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American Indians and the
American West, 1809-1971
American Indians and the
American West, 1809-1971
American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 is part of ProQuest History
Vault’s category of collections on American Politics and Society.
This module consists of a variety of collections from the U.S. National Archives, a series
of collections from the Chicago History Museum, as well as selected first-hand accounts
on Indian Wars and westward migration.
One of the highlights of this module is the focus on American Indians in the first half of
the 20th century, a period that has not been studied in as much detail as the calamitous
19th century.
The two major collections from the 20th Century are the Records of the Bureau of Indian
Affairs and records from the Major Council Meetings of American Indian Tribes. In
addition, there are a number of excellent collections on American Indians in the 19th
century, with a focus on the interaction among white settlers, the U.S. Federal
government and Indian tribes, particularly in the aftermath of the American Civil War.
Other records highlight the tensions caused by westward expansion of the post-Civil War
years. A series of records on Indian Removal to the West rounds out this collection,
consisting of letters and reports by Indian agents, government employees, individual
Indians and other citizens about the removal process.
Please see the examples of records from these collections on the following pages.
American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971
Letter from Captain J. B. Clark
informing General George
Gibson that he will be ready as
soon as he is called to
participate in the removal of the
Choctaw Indians. This letter is
indicative of the collection’s
focus on the military and
administrative details of Indian
removal.
This letter is in the collection
entitled Indian Removal to the
West, 1832-1840: Files of the
Office of the Commissary
General of Subsistence
(Source: National Archives
Building, Washington, D.C.)
The Office of the Commissary
General of Subsistence oversaw
the removal process.
From Indian
Removal to the
West, 1832-
1840: Files of
the Office of the
Commissary
General of
Subsistence
(Source:
National
Archives
Building,
Washington,
D.C.)
Additional
information
about this letter
is on the next
page
American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971
“[The U.S. government is] aware that by your advice the Indians have in many
instances withdrawn from their engagements to emigrate the present season—and
by this conduct [of resisting removal] are losing the benefit of removing at the
period best fitted for such operations. If you value the welfare of your people why
shut your eyes to the evils and sufferings such counsel must inevitably entail upon
them—upon you rests the responsibility of the consequences dreadful as they may
be and when the period arrives for carrying out the provisions of the treaty and the
imperative mandate of the law must be executed by the United States, the
Cherokees compelled to leave their present homes unprepared, will perceive too
late that they have been misled by false hopes and may bitterly repent amid tears
and blood having listened to such advice” (101098-015-0473, emphasis added).
John Mason Jr., an Indian agent, wrote these words on November 24, 1837, to a
Cherokee delegation visiting Washington, D.C., to protest the removal of Cherokee
Indians from North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. Mason, as a
government representative, was trying to convince the delegation to return home
and begin encouraging their fellow Cherokee to relocate west of the Mississippi
River as soon as possible so as to take advantage of the best travel season. Most
Cherokee did not willingly move west, and Mason’s words would prove prophetic
as the Cherokee were forcibly removed during 1838–1839 in what became known
as “The Trail of Tears.”
From Indian Removal to the West, 1832-1840: Files of the Office of the
Commissary General of Subsistence (Source: National Archives Building,
Washington, D.C.)
The Office of the Commissary
General of Subsistence explained
subsistence as “all types of
Subsistence for Indians: corn, Beef,
Salt, rations etc.,” transportation as
“Steam boat hire, Wagon hire,
purchases and expenses of
Wagons, horses, oxen, boats,
purchases of forage for teams and
Subsistence for Teamsters;
commutation of Transportation;
ferriages etc.,” and contingencies as
“the pay and Transportation of
agents, Clerks, Teamsters,
Interpreters and expenses; the cost
of Tools and of all other implements;
the expense incurred in the opening
of roads; hospital expenses etc.”
(101098-009-0663)
From Indian Removal to the West,
1832-1840: Files of the Office of
the Commissary General of
Subsistence (Source: National
Archives Building, Washington,
D.C.)
American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971
President Andrew Jackson also wrote to the Indians encouraging them to leave their land for
western reservations. Writing to Seminole chiefs, he stated, “If you listen to the voice of friendship
& truth you will go quietly & voluntarily. But should you listen to the bad birds that are always flying
about you & refuse to remove I have thus directed the Commanding officer to remove you by
force” (101098-007-0353).
