1. Treat your servers like your Ruby
App: Infrastructure as Code
2015 March 27-28
Allan Espinosa
Platform as a Service Team
Global Operations Department
Rakuten, Inc.
http://www.rakuten.co.jp/

2. About me
 Allan Espinosa
 Technology Background
 Language Polyglot: Ruby, Node.js, Java, .NET
 Systems Polyglot: Docker, VMWare
 Automation Junkie: Chef, Jenkins
 Job Background
 “Private Heroku”
 Senior Systems Developer
Platform as a Service Team
Global Operations Department
@AllanEspinosa

3. Rakuten, Inc.

4. Agenda
 Audience Demographics
 Typical App TDD
 Introduction to Configuration Management
 Infrastructure as Code
 Evolved App and Infrastructure TDD
 Wrap-up

5. Audience Demographics
 Web application developers?
 Infrastructure engineers?
 Fullstack engineers?
 Unit Tests?
 Test Driven Development?
 Automated/ Push-button deployments?
 Post-deployment end-to-end tests?

6. Infrastructure as Code
 Reproducable servers
 Bring up a lot of servers
 Programmatically add servers to monitor/ load balancer
Server as cattle not pets
Reference: Test Driven Infrastructure with Chef

7. Unmaintained Infrastructure Code
 Where did I install ruby-2.0.0-p589 to?
 Which machines upgraded to ruby-2.1.1-p589?
 Have I upgraded libxml2 for nokogiri?
 Why is database.yml pointing to staging????
 Test and software engineering practices still relevant!
# FIXME:
…
# TODO:
…

8. Typical TDD Cycle
Make the test pass
Refactor
Write a failing test
Application
Ref: K. Beck, Test Driven Development by Example, 2003.

9. Extended TDD with Acceptance Tests
Pass the
unit test
Refactor
Write a failing
unit test
Write Failing
Acceptance Test
Application
Capybara.current_driver = :selenium
Capybara.app_host = ‘http://localhost:8000’
G. Adzic, Specification by Example, 2011.

10. Apply to your Infrastructure
Pass the
unit test
Refactor
Write a failing
unit test
Write Failing
Acceptance Test
Application
+
Servers
Capybara.current_driver = :selenium
Capybara.app_host = ‘http://actual-production.domain

11. Build our infrastructure!
.kitchen.yml
---
provisioner: chef_zero
platforms:
- freebsd-10.1
suites:
- name: app
 Write a failing test
 Test-kitchen
 Plain Minitest
 Make the test pass
 Chef Recipe
 Refactor
 Repeat!
 Roll out to servers
 Pass acceptance test!
test/integration/app/minitest/test_app.rb
class TestApp < Minitest::Unit::TestCase
def test_ruby_is_installed
assert File.exists
‘/usr/local/bin/ruby’, ‘Ruby should be
installed’
end
end

12. Failing Test!
-----> Running minitest test suite
/opt/chef/embedded/bin/ruby -I"/opt/chef/embedded/lib/ruby/2.1.0"
"/opt/chef/embedded/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rake/rake_test_loader.rb"
"/tmp/busser/suites/minitest/test_app.rb"
Run options: --seed 48374
# Running tests:
F
Finished tests in 0.001660s, 602.4866 tests/s, 602.4866 assertions/s.
1) Failure:
AppTest#test_ruby_should_be_installed [/tmp/busser/suites/minitest/test_app.rb:5]:
ruby is not installed
1 tests, 1 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
/opt/chef/embedded/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rake/testtask.rb:106:in `block (3 levels) in define':
Command failed with status (1): [ruby -I"/opt/chef/embedded/lib/ruby/2.1.0" "/opt/che
f/embedded/lib/ruby/2.1.0/rake/rake_test_loader.rb" "/tmp/busser/suites/minitest/test_app.rb" ]
(RuntimeError)

13. Build our infrastructure!
.kitchen.yml
---
provisioner: chef_zero
platforms:
- freebsd-10.1
suites:
- name: app
run_list:
- recipe[todo::app]
 Write a failing test
 Test-kitchen
 Plain Minitest
 Make the test pass
 Chef Recipe
 Refactor
 Repeat!
 Roll out to servers
 Pass acceptance test!

14. Build our infrastructure!
recipes/app.rb
execute ‘pkg update’
package ‘ruby’ do
action :install
end
metadata.rb
name ‘todo’
 Write a failing test
 Test-kitchen
 Plain Minitest
 Make the test pass
 Chef Recipe
 Refactor
 Repeat!
 Roll out to servers
 Pass acceptance test!

15. Make the test pass
resolving cookbooks for run list: ["todo::app"]
Synchronizing Cookbooks:
- todo
Compiling Cookbooks...
Converging 2 resources
Recipe: todo::app
* execute[pkg update] action run
- execute pkg update
* package[ruby] action install
- install version 2.0.0.598_2,1 of package ruby
Running handlers:
Running handlers complete
Chef Client finished, 2/2 resources updated in 47.595913304
seconds
Finished converging <app-freebsd-101> (0m55.78s).

16. GREEN! Make the test pass
Run options: --seed 4256
# Running tests:
.
Finished tests in 0.001526s, 655.4072 tests/s, 655.4072
assertions/s.
1 tests, 1 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
Finished verifying <app-freebsd-101> (0m2.59s).

17. Conclusion
 Infrastructure express in code
 Leapfrog on software engineering disciplines

18. We’re Hiring!
Search for “Platform as a Service”
http://global.rakuten.com/corp/careers/engineering/

19. Thank you! Questions?