjukkan kepunyaandanditulispersis di sebelahkata benda yang dimiliki. Misalnya:
my eyes, my room, my body, etc. Sementara itu, possessive pronoun merupakan kata ganti yang menunjukkan
kepunyaan, tetapi ditulisterpisahdari benda yang dimiliki. Biasanya possessive pronoun ini berpisah dari noun-nya
karena verb. Misalnya:
- Those files are mine. These are yours.
- The files on your table are not yours. You took mine.
Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possesive Pronoun
SHE HER HER HERS
HE HIM HIS HIS
IT IT ITS -
THEY THEM THEIR THEIRS
WE US OUR OURS
I ME MY MINE
YOU YOU YOUR YOURS
3.2 Gerund
Gerund merupakan noundenganformula V1+-ing (Ving), berperan sebagaisubjek, objekataupelengkap dalam
kalimat. Contoh:
- Sleeping is very important for health. (Sleepingdalam kalimat ini merupakan gerund dan berperan sebagai
subjek)
- John loves sleeping. (sleeping dalam kalimat ini merupakan gerund dan berfungsi sebagai objek.)

15
- His hobby is sleeping. (Sleeping dalam kalimat ini merupakan gerund dan berperan seba gai pelengkap.)

16
Chapter 4
Tenses
4.1 The Structure of Sentences in Past and Present
Present Tense Past Tense
Present Simple with be
(+) S + is/am/are + N/Adj/Adv
(-) S + is/am/are + NOT + N/Adj/Adv
(?) Is/am/are + S + N/Adj/Adv?
Past Simple with be
(+) S + was/were + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + was/were + NOT + N/Adj/Adv
(?) Was/were + S +N/Adj/Adv?
Present Simple with general verbs
(+) S + V1 + N/Adj/Adv
(-) S + doesn’t/don’t + V1 + N/Adj/Adv
(?) Does/Do + S + V1 + N/Adj/Adv?
Past Simple with general verbs
(+) S + V2 + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + didn’t + V1 + N/Adj/Adv.
(?) Did + S + V1 + N/Adj/Adv?
Present Continuous
(+) S + is/am/are + Ving + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + is/am/are + NOT + Ving + N/Adj/Adv.
(?) Is/am/are + S + Ving + N/Adj/Adv?
Past Continuous
(+) S + was/were + Ving + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + was/were + NOT + Ving + N/Adj/Adv.
(?) Was/were + S +Ving + N/Adj/Adv?
Present Perfect with be
(+) S + has/have + been + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + has/have + NOT + been + N/Adj/Adv.
(?) Has/Have + S + been + N/Adj/Adv?
Past Perfect with be
(+) S + had + been + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + had + NOT + been + N/Adj/Adv.
(?) Had + S + been + N/Adj/Adv?
Present Perfect with general verbs
(+) S + has/have + V3 + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + has/have + NOT + V3 + N/Adj/Adv.
(?) Has/Have + S + V3 + N/Adj/Adv?
Past Perfect with general verbs
(+) S + had + V3 + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + had + NOT + V3 + N/Adj/Adv.
(?) Had + S + V3 + N/Adj/Adv?
4.2 The Function of Each Tense
4.2.1 Present Simple with Be
Berikut ini merupakan fungsi -fungsi dari tense yang (paling familiar) ini.
- untuk menyebutkan nama
- untuk menyebutkan asal
- untuk menyebutkan kebangsaan
- untuk menyebutkan pekerjaan
- untuk menyebutkan status
- untuk menyebutkan agama
- untuk menyebutkan mood
- untuk menyebutkan kondisi sesuatu
- untuk menyebutkan posisi atautempat
- untuk menjelaskan sifat seseorang
- untuk menyebutkan benda atausesuatu
4.2.2 Present Simple with General Verbs
Fungsi dari tense ini ialah:
- Untuk menyatakankebiasaan, rutinitas, atausuatukegiatan atauaktivitasyang bersifat repetitif (diulang-ulang).
Biasanya akan muncul keterangan frekwensi (adverbs of frequency) seperti:
Always (selalu), usually(biasanya), often (sering), seldom (jarang), rarely(hampir tidak pernah), sometimes (kadang-
kadang), never (tidakpernah), everyday(setiaphari), everytime (setiap saat), once a week(seminggu sekali), twice a
week (dua kali seminggu), three times a day (tiga kali dalam sehari), etc.
- Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum atau sesuatu yang general.
4.2.3 Present Continuous
Fungsinya ialah:
- Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas atau kejadian yang BERLANGSUNG KETIKA SPEAKER BERBICARA.
Contoh:
Look at that! The baby is trying to stand up.
- Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang SEDANG DALAM PROSES PENGGARAPAN ATAU PENYELESAIAN.
Contoh:
I am reading the latest Harry Potter book. If I have finished, I will lend you.
- Untuk menerangkan RENCANA DI MASA YANG AKAN DATANG atau yang akan segera dilakukan.
Contoh:
I am building a new house for my family.