From Indian Removal to the West, 1832-1840: Files of the Office of the Commissary General
of Subsistence (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
There is a larger image of this letter on the next page.
American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971
The Cherokee and Creek removal documents
contain many journals and letters that
discuss, at length, the actual removals. Here
is one example:
“We worked hard and suffered much from
day Light until sun down to get six and
sometimes ten miles, it rained snowed or
hailed almost Every day and freezing at the
same time. We were compelled to thaw
the…blankets before we could roll them up to
put them in the wagons in the morning, the
Indian children and sick Indians had to go in
the waggons [sic] on top of their Baggage and
to prevent them from freezing we were
compelled to have fires along the road, and
take them out and warm them, dry their
blankets that were wrapped around them and
replace them again in the waggons [sic]. Strict
attention had to be paid to this or some must
inevitably have perished and there was a
continual crying from morning until night with
the children” (101098-005-0142, letter from
John Page).
From Indian Removal to the West, 1832-
1840: Files of the Office of the
Commissary General of Subsistence
(Source: National Archives Building,
Washington, D.C.)
Another example of the Cherokee and Creek
removal documents that discuss the removal
process
“I laboured early and Late to get them to their
New country. I never did witness or experience
anything to equal the scenes of the trip in My
Life and hope it will never be my Lot to do it
again. Many persons pronounced it Murder in
the highest degree for me to move Indians or to
compell [sic] them to march in such severe
weather when they were dying Every day with
the influenza, but I am well convinced it was
the only thing that kept them alive
notwithstanding their Exposure” (101098-005-
0147-0148, letter from John Page).
From Indian Removal to the West, 1832-
1840: Files of the Office of the Commissary
General of Subsistence (Source: National
Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
“Apache war over.” With these three words
written from Fort Bowie, Arizona, on
September 6, 1886, General Nelson A. Miles
marked the end of an era. On September 4,
1886, the legendary Apache
warrior, Geronimo, and his followers, the
“Hostile Apaches” in the words of General
Miles, surrendered to the U.S. Army, ending
the last organized resistance to the U.S.
government by Indians not already confined to
a reservation.
This letter is found in the collection entitled
Apache Campaign of 1886, Records of the
U.S. Army Continental Commands,
Department of Arizona (Source: National
Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
The Apache Campaign of 1886 collection
documents in extensive detail the last year of
the U.S. Army’s pursuit of Geronimo. While the
majority of the correspondence is from 1886,
the collection also includes material from 1885
and some scattered correspondence from
before 1885.
Geronimo, a Chiricahua Apache, left the San Carlos
Indian Agency for the final time on May 17, 1885.
He had previously left the reservation numerous
times only to be pursued and returned by the U.S.
Army. His final excursion was expected, but army
units could not reach the reservation in time to stop
him and his band from leaving. In a telegram dated
May 17, 1885, Captain F. E. Pierce reports that
“Geronimo & Mangus contemplate leaving the
reservation tonight. They will have probably twenty
or twenty five men of whom not more than two
thirds are armed. As soon as Gatewood gets some
of his scouts together I will start with them & with
such of my own that I think I can rely on & will arrest
both and such others as may be with them. They
will get off before I may reach their camp so
Gatewood will follow with some scouts & 2 Co’s of
Cavalry from the post under command of Capt.
Smith.”
This telegram is found in the collection entitled
Apache Campaign of 1886, Records of the U.S.
Army Continental Commands, Department of
Arizona (Source: National Archives Building,
Washington, D.C.)
In a telegram dated May
18, 1885, a Lieutenant
Walsh confirms that
“Geronimo, Mangus,
Chihuahua and Natchez
with about fifty bucks left at
dark last night. Capt.
Smith, two troops Cavalry,
Gatewood & Lieut. Davis
with scouts are on trail.”2 It
would take nearly eighteen
months, two commanding
generals, and numerous
casualties before
Geronimo’s final excursion
would be ended.
This telegram is found in
the collection entitled
Apache Campaign of
1886, Records of the U.S.
Army Continental
Commands, Department
of Arizona (Source:
National Archives
Building, Washington,
D.C.)
The first page of Lieutenant Charles B.
Gatewood’s October 15, 1886, announcing
the surrender of Geronimo.
This report is significant because General
Miles downplayed Gatewood’s role in the
capture, in favor of Captain H. E. Lawton.
