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Achieving SDG2 by 2030 through food systems transformations: Implications for Asia
Achieving sdg2 by 2030 through food systems transformations
by Anaka Aiyar, Post-Doctoral Associate, Cornell University
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Achieving sdg2 by 2030 through food systems transformations
by Anaka Aiyar, Post-Doctoral Associate, Cornell University
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Achieving SDG2 by 2030 through food systems transformations: Implications for Asia
1.
Achieving SDG2 by 2030
through food systems
transformations:
Implications for Asia
Anaka Aiyar
Tata-Cornell Institute for Agriculture and
Nutrition
Cornell university
Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and
nutrition security by 2030
Oct 30th 2019
2.
Transforming FoodSystems for a Rising India
• Palgrave Series in Agricultural
Economics and Food Policy
• Authors:
• Prabhu Pingali
• Anaka Aiyar
• Mathew Abraham
• Andaleeb Rahman
Download your free copy at:
https://tci.cornell.edu/food-systems-
book
3.
The Post-2015 Development Agenda links hunger,
nutrition and agriculture under theSDG framework…
4.
1. : End hunger & ensure access to safe, nutritious &
sufficient food
2. : End all forms of malnutrition, including child
stunting & wasting by 2025
3. : Double agricultural productivity & incomes of small
scale producers
4. : Ensure sustainable production systems &
adaptation to climate change & extreme weather
events
5. : Maintain genetic diversity of cultivated plants
& domesticated animals
Goal 2: Zero Hunger Specific Targets
for 2030
5.
Reduction in severe poverty across Asia
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Nepal Bangladesh Pakistan India Bhutan Sri Lanka Maldives
Poverty Headcount Ratios for 2010-2015 and change from 2001-2005
HCR<1.90$, PPP Pct_chng(<1.90$ PPP) HCR<3.20$, PPP pct_chng(<3.20$ PPP)
Source: WDI Indicators, 2019
6.
Inter- and intra- disparities in incomes drive food
access
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
BIHAR
Afghanistan
Nepal
UTTARPRADESH
WESTBENGAL
MADHYAPRADESH
JHARKHAND
Bangladesh
SubSaharanAfrica
ODISHA
CHHATTISGARH
RAJASTHAN
SouthAsia
Pakistan
ANDHRAPRADESH
India
PUNJAB
KARNATAKA
GUJARAT
TAMILNADU
HIMACHALPRADESH
KERALA
MAHARASHTRA
UTTARAKHAND
Bhutan
HARYANA
SriLanka
EastAsiaandthe…
DELHI
Maldives
latinAmerica
Brazil
Mexico
GOA
GDP per capita 2015-16
(PPP, constant 2011 international $)
Based on Authors calculations from National Accounts Statistics in India & WDI Indicators,
2019
7.
Catering to diet diversity and feeding urban populations
are important to reduce hunger
Kcal/capita/day
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1969-1971
1989-1991
2011-2013
1969-1971
1989-1991
2011-2013
1969-1971
1989-1991
2011-2013
1969-1971
1989-1991
2011-2013
1969-1971
1989-1991
2011-2013
Kenya Nigeria Colombia China India
Fruits,
vegetables,
other
Meat,
eggs,
animal fat
Pulses
Sugar and
sweetners
Starchy
roots
Cereals
Percentage point growth in urban
populations between 2010 & 2050
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00%100.00%120.00%140.00%
World
Maldives
Bhutan
India
Afghanistan
Sri Lanka
Bangladesh
Nepal
Source: WDI Indicators, 2019Source: FAO Food Balance Sheets
8.
1. : End hunger & ensure access to safe, nutritious &
sufficient food
2. : End all forms of malnutrition, including child
stunting & wasting by 2025
3. : Double agricultural productivity & incomes of small
scale producers
4. : Ensure sustainable production systems &
adaptation to climate change & extreme weather
events
5. : Maintain genetic diversity of cultivated plants
& domesticated animals
Goal 2: Zero Hunger Specific Targets
for 2030
9.