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4.2.4 Present Perfect with Be
Fungsinya hampir sama seperti fungsi-fungsi present simplewith be. Hanya saja, penggunaantense ini menunjukkan
makna TELAH/SUDAH.
Contoh:
I have been full. (Aku sudah kenyang).
4.2.5 Present Perfect with General Verbs
Berikut ini merupakan fungsi -fungsinya.
- Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas TELAH SELESAI atau BELUM SELESAI dilakukan.
Misalnya:
You have proven that your research is right scientifically.
- Untuk menunjukkansuatuaktivitasyangdimulai di masa lalu, tetapi hingga kini masih berlangsung (biasanya
menggunakankata SINCE atau FOR). Sesuatuterbentuk di masa lalu, tetapi hingga kini efeknya masih terasa.
Misalnya:
They have waited for you there for two hours.
- Untuk menyatakan bahwa seseorang PERNAH atau TIDAK PERNAH melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh:
I have ever joined the movement.
I have never gone to China.
- Untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu kejadian baru saja terjadi (biasanya ada kata JUST)
Contoh:
She has just arrived at home.
- Untuk menyatakanbahwa suatukejadiantelahterjadi/telah selesai di luar dugaanatau di luar prediksi(biasanya ada
kata ALREADY)
Contoh:
He has already posted the letter before you ask.
4.2.6 Past Simple with Be
arti IALAH/ADALAH/MERUPAKAN di masa lalu.
Contoh:
I was so thirsty an hour ago. (Aku sangat haus sejam yang lalu)
He was sad minutes ago. (Dia sedih beberapa menit yang lalu)
4.2.7 Past Simple with General Verbs
Fungsinya ialah untuk menyatakansuatu kegiatan, aktivitas atau peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lalu dan tidak
diketahui apakah aktivitas tersebut tuntas atau belum. Selainitu, aktivitas itutidakada lagi hubungannya dengan
masa kini.
Contoh:
They kept a puppy three years ago.
We kicked them out because they were so rude.
4.2.8 Past Continuous
Fungsinya ialah sebagai berikut.
- Untuk menyatakansuatu kegiatanatau kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada suatu waktu di suatu tempat
tertentu di masa lalu (keterangan waktu dan tempat terperinci)
Contoh:
Nicky was connecting the cable to the plug-in at 07.15 a.m. this morning.
- Untuk menjelaskanbahwa ada dua kejadianyang terjadi dalamkurun waktu yang HAMPIR BERSAMAAN. Kejadian
yang lebihdahuluterjadi menggunakan past continuous, adapunaktivitasyangmenyusul kemudian menggunakan
past simple with general verbs.
Misalnya:
I was doing my thesis when Charlize texted me yesterday.
While Charlize was focusing herself to the research, Juan tried to make her relax.
- Untuk menerangkan bahwa terdapat dua kejadianyang terjadi BERSAMAAN di masa lalu. Kedua kejadiandipaparkan
dengan menggunakan past continuous dan kata penghubung WHILE.
Contoh:
Dave was looking for his wallet, while Dereck was making his bed.
4.2.9 Past Perfect with Be
makna TELAH/SUDAH di masa lalu.
Contoh:

18
They had been bored before you performed four days ago.
(Mereka telah bosan sebelum kamu tampil empat hari yang lalu)
4.2.10 Past Perfect with General Verbs
Fungsinya ialah untuk menyatakanbahwa terdapat dua kejadiandi masa laluyang mana salah satu kejadian telah
selesai atau tuntas sebelum kejadian lain menyusul.
Contoh:
I listened to the music from 01.00 p.m. until 03.00 p.m.
Vicky picked me up at 03.15 p.m.
Jadi kalimat untuk menyatukan dua kalimat di atas menggunakan past perfect with general verbs menjadi:
I had listened to the music before Vicky picked me up.