This might be partially explained by the fact
that Lawton was Gatewood’s superior
officer.
Recent works by historians have recognized
Gatewood’s contribution.
This letter is found in the collection entitled
Apache Campaign of 1886, Records of
the U.S. Army Continental Commands,
Department of Arizona (Source: National
Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
Trinidad Bardine was captured by Apache
Indians when she was ten years old. On the
day she was captured, she witnessed the
death of her sister and her sister’s baby. Her
brother-in-law was apparently also captured
and killed sometime later. Trinidad
accompanied her captors on their
escapades through U.S. and Mexican
territory and witnessed further violence and
death. Her story is recounted on 103033-
003-0642. The first page of her story is
shown here. Bardine was finally rescued by
army personnel. She is mentioned one other
time in the collection, in a one-page letter
dated July 21, 1886. The letter requests
“appropriation on behalf of one Trinidad
Bardine, a captive child rescued from
Geronimo’s band of Indians.” (103933-008-
0624)
From Apache Campaign of 1886, Records
of the U.S. Army Continental Commands,
Department of Arizona (Source: National
Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
The U.S. Army used many Indian
scouts during the Apache
Campaign. Here is a list of the
scouts submitted by Second
Lieutenant Powhatan H. Clarke of
the 10th Cavalry.
From Apache Campaign of 1886,
Records of the U.S. Army
Continental Commands,
Department of Arizona (Source:
National Archives Building,
Washington, D.C.)
American Indians and the
American West, 1809-1971
Second Lieutenant G. W. Ruther of the 8th
Infantry submitted this scouting report on
June 6, 1886 (the first page is shown
here).
The report covered a scouting trip made by
men under his command from May 31 to
June 4, 1886. (101098-Reel 5, Frame
0971–0974)
This report is found in the collection
entitled Apache Campaign of 1886,
Records of the U.S. Army Continental
Commands, Department of Arizona
(Source: National Archives Building,
Washington, D.C.)
The reports from scouting trips are one of
the most valuable features of the
collection.
American Indians and the
American West, 1809-1971
Minutes of the Navajo Tribal Council, Fort
Defiance, Arizona, July 7-8, 1926
As the governing bodies of the Navajo
Nation, the tribal councils considered all
topics of importance to the members of the
tribe, including claims, mineral rights, tribal
funds, water supply and irrigation, the role
of Indian government, hunting and fishing
rights, timber rights, taxes, employment,
home building, culture and religion, and
health and education.
From Major Council Meetings of
American Indian Tribes, Part 1, Section
1, 1914-1956: Navajo, Five Civilized
Tribes, Ute, Pueblo, Cheyenne, and
Arapaho
(Source: National Archives, Washington,
D.C.)
American Indians
and the American
West, 1809-1971
Special Meeting of the Principal
Chiefs of the Cherokee, Creek,
Choctaw, and Seminole Nations;
Governor of the Chickasaw Nation;
Representatives of the
Five Civilized Tribes; and
Representatives of the Indian
Centennial Board of Directors.
Muskogee, Oklahoma. August 4,
1949.
From Major Council Meetings of
American Indian Tribes, Part 1,
Section 1, 1914-1956: Navajo, Five
Civilized Tribes, Ute, Pueblo,
Cheyenne, and Arapaho
(Source: National Archives,
Washington, D.C.)
American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971
From Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: Central
Classified Files, 1907–1939, Series A: Indian
Delegations to Washington, Source: National
Archives, College Park, Maryland.
The records in this series highlight efforts by Native
Americans to express their concerns regarding
conditions on reservations and within Indian
agencies, and issues such as land allotment and
tenancy.
From Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: Central Classified
Files, 1907–1939, Series B: Indian Customs and Social
Relations, Source: National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
This collection of Bureau of Indian Affairs records focuses on
the federal government’s efforts to “Americanize” Native
Americans. This document pertains to Coeur d’Alene
dances.
The 1930s marked a period of transition
for Indian schools. Many boarding
schools were closing down. Some were
converting into day schools while others
were transferring students to existing
Indian day and public schools. The
changes did not always run smoothly.
Proposals to integrate Indian students
into public schools were accepted more
readily in the 1930s than in previous
decades, but some communities still put
up a formidable resistance. In 1933
employees of the Sante Fe Railroad near
the Colorado River agency signed a
petition to keep Indian children out of
white schools. John Collier responded to
the action diplomatically but firmly in the
letter on the left.