Child malnutrition has been reducing, but hidden hunger
has not
Underweight Stunting
10.
Dietary related NCDs and obesity has increased quite
rapidly
Percentage of adults who are over weight
(BMI>24.9)
Diabetes prevalence in population ages 20
and above
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Source: WDI Indicators, 2019, National family Health Survey 2015-16 (India)
11.
1. : End hunger & ensure access to safe, nutritious &
sufficient food
2. : End all forms of malnutrition, including child
stunting & wasting by 2025
3. : Double agricultural productivity & incomes of
small scale producers
4. : Ensure sustainable production systems &
adaptation to climate change & extreme weather
events
5. : Maintain genetic diversity of cultivated plants &
domesticated animals
Goal 2: Zero Hunger Specific Targets
for 2030
12.
Technology has played a pivotal role in increasing cereal
yields
13.
Source: West. P.C, et al., Nov 2010, “Trading Carbon for Food: Global comparison of carbon stocks vs. crop yields on
agricultural land”. PNAS, vol. 107, no. 46, 19647
Cropland distribution and average annual yield
Significant Opportunities to Boost Productivity
14.
Cropping technologies designed for smallholders are
central to achieving SDG2
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
South Asia
East Asia and Pacific
Sub-Saharan Africa
Middle East and North Africa
Europe and Central Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Average Share of Agricultural Holdings by Land Size Class
= or <2 ha 2-10 ha 10-20 ha >20 ha
Data Source: FAO
15.
Catering to demand in urban food markets creates
new farming opportunities
Photo Sources
Left photos: Kiera Crowley
Top photo:
https://www.freshfruitportal.com/news/2017/01/16/india-
supermarkets-gain-from-demonetization-pain/
16.
Climate projections caution that Asian regions are
at high risk
Plate 3.2. Thermal climates (HadCM3-A1F1, 2080s).
Undefined
Tropics
Subtropics, Summer rainfall
Subtropics, Winter rainfall
Temperate, Oceanic
Temperate, Subcontinental
Temperate, continental
Boreal, Oceanic
Boreal, Subcontinental
Boreal, continental
Arctic Fisher et al 2002
17.
Tackling the threat from climate change requires a
technology+ approach
• Technology plus conservation plus community action
• Region specific approaches for tackling climate change have been
proposed mostly in the energy sector, but not so much for reducing
emissions from the agriculture sector
• National policies for climate change adaptation are yet to take shape-
much of the focus continues to remain on mitigation
• There has been very little private sector participation in these efforts,
though consumer awareness is growing
18.
SDG 2 success also depends on the achieving other SDGs
SDG 2: Zero Hunger
Ending
Poverty
Increasing
Environmental
Quality
Improving
Health
Goal 1:
No poverty
Goal 8:
Decent work
and economic
growth
Increasing
Equality
Goal 3:
Good health
and wellbeing
Goal 5:
Gender
equality
Goal 10:
Reduce
inequality
within and
among
countries
Goal 12:
Responsible
production and
consumption
Goal 13: Climate
action
Goal 14 & 15:
Life in Water &
Land
19.
• Ending hunger: possible for caloric adequacy but uncertain for access to
food diversity, especially micro-nutrient rich food.
• Ending all forms of malnutrition: declines in the incidence of child
stunting & wasting, but new challenges with obesity.
• Double small farm productivity through sustainable production systems:
possible where technology adaptation to smaller scale production is made
available and it is possible to orient farmers towards crop diversification
opportunities.
• Adaptation to climate change: unlikely unless coordinated efforts are
made to preserve and enhance natural resources.
• Sustainable Production Systems: Regional efforts to conserve technology,
resources and plant diversity and create equitable solutions for small holders
Prospects for Achieving SDG 2
20.
Transforming FoodSystems for a Rising India
• Palgrave Series in Agricultural
Economics and Food Policy
• Authors:
• Prabhu Pingali
• Anaka Aiyar (www.anaka-aiyar.com)
• Mathew Abraham
• Andaleeb Rahman
Download your free copy at:
https://tci.cornell.edu/food-systems-
book