19
Chapter
Passive Sentences
5.1 What is Passive Sentence?
Sebelummemusatkan perhatian pada pola-pola kalimat pasif, Anda sebaiknya mengetahui dan kemudian
mengingat bahwa kalimat pasif terbentukkarena ada kalimat aktifyang mengandung Noun yang berperan sebagai
Objek dan tentusaja kalimat yangmengandungVerbselainBe (atausering saya istilahkan dengan General Verbs).
Sebagaimana yang Anda ketahui dalambanyak contohkalimat, Nounberfungsisebagai Subjek danjuga Objek. Silakan
perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat di bawah ini.
Contoh:
1. You may change the layout of this magazine. (Kalimat aktif)
You merupakan subject pronoun. Sebagaiinfo untuk mengingatkan Anda, Subject pronouns (she, he, it, they, we, I,
you) dan object pronouns (her, him, it, them, us, me, you) merupakan turunan dari Noun.
The layout of this magazine merupakan noun phrase dan berperan sebagai Objek dalam kalimat di atas. Karena
mengandungNounyang berfungsi sebagai Objek, maka kalimat di atas dapat diubahmenjadi kalimat pasif menjadi:
The layout of this magazine maybe changedbyyou. (Kalimat pasif)
2. Frente has installed the new program in her notebook. (Kalimat aktif)
Frente merupakan subject;berupa Nounkarena nama tersebut menunjukkan eksistensi seorang manusia. Frente
dapat disubstitusi dengan subject pronoun She.
Sementara itu, the new program merupakan frase kata benda (noun phrase) yang berperan sebagai objek.
Dengan demikian, kalimat di atas dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif berikut ini.
The new program has been installed by Frente in her notebook. (kalimat pasif)
5.2 The Structure of Passive Sentence
Kalimat Aktif Kalimat Pasif
Present Simple with General Verbs
S (berupa Subject pronoun) + V1 + N/Adj/Adv
Contoh:
She spills a cup of tea on the floor.
Present Simple with General Verbs
N + Be Present (is/am/are) + V3 + by+ S (yang berubahmenjadi Object
Pronoun)
Contoh:
A cup of tea is spilled by her on the floor.
S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + V2 + N/Adj/Adv
Contoh:
He put his shoes on the sofa yesterday.
N + Be Past (was/were) + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
Contoh:
His shoes were put by him on the sofa yesterday.
Present Continuous
S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + is/am/are + Ving + N/Adj/Adv.
Contoh:
Wulan is picking her brother in a kindergarten.
Present Continuous
N + Be Present (is/am/are) + being + V3 + by+ S (yang berubahmenjadi
Object Pronoun)
Contoh:
Wulan’s brother is beingpicked up by Wulan/her in a kindergarten.
Past Continuous
S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + was/were + Ving + N/Adj/Adv
Contoh:
Hanny was peeling the oranges at 7 a.m. this morning.
Past Continuous
N + Be Past (was/were)+ being + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi
Object Pronoun)
Contoh:
The oranges were being peeled by Hanny at 7 a.m. this morning.
Present Perfect with General Verb
S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + has/have + V3 + N/Adj/Adv
Contoh:
Gerard has noticed her signs of love for a month.
Present Perfect with General Verb
N + has/have + been + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
Contoh:
Her signs of love have been noticed by Gerard/him for a month.
Past Perfect with General Verb
S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + had + V3 + N/Adj/Adv
Contoh:
Prima had summarizedthe journals before his mom knocked the
door.
Past Perfect with General Verb
N + had + been+ V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Contoh:
The journals had been summarized by Prima/him before his mom
knocked the door.