From Records of the Bureau of Indian
Affairs, Central Classified Files, 1907-
1939, Series D: Education, Part 1:
General Organization, Regulations,
and Types of Schools
Source: National Archives, College Park,
Maryland
Letter from Keva Morgan, a resident on the
Pine Ridge Reservation to Commissioner of
Indian Affairs, John Collier, regarding
conditions at Pine Ridge. This letter is just one
example of letters from American Indians
themselves in this collection. The collection
includes letters from Indian teachers and from
parents advocating on behalf of their children.
From Records of the Bureau of Indian
Affairs, Central Classified Files, 1907-1939,
Series D: Education, Part 2:
Correspondence and Reports on
Reservation Day and Boarding Schools
Section B: Pine Ridge through Zuni
Source: National Archives, College Park,
Maryland
American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971
Invoice of
merchandise for
the trade of the
Lower Mississippi
and its
dependencies
delivered in
charge of Russell
Farnham for joint
account of him
and American Fur
Company per
agreement.
Source: Chicago
History Museum
Collections on
Native Americans
and the American
West – American
Fur Company
Records
American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971
Source: Chicago History
Museum Collections on Native
Americans and the American
West – Story of the
Winnebagoes
The Story of the Winnebagoes
consists of Norton William
Jipson’s apparently
unpublished manuscript history
of the Winnebago Indians. In
the preface to the work, Jipson
wrote that his goal was to
“write an authentic history of
the Winnebago Indians.”
In addition to the manuscript and
archival sources in American
Indians and the American West,
this module always contains
selected official histories, army
reports, and personal
reminiscences regarding
interactions between whites and
American Indians and military life
on the western frontier. The
document shown at right is one
example of these documents.
This is a page from a report by
Captain John G. Bourke entitled,
“Mackenzie’s Last Fight with the
Cheyennes: A Winter Campaign
in Wyoming and Montana.”
American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971
American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971
contains a number of collections that were never sold in
microfilm format.
These collections are:
• The U.S. Army in the Era of Indian Removal, Case Files of
Military Courts and Commissions
• The U.S. Army in the Era of Indian Removal, Papers of
Quartermaster General Thomas S. Jesup, 1818-1852
• American Indians and the U.S. Army: Department of
Columbia, 1876-April 1878
• American Indians and the U.S. Army: Department of the
Northwest, 1862-1865
• Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands:
Department of the West, 1853-1861
• Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands:
Division of West Mississippi, 1864-1865
• American Indians and the U.S. Army: Records of the
Yellowstone Expedition, and U.S. Army District of
Yellowstone and Yellowstone Command, 1872-1881
• American Indians and the U.S. Army: Department of New
Mexico, 1853-1866
• American Indians and the U.S. Army: Department of
Oregon, 1858-1860
• Chicago History Museum Collections on Native
Americans and the American West
The document on the left is American Indians and the U.S.
Army: Records of the Yellowstone Expedition, and U.S.
Army District of Yellowstone and Yellowstone
Command, 1872-1881
Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.
American Politics and Society from Kennedy to Watergate
• Complementary content to the
American Indians and the American
West module in History Vault can be
found in American Politics and Society
from Kennedy to Watergate. This
module contains two interesting
collections on American Indians in the
1960s and 1970s.
• These collections are:
Records of the National Council on
Indian Opportunity
and
FBI Files on the American Indian
Movement.
• A blog post on this content is available
here:
http://www.proquest.com/blog/2014/Th
e-Civil-Rights-Movement-and-the-
Plight-of-the-American-Indian.html
American Indians and the
American West, 1809-1971
For more information on this module, see the brochure on the modules in the History Vault
category of American Politics and Society:
http://media2.proquest.com/documents/HistoryVaultAmericanPoliticsSociety.pdf
In addition, the collection title list for History Vault, including the titles in American Indians
and the American West, 1809-1871 is available at this link:
http://media2.proquest.com/documents/HistoryVaultTitleList2015.pdf
Like ProQuest on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/proquest
Follow ProQuest on Twitter http://www.twitter.com/ProQuest

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American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971

  • 1. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971
  • 2. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 is part of ProQuest History Vault’s category of collections on American Politics and Society. This module consists of a variety of collections from the U.S. National Archives, a series of collections from the Chicago History Museum, as well as selected first-hand accounts on Indian Wars and westward migration. One of the highlights of this module is the focus on American Indians in the first half of the 20th century, a period that has not been studied in as much detail as the calamitous 19th century. The two major collections from the 20th Century are the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and records from the Major Council Meetings of American Indian Tribes. In addition, there are a number of excellent collections on American Indians in the 19th century, with a focus on the interaction among white settlers, the U.S. Federal government and Indian tribes, particularly in the aftermath of the American Civil War. Other records highlight the tensions caused by westward expansion of the post-Civil War years. A series of records on Indian Removal to the West rounds out this collection, consisting of letters and reports by Indian agents, government employees, individual Indians and other citizens about the removal process. Please see the examples of records from these collections on the following pages.