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Chapter 6
Modals
6.1 What is it?
Modals merupakan istilahlain dari auxiliaryverb (yang mana selama ini Anda familiar denganbentuk-bentuknya
seperti do, don’t, does, doesn’t, did, didn’t, has, hasn’t, have, haven’t, had, hadn’t, dll.). Fungsi dari modals juga sebelas
dua belas (baca:kuranglebihsama)dengan auxiliaryverb, yakni membantu main verb dalam hal penekanan waktu
terjadinya suatu aktivitas, penekanan makna dan sebagainya. Silakan perhatikan kalimat di bawah ini.
My cousins may visit me on Saturday night.
(Sepupu-sepupuku boleh mengunjungiku pada malam minggu)
My cousins = Subject
May = Modal
Visit = Verb (main verb)
Me = Noun (object pronoun)
On Saturday night = Adverb of time
Dengandemikian, keberadaanmodal dapat dikatakansekadar penunjangatauberada dalam tataran sekunder
dibandingkandengan main verb. Namun, eksistensinya toh cukup fungsional untuk menimbulkan efek tertentu,
khususnya dalam hal makna.
6.2 The Structure of Active Sentences
Present (Saat Ini) Past (Saat yang telah lewat)
Can (dapat)
S + can + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Could (dapat)
S + could + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Be present (is/am/are) able to (mampu)
S + is/am/are + able to + V1
Be past (was/were) able to (mampu)
S + was/were + able to + V1
Must (harus)
S + must + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Had to (harus)
S + had to + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Has to/have to (harus)
S + has to/have to + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Had to (harus)
S + had to + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Should (sebaiknya)
S + should + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Should (sebaiknya)
S + should + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
May (boleh/mungkin)
S + may + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Might (boleh/mungkin)
S + might + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Will (akan)
S + will + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Would (akan)
S + would + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
6.3 The Structure of Passive Sentences
Present (Saat Ini) Past (Saat yang telah lewat)
Can (dapat)
N + can + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Could (dapat)
N + could + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
Be present (is/am/are) able to (mampu)
N + is/am/are + able to + be + V3 + by+ S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
Be past (was/were) able to (mampu)
N + was/were + able to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubahmenjadi
Object Pronoun)
Must (harus)
N + must + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Had to (harus)
N + had to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
Has to/have to (harus)
N + has to/have to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
Had to (harus)
N + had to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
Should (sebaiknya)
N + should + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Should (sebaiknya)
N + should + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
May (boleh/mungkin)
N + may + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Might (boleh/mungkin)
N + might + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
Will (akan)
N + will + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Would (akan)
N + would + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)

21
Chapter 7
Expression
7.1 Expressions of Guessing, Right Guessing, Wrong Guessing, and Ihaven’t A Clue
Expressions of Guessing:
- ...I’d say...
- Could it be...
- Perhaps it’s ...
- I think it is ...
- It looks like ...
- It’s difficult to saybut I’dguess...
Expressions of Right Guessing:
- That’s right.
- Right.
- Yes, you’re right.
- Exactly
Expressions of Wrong Guessing:
- No, I’m afraid not.
- Not quite.
- You’re close.
- I don’t thinkso.
Expressions of I haven’t a clue
- I’m afraid I don’t know ...
- I’m sorryI don’t know.
- I haven’t anyclue.
- I’m not sure.
- I’ve forgotten the English word for ...
- I can’t remember the Englishof ...
7.2 Expressing Warning
Do this:
- Please queue other side.
- Keep right.
Don’t do this:
- No smoking.
- No littering.
- No parking.
- No exit.
- Don’t lean out the window.
- Please do not disturb.
- Please do not feed the animals.
- Keep off the grass.
- Silence. Examination is in progress.
- Don’t leave bags unattended.
Watch Out:
- Watch your head.
- Fragile (Be careful, thiswill breakeasily).
- Watch your step.
- Beware of pickpockets.
- Beware of fierce dog.

22
- Wtch out. The trainis coming.
- Look out behindyou.
Advice:
- Take goodcare of yourself.
- Be careful.
- Take care, please.
7.3 Expressions of Asking and Offering Advice
Asking for Advice:
- Do you thinkI ought to callthe police?
- What do you thinkI should buyhim for his birthday?
- Do you have anyideas about howI cansell mycar?
- Should I tryto talkwith himabout this matter again?
- If you were me, what would youtell her?
- If you were in mysituation, wouldyou forgive him?
- Do youhave anyadvice for me?
- Can you give me some advice?
- Do yoyu have anyrecommendations about a goodhotel inParis?
- Can you recommenda suitable wine for dinner?
Offering advice?
- I think you’d better start looking for a new job.
- If I were you, I’d stop writing her.
- It wouldprobablybe a goodideato send this mail byexpress mail.
- Whydon’t you trycalling her tonight?
- How about takingthe bus insteadof driving?
- Try ignoring her for a while.
- I’d saythat you’dbeter qut the teamnow.
- I advise youto talkwith your lawyer.
- My advice is to be careful doingbusiness withthem.
- I suggest that we go out for dinner tonight.
- Let me suggest that we buya new copier.
- I recommendthat you cancelyour appointment.
- My recommendationis that we beginthe salesprograminMay.
7.4 Expressions of Asking Permission, Giving Permission, and Denying Permission
Asking permission:
- Can I close the window, please?
- Please let me have the car tonight.
- MayI close the door, please?
- Do you mindifI smoke?
- Wouldyou mindif I went with her?
- MayI have your permission to marryyour daughter?
Giving permission:
- Sure, go ahead.
- It’s okaywith me.
- No, I don’t mind.
- Whynot?
- You have mypermission.
- I won’t stopyou.
- Certainly.
Denying permission:
- No, you maynot.
- You can’t.
- Yes, I do mind.
- I will not permit you to.
- I absolutelyforbidyou.
7.5 Expressions of Relief
- Uh, that’s a relief.
- Thank goodness for that.
- Thank heavens!
- Oh, good!

23
- Oh, marvelous!
- Oh, what a relief!
- That’s alright, then.
- Phew!
- Thank God for that.
- I’m veryrelievedto hear that.
- I’m extremelyglad to hear that.
- What a relief!
- Good for you.
- I’m glad it’s done.
- I’m glad everything is runningwell.
- Ifeel sorelieved.
- This ointment relieves mypain.
- It’s veryrelaxing.
7.6 Expressions of Pain
- Ouch! It hurts me so much.
- Ouch! Stop pinching me.
- Oh! What shall I do if he’s alreadymarried?
- Ooh! My headaches! And myback hurts!
- Ah! What is it?
- Ouch! That hurts.
- Aw! The painhurts me verymuch.
- It’s verypainful. I can’t standit.
- I can’t stand it. The painis gettingworse and worse.
7.7 Expressing Pleasure/Pleased
- I’m verypleasedwiththis room.
- Oh, how marvelous!
- Oh, it’s wonderful!
- It’s goodnews.
- I’m verydelighted.
- It gives me great pleasure.
- I can’t sayhowpleasedI am.
- Great!
- Smashing!
- Terrific!
- Fantastic!
- Super!
- I’m glad you like it.
- This is great, isn’t it?
- I can’t sayhowdelighted I am.
7.8 Expressing scared
- I’m scared.
- You scare me.
- It’s frightening.
- It’s horrible.
- The sight terrifiedme somuch.
- I can’t forget that terrible experience.
- The fear is creeping into myheart.
7.9 Expressing opinions
Asking other people’s opinions:
- What do you thinkof ...
- Is that right (true) that ...
- Do you thinkit’s going ...
- Whydo theybehave like that?
- Do you have anyidea?
- How do you like ...?
- Please give me your frankopinion.
- What’s your opinion?
-

24
Expressing opinions:
- In myopinion...
- I personallybelieve ...
- I personallythink ...
- I personallyfeel...
- Not everyone will agree with me, but ...
- To my mind ...
- From mypoint of view ...
- As I see it ...
- I think ...
- I believe ...
- I feel ...
- I am certain/sure/positive/convinced.
- I agree.
- I disagree.
- It seems that ...
- Well, personally...
- If I had myway, I would...
- What I’m more concernedwith is ...
- In mycase ...
- Absolutely.
7.10 Expressing agreement and disagreement
Saying that you agree:
- Yes, I agree withyou.
- I’m sure you’re right.
- That’s right (quite true).
- I think sotoo.
- I absolutelyagree.
- That’s exactlywhat I think.
- Yes, I suppose so.
- I don’t have anyobjections.
Saying that you don’t agree:
- We wil never agree.
- Not at all/Not really.
- I disagree.
- I think that’s nonsense.
Saying that you don’t agree politely:
- I see your point, but ...
- Yes, maybe, but ...
- I don’t entirelyagree with...
- You maybe right, but ...
- Do you thinkso?
- I see what you mean, but ...
- To some extent, yes but ...
- I don’t agree withyou.
- I’m not sure I agree withyou.
- I don’t like the idea.
Making conclusion:
- In conclusion, we state that ...
- Therefore, we state that ...
- To conclude, we state that ...
- On the whole, we state that ...
- From the statement we canconclude ...
- From the facts above we canconclude ...
- On this basis, we agree that ...
7.11 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction
Asking abut satisfaction/dissatisfaction:
- How do you like your room?
- Is everythingOK?