  • 3. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 Letter from Captain J. B. Clark informing General George Gibson that he will be ready as soon as he is called to participate in the removal of the Choctaw Indians. This letter is indicative of the collection’s focus on the military and administrative details of Indian removal. This letter is in the collection entitled Indian Removal to the West, 1832-1840: Files of the Office of the Commissary General of Subsistence (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.) The Office of the Commissary General of Subsistence oversaw the removal process.
  • 4. From Indian Removal to the West, 1832- 1840: Files of the Office of the Commissary General of Subsistence (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.) Additional information about this letter is on the next page
  • 5. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 “[The U.S. government is] aware that by your advice the Indians have in many instances withdrawn from their engagements to emigrate the present season—and by this conduct [of resisting removal] are losing the benefit of removing at the period best fitted for such operations. If you value the welfare of your people why shut your eyes to the evils and sufferings such counsel must inevitably entail upon them—upon you rests the responsibility of the consequences dreadful as they may be and when the period arrives for carrying out the provisions of the treaty and the imperative mandate of the law must be executed by the United States, the Cherokees compelled to leave their present homes unprepared, will perceive too late that they have been misled by false hopes and may bitterly repent amid tears and blood having listened to such advice” (101098-015-0473, emphasis added). John Mason Jr., an Indian agent, wrote these words on November 24, 1837, to a Cherokee delegation visiting Washington, D.C., to protest the removal of Cherokee Indians from North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. Mason, as a government representative, was trying to convince the delegation to return home and begin encouraging their fellow Cherokee to relocate west of the Mississippi River as soon as possible so as to take advantage of the best travel season. Most Cherokee did not willingly move west, and Mason’s words would prove prophetic as the Cherokee were forcibly removed during 1838–1839 in what became known as “The Trail of Tears.” From Indian Removal to the West, 1832-1840: Files of the Office of the Commissary General of Subsistence (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
  • 6. The Office of the Commissary General of Subsistence explained subsistence as “all types of Subsistence for Indians: corn, Beef, Salt, rations etc.,” transportation as “Steam boat hire, Wagon hire, purchases and expenses of Wagons, horses, oxen, boats, purchases of forage for teams and Subsistence for Teamsters; commutation of Transportation; ferriages etc.,” and contingencies as “the pay and Transportation of agents, Clerks, Teamsters, Interpreters and expenses; the cost of Tools and of all other implements; the expense incurred in the opening of roads; hospital expenses etc.” (101098-009-0663) From Indian Removal to the West, 1832-1840: Files of the Office of the Commissary General of Subsistence (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
  • 7. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 President Andrew Jackson also wrote to the Indians encouraging them to leave their land for western reservations. Writing to Seminole chiefs, he stated, “If you listen to the voice of friendship & truth you will go quietly & voluntarily. But should you listen to the bad birds that are always flying about you & refuse to remove I have thus directed the Commanding officer to remove you by force” (101098-007-0353). From Indian Removal to the West, 1832-1840: Files of the Office of the Commissary General of Subsistence (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.) There is a larger image of this letter on the next page.