25
- Is everythingsatisfactory?
- Are you satisfied?
- Did you findour service satisfactory?
- Did you want to complainabout something?
- Was somethingnot to your satisfaction?
- Are you dissatisfiedwithsomething?
Expressing Satisfaction:
- I reallylike mynew haircut
- I’m completelysatisfiedwitheverything you’ve done for me.
- It was satisfactory.
- Everything is fine,thankyou.
- Everything was just perfect.
- I’m happyenoughwithit.
- It was okay. Not too bad.
- Good enough.
Expressing Dissatisfaction
- I am a little dissatisfied with the service here.
- I am a bit disappointed with the program.
- The food was lousy.
- I am tired of working here. I don’t like the color.
- I have a complaint.
- I am very dissatisfied with the condition.
- I want to make a complaint.
Responding to Dissatisfaction
- I see
- I’m sorry to hear that.
- I’ll look into it.
- I’ll see what I can do about it.
- I’ll try and take care of it.
7.12 Expressing sorrow
- She was overwhelmed byher sorrow.
- My heart is so burdened.
- I can’t tell mypain and sorrow in words.
- It brought me a lot of misery.
- I’m so sadto hear it.
- I regret having to dothis.
- I’m feelingbad at thistime.
7.13 Expressing attention:
- Oh, really?
- It’s amazing.
- Is he?(didhe? Wasshe? Etc.)
- Oh poor creature!
- What a poor girl she is!
- Whynot?
- What about her step-mother?
- How luckyhe is.
- Well, go on.
- What happened then?
7.14 Expressing embarrassment and anger
Expressing embarrassment:
- It reallymakes me ashamed.
- I was so ashamed.
- I was veryembarrassed.
- How embarrassing.
- Tell me it never happened.
- Tell me it didn’t happen.
- I was so embarrassed.

26
Asking if someone is angry
- What’s the matter?
- What happened?
- What do you looksoinsultedabout?
- Whyare you acting soinsulted?
- Did I insult you?
- Are you angryabout something?
- Are you angrywithme?
- What are you soangryabout?
Expressing anger:
- Well, I’ve never beensoinsulted in mylife.
- Who are you to saysucha thing to me?
- Aren’t you the pot callingthe kettle black?
- What do you meanI dida terrible job?
- Are you trying to tell me I’m not good enoughfor you?
- Oh, hell!
- You turkey!
- You’re getting me angry.
- I’m starting to get angry... 1 ... 2 ... 3
- Are you trying to make me angry?
- You burn me up.
Calming someone down:
- Relax.
- Take it slow.
- Take it easy.
- Calm down.
- Control yourself.
- Don’t be sucha worrywart.
- Don’t trouble yourself.
- Don’t let it bother you.
- Maybe you’re a little too sensitive about.
- Don’t be so touchy.
- Don’t be angrywithme.
- Temper, temper.
- Let’s tryto hold our temper.
- Don’t get hot under the collar.
- Gettingangrywon’t help.
7.15 Expressions for telling a story:
- To beginwith...
- First of all, ...
- One day, ...
- The next day, ...
- So, ...
- But ...
- And you know what?
- After that ...
- At the end...
- Finally...
7.16 Finishing your story
- To make a long storyshort ...
- So, in the end...
- So, in short ...
- At the end...
- Finally...
7.17 Expressing Attitudes
Expressing justification:
- That’s why...
- Besides ...
- Because ...
- What I meanis ...

27
- You see ...
- To be honest ...
- The reasonwhy...
- What I’m sayingis ...
- So ...
7.18 Expressing thinking expressions
- Now, let me think...
- It’s difficult to sayexactly, but ...
- That’s aninteresting question.
- I’ll have to thinkabout that.
- The best wayI cananswer this is ..
- Let me see ...
7.19 Expressing Speculation
- Maybe ...
- I guess ...
- I suppose ...
- Perhaps ...
- It’s quite possible that ...
Expressing agreement:
- I agree.
- I know what you mean.
- I think so, too.
- That’s for sure.
- Right.
- Certainly.
- OK. with me.
- Fine tihme.
- I agree to do so.
Expressing Disagreement:
- I’m against this idea.
- I don’t agree.
- I’m not so sure.
- I find I can’t agree withyou.
- I can’t agree to that.
- I refuse.
- No way.
- No deal.
7.20 Expressing Annoyance
Expressing Annoyance:
- I needa break.
- I’m losing mymind.
- I’m a bundle ofnerves.
- I can’t take it anymore.
- Gosh ... What is this?
- I’m so scared.
- I was terrified.
- You frightenedme.
- I’m frightened.
- Oh, no!
- Oh dear!
- What a nuisance.
- How irritating.
- I’m veryannoyed.
- It reallymakes me angry.
- It annoys me.
- It irritates me.
- I reallyhate ...

28
- What an idiot.
- I’m fed up with...
Reducing someone’s annoyance:
- Relax.
- Take it slow.
- Take it easy.
- Calm down.
- Control yourself.
- Don’t be sucha worrywart.
- Don’t be scared.
- Don’t trouble yourself.
- Don’t be frightened.
7.21 Expressing something in chronological order
To illustrate time sequence at the beginniing of your story you can use:
- In the beginning
- At first
- At the start
- First of all
In the middle of your story you can use:
- Next
- After that
- Then
- Second, third andso on
- Following
- Subsequently
- Afterwards
- Meanwhile
At the end of your story you can use:
- Eventually
- At last
- In conclusion
- Finally
- To sum up
- As has beennoted
To illustrate time relationships (how one event relates to another in terms of time):
- At the same time
- During
- When
- While
- As
- As soonas
- Before
- Until
- After
- Afterwards
7.22 Expressing Complaint
- I want to complainabout these shoes
- Well, this is the most unsatisfactory. I bookedthe roommyself a weekago.
- I’m afraid ... It’s just not goodenough.
- What can youdo about these rooms?
- Somethingmust be done.
- I’m sorryto saythis but this roomis verydirty.
- I’m afraid I’ve got a complain about ...
- Wouldyou mindnot talking tooloudly?
- I wishyu didn’t bother us.
- I’m not at allsatisfied withyour service.
- I must object to your hotel.

29
7.23 Expressing general wishes
Giving someone general wishes
- Good luck.
- Best of luck.
- I wishyou luck.
- Good fortune be withyou.
- I hope that everythinggoes OKfor you.
- I’m sure that everthing will workout just fine.
- Mayyou be happyandsuccessful inyour newlife.
- Well, we hope that everything will be alright.
- I hope youhave a good/pleasant/enjoyable ...
- Please give your parents mybest wishes.
Responding to General Wishes
- Thank you.
- Thank youverymuch.
- Verymanythanks.
- Thank. Youtoo.
- Thank youand the same to you.
- Thank youand a happyNew Year to you too.
7.24 Expressing Purpose, Reasons, or Plans
Asking about purpose/Reasons/Plans:
- Whyare holdingit?
- What are you tryingto do?
- What do you hide the moneyfor?
- What’s your purpose inexplaining him that pipeline?
- Do you do that onpurpose?
- What do you intendto do to us?
- Is it your intention to blackmail me?
- What are you thinkingof doingwith those pictures?
- What are you planning to dotomorrow?
Stating Purpose/Reason/Plans:
- I helpher because she can help me sometime inthe future.
- I give it to the police inorder to keepit safe.
- My purpose inexplaining himthat ‘pipeline’ is to make him understand it clearly.
- Of course I don’t do it on purpose.
- I don’t meanto hit himsobad.
- My intentionis to destroythe papers before thayare found.
- My plan is to invite him to dinner, get himdrunk and ...
Hiding Purpose/Reasons/Plans
- I’ve got no particular purpose inmind.
- No reasoninparticular.
- I’ll never tell.
- That’s for me to knowandyou to findout.
- You’ll see.
- It’s a secret.
7.25 Expression of Warning
Informatives Notices:
- Out of order
- No vacancies
- Sold out.
- Don’t leave the bag unattended.
- Please queue
- Keep off grass
Do this:
- Please queue other side.
- Keep right.
Don’t do this:
- No smoking.
- No littering.