  • 8. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971
  • 9. The Cherokee and Creek removal documents contain many journals and letters that discuss, at length, the actual removals. Here is one example: “We worked hard and suffered much from day Light until sun down to get six and sometimes ten miles, it rained snowed or hailed almost Every day and freezing at the same time. We were compelled to thaw the…blankets before we could roll them up to put them in the wagons in the morning, the Indian children and sick Indians had to go in the waggons [sic] on top of their Baggage and to prevent them from freezing we were compelled to have fires along the road, and take them out and warm them, dry their blankets that were wrapped around them and replace them again in the waggons [sic]. Strict attention had to be paid to this or some must inevitably have perished and there was a continual crying from morning until night with the children” (101098-005-0142, letter from John Page). From Indian Removal to the West, 1832- 1840: Files of the Office of the Commissary General of Subsistence (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
  • 10. Another example of the Cherokee and Creek removal documents that discuss the removal process “I laboured early and Late to get them to their New country. I never did witness or experience anything to equal the scenes of the trip in My Life and hope it will never be my Lot to do it again. Many persons pronounced it Murder in the highest degree for me to move Indians or to compell [sic] them to march in such severe weather when they were dying Every day with the influenza, but I am well convinced it was the only thing that kept them alive notwithstanding their Exposure” (101098-005- 0147-0148, letter from John Page). From Indian Removal to the West, 1832- 1840: Files of the Office of the Commissary General of Subsistence (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
  • 11. “Apache war over.” With these three words written from Fort Bowie, Arizona, on September 6, 1886, General Nelson A. Miles marked the end of an era. On September 4, 1886, the legendary Apache warrior, Geronimo, and his followers, the “Hostile Apaches” in the words of General Miles, surrendered to the U.S. Army, ending the last organized resistance to the U.S. government by Indians not already confined to a reservation. This letter is found in the collection entitled Apache Campaign of 1886, Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands, Department of Arizona (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.) The Apache Campaign of 1886 collection documents in extensive detail the last year of the U.S. Army’s pursuit of Geronimo. While the majority of the correspondence is from 1886, the collection also includes material from 1885 and some scattered correspondence from before 1885.
  • 12. Geronimo, a Chiricahua Apache, left the San Carlos Indian Agency for the final time on May 17, 1885. He had previously left the reservation numerous times only to be pursued and returned by the U.S. Army. His final excursion was expected, but army units could not reach the reservation in time to stop him and his band from leaving. In a telegram dated May 17, 1885, Captain F. E. Pierce reports that “Geronimo & Mangus contemplate leaving the reservation tonight. They will have probably twenty or twenty five men of whom not more than two thirds are armed. As soon as Gatewood gets some of his scouts together I will start with them & with such of my own that I think I can rely on & will arrest both and such others as may be with them. They will get off before I may reach their camp so Gatewood will follow with some scouts & 2 Co’s of Cavalry from the post under command of Capt. Smith.” This telegram is found in the collection entitled Apache Campaign of 1886, Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands, Department of Arizona (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
  • 13. In a telegram dated May 18, 1885, a Lieutenant Walsh confirms that “Geronimo, Mangus, Chihuahua and Natchez with about fifty bucks left at dark last night. Capt. Smith, two troops Cavalry, Gatewood & Lieut. Davis with scouts are on trail.”2 It would take nearly eighteen months, two commanding generals, and numerous casualties before Geronimo’s final excursion would be ended. This telegram is found in the collection entitled Apache Campaign of 1886, Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands, Department of Arizona (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
  • 14. The first page of Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood’s October 15, 1886, announcing the surrender of Geronimo. This report is significant because General Miles downplayed Gatewood’s role in the capture, in favor of Captain H. E. Lawton. This might be partially explained by the fact that Lawton was Gatewood’s superior officer. Recent works by historians have recognized Gatewood’s contribution. This letter is found in the collection entitled Apache Campaign of 1886, Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands, Department of Arizona (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
  • 15. Trinidad Bardine was captured by Apache Indians when she was ten years old. On the day she was captured, she witnessed the death of her sister and her sister’s baby. Her brother-in-law was apparently also captured and killed sometime later. Trinidad accompanied her captors on their escapades through U.S. and Mexican territory and witnessed further violence and death. Her story is recounted on 103033- 003-0642. The first page of her story is shown here. Bardine was finally rescued by army personnel. She is mentioned one other time in the collection, in a one-page letter dated July 21, 1886. The letter requests “appropriation on behalf of one Trinidad Bardine, a captive child rescued from Geronimo’s band of Indians.” (103933-008- 0624) From Apache Campaign of 1886, Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands, Department of Arizona (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
  • 16. The U.S. Army used many Indian scouts during the Apache Campaign. Here is a list of the scouts submitted by Second Lieutenant Powhatan H. Clarke of the 10th Cavalry. From Apache Campaign of 1886, Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands, Department of Arizona (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.)
  • 17. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 Second Lieutenant G. W. Ruther of the 8th Infantry submitted this scouting report on June 6, 1886 (the first page is shown here). The report covered a scouting trip made by men under his command from May 31 to June 4, 1886. (101098-Reel 5, Frame 0971–0974) This report is found in the collection entitled Apache Campaign of 1886, Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands, Department of Arizona (Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.) The reports from scouting trips are one of the most valuable features of the collection.
  • 18. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 Minutes of the Navajo Tribal Council, Fort Defiance, Arizona, July 7-8, 1926 As the governing bodies of the Navajo Nation, the tribal councils considered all topics of importance to the members of the tribe, including claims, mineral rights, tribal funds, water supply and irrigation, the role of Indian government, hunting and fishing rights, timber rights, taxes, employment, home building, culture and religion, and health and education. From Major Council Meetings of American Indian Tribes, Part 1, Section 1, 1914-1956: Navajo, Five Civilized Tribes, Ute, Pueblo, Cheyenne, and Arapaho (Source: National Archives, Washington, D.C.)
  • 19. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 Special Meeting of the Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, and Seminole Nations; Governor of the Chickasaw Nation; Representatives of the Five Civilized Tribes; and Representatives of the Indian Centennial Board of Directors. Muskogee, Oklahoma. August 4, 1949. From Major Council Meetings of American Indian Tribes, Part 1, Section 1, 1914-1956: Navajo, Five Civilized Tribes, Ute, Pueblo, Cheyenne, and Arapaho (Source: National Archives, Washington, D.C.)
  • 20. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 From Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: Central Classified Files, 1907–1939, Series A: Indian Delegations to Washington, Source: National Archives, College Park, Maryland. The records in this series highlight efforts by Native Americans to express their concerns regarding conditions on reservations and within Indian agencies, and issues such as land allotment and tenancy.
  • 21. From Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: Central Classified Files, 1907–1939, Series B: Indian Customs and Social Relations, Source: National Archives, College Park, Maryland. This collection of Bureau of Indian Affairs records focuses on the federal government’s efforts to “Americanize” Native Americans. This document pertains to Coeur d’Alene dances.
  • 22. The 1930s marked a period of transition for Indian schools. Many boarding schools were closing down. Some were converting into day schools while others were transferring students to existing Indian day and public schools. The changes did not always run smoothly. Proposals to integrate Indian students into public schools were accepted more readily in the 1930s than in previous decades, but some communities still put up a formidable resistance. In 1933 employees of the Sante Fe Railroad near the Colorado River agency signed a petition to keep Indian children out of white schools. John Collier responded to the action diplomatically but firmly in the letter on the left. From Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Central Classified Files, 1907- 1939, Series D: Education, Part 1: General Organization, Regulations, and Types of Schools Source: National Archives, College Park, Maryland
  • 23. Letter from Keva Morgan, a resident on the Pine Ridge Reservation to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, John Collier, regarding conditions at Pine Ridge. This letter is just one example of letters from American Indians themselves in this collection. The collection includes letters from Indian teachers and from parents advocating on behalf of their children. From Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Central Classified Files, 1907-1939, Series D: Education, Part 2: Correspondence and Reports on Reservation Day and Boarding Schools Section B: Pine Ridge through Zuni Source: National Archives, College Park, Maryland
  • 24. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 Invoice of merchandise for the trade of the Lower Mississippi and its dependencies delivered in charge of Russell Farnham for joint account of him and American Fur Company per agreement. Source: Chicago History Museum Collections on Native Americans and the American West – American Fur Company Records
  • 25. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 Source: Chicago History Museum Collections on Native Americans and the American West – Story of the Winnebagoes The Story of the Winnebagoes consists of Norton William Jipson’s apparently unpublished manuscript history of the Winnebago Indians. In the preface to the work, Jipson wrote that his goal was to “write an authentic history of the Winnebago Indians.”
  • 26. In addition to the manuscript and archival sources in American Indians and the American West, this module always contains selected official histories, army reports, and personal reminiscences regarding interactions between whites and American Indians and military life on the western frontier. The document shown at right is one example of these documents. This is a page from a report by Captain John G. Bourke entitled, “Mackenzie’s Last Fight with the Cheyennes: A Winter Campaign in Wyoming and Montana.”
  • 27. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 contains a number of collections that were never sold in microfilm format. These collections are: • The U.S. Army in the Era of Indian Removal, Case Files of Military Courts and Commissions • The U.S. Army in the Era of Indian Removal, Papers of Quartermaster General Thomas S. Jesup, 1818-1852 • American Indians and the U.S. Army: Department of Columbia, 1876-April 1878 • American Indians and the U.S. Army: Department of the Northwest, 1862-1865 • Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands: Department of the West, 1853-1861 • Records of the U.S. Army Continental Commands: Division of West Mississippi, 1864-1865 • American Indians and the U.S. Army: Records of the Yellowstone Expedition, and U.S. Army District of Yellowstone and Yellowstone Command, 1872-1881 • American Indians and the U.S. Army: Department of New Mexico, 1853-1866 • American Indians and the U.S. Army: Department of Oregon, 1858-1860 • Chicago History Museum Collections on Native Americans and the American West The document on the left is American Indians and the U.S. Army: Records of the Yellowstone Expedition, and U.S. Army District of Yellowstone and Yellowstone Command, 1872-1881 Source: National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.
  • 28. American Politics and Society from Kennedy to Watergate • Complementary content to the American Indians and the American West module in History Vault can be found in American Politics and Society from Kennedy to Watergate. This module contains two interesting collections on American Indians in the 1960s and 1970s. • These collections are: Records of the National Council on Indian Opportunity and FBI Files on the American Indian Movement. • A blog post on this content is available here: http://www.proquest.com/blog/2014/Th e-Civil-Rights-Movement-and-the- Plight-of-the-American-Indian.html
  • 29. American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 For more information on this module, see the brochure on the modules in the History Vault category of American Politics and Society: http://media2.proquest.com/documents/HistoryVaultAmericanPoliticsSociety.pdf In addition, the collection title list for History Vault, including the titles in American Indians and the American West, 1809-1871 is available at this link: http://media2.proquest.com/documents/HistoryVaultTitleList2015.pdf Like ProQuest on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/proquest Follow ProQuest on Twitter http://www.twitter.com/ProQuest

Editor's Notes

  1. This slide shows a document from the records on Indian Removal to the West, 1832-1840 from the Office of Commissary General of Subsistence, which oversaw the removal process.  
  2. This slide shows a document from the records on Indian Removal to the West, 1832-1840 from the Office of Commissary General of Subsistence, which oversaw the removal process.  
  3. This slide shows a document from the records on Indian Removal to the West, 1832-1840 from the Office of Commissary General of Subsistence, which oversaw the removal process.  
  4. “[The U.S. government is] aware that by your advice the Indians have in many instances withdrawn from their engagements to emigrate the present season—and by this conduct [of resisting removal] are losing the benefit of removing at the period best fitted for such operations. If you value the welfare of your people why shut your eyes to the evils and sufferings such counsel must inevitably entail upon them—upon you rests the responsibility of the consequences dreadful as they may be and when the period arrives for carrying out the provisions of the treaty and the imperative mandate of the law must be executed by the United States, the Cherokees compelled to leave their present homes unprepared, will perceive too late that they have been misled by false hopes and may bitterly repent amid tears and blood having listened to such advice” (Reel 15, Frame 0473, emphasis added). John Mason Jr., an Indian agent, wrote these words on November 24, 1837, to a Cherokee delegation visiting Washington, D.C., to protest the removal of Cherokee Indians from North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. Mason, as a government representative, was trying to convince the delegation to return home and begin encouraging their fellow Cherokee to relocate west of the Mississippi River as soon as possible so as to take advantage of the best travel season. Most Cherokee did not willingly move west, and Mason’s words would prove prophetic as the Cherokee were forcibly removed during 1838–1839 in what became known as “The Trail of Tears.”  
  5. President Andrew Jackson also wrote to the Indians encouraging them to leave their land for western reservations. Writing to Seminole chiefs, he stated, “If you listen to the voice of friendship & truth you will go quietly & voluntarily. But should you listen to the bad birds that are always flying about you & refuse to remove I have thus directed the Commanding officer to remove you by force” (Reel 7, Frame 0353).
  6. On left of slide, first page of General Gatewood’s report regarding the capture of Geronimo, from the Apache Campaign collection
  7. Trinidad