30
- No parking.
- No exit.
- Don’t lean out of the window.
- Please do not feed the animals.
- Keep off the grass.
- Silent. Examination is in progress.
- Don’t leave bags unattended.
Watch out:
- Mind your head.
- Fragile (be careful, this will breakeasily)
- Mind the step.
- Beware of fierce dog.
- Watch out. The trainis coming.
- Look out behindyou.
Advice:
- Take goodcare of yourself.
- Be careful.
- Take care, please.
7.26 Expressing Suggestion, Advice, and Recommendation
Asking for Suggestion/Advice/Recommendation
- Do you think I ought to call the police?
- What do you think I should buy him for his birthday?
- Do you have any dieas about how I can sell my car?
- Should I try to talk with him about his matter again?
- If you were me, what would you tell her?
- If you were in my situation, would you forgive him?
- What do you advise that I pack for the trip?
- Do you have any advice for me?
- Can you give me some advice about something?
- How do you suggest that I fix this broken window?
- Are you suggesting that I give up jogging?
- What do you recommend I take for a bad headache?
- Do you have any recommendations about a good hotel in Paris?
- Can you recommend a suitable wine for dinners?
Offering Suggestion/Advice/Recommendation
- I think you’d better start looking for a new job.
- If I were you, I’d stop writing her.
- It would probably a good idea to send this mail by Express mail.
- Why don’t you try calling her tonight?
- How about taking the bus instead of driving?
- Try ignoring her for a while.
- I’d say that you’d better quit the team now.
- I advise you to talk with your lawyer.
- My advice is to be careful in doing business with them.
- I suggest that we go out for dinners tonight.
- Let me suggest that we buy a new-copier.
- I recommend that you cancel your appointment.
- My recommendation is that we begin the sales program in May.
7.27 Expressing Attitudes
Saying you are pleased/excited/like:
- Great!
- Terrific!
- Fantastic!
- Super!
- Phew!
- How wonderful
- Hey, that’s terrific.
- It’s the best thing...
- Interesting

31
- Exciting
- Yippee.
Saying you are displeased/angry/disappointed/bored/dislike:
- Veryannoyed
- How irritating
- Reallyisn’t good.
- Extremelyunhappy.
- It makes me mad.
- It isn’t nice.
- How infuriating.
- I’m afraid ...
- How boring
- Totallyuninteresting
7.28 Interjection
- Aw! Expresses protest, disbelief, disgust or pity.
Example: Aw, you poor little dog.
- Bah! An exclamation ofcontempt or annoyance.
Example: Bah! That’s nonsense!
- Bingo!Indicates approval ofsecond speaker’s suddenunderstanding or correct response.
Example: Bingo! That’s just what I wanted!
- DUH! Expresses annoyance at the dullness or stupidityof a previous comment.
Example: Elephants are bigger thanmice. DUH!
- Er ...? Hmm ... used to expressor represent a pause, hesitation, uncertainty, etc.
Example: His name is er ... Jack, I think.
- Oh, my!/Ah!/Oh!/Ooh! Shows pain, surprise, pity, complaint, dislike, joy, etc. Depending onhow it is uttered.
Example: Ah! (Oh!) That’s so beautiful!
- Oh! is also used to attract the attentionof the person spokento.
Example: Oh, John, will youpost this letter for me, please?
- Haha! An exclamationor representationof laughter, as inexpressing amusement or disrespect;alsoHawhaw!
Example: Haha! That’s so funny!
- Huh? Expresses surprise, bewilderment, disbelief, contempt, or interrogation.
Example: So he thinks he’s cool, huh? Huh? Prince William is marrying BritneySpears?
- Oh-Oh! usedto show surprise or anticipation ofsomething unpleasant.
Example: OH-oh! Here comes Miss Fussy.
- YO! Used to get someone’s attention, express excitement, greet someone, etc.
Example: Yo! Harry! I’m here
- WOW! Shows surprise, wonder, pleasure, etc.
Example: Wow! Look at that! That’s so beautiful.
- Yuck! UCK! Eww!/Yikes! Anexpression ofdisgust or dislike.
Example: Yuck! (Ugh!) Not broccoli again! Eww! Yikes! How gross
- YUM-YUM!/YUMMY!/MMM! Expressesenjoyment or satisfaction, especiallyin the taste of food.
Example: Yummy! Chocolate puddingfor dessert!

Simple english grammar

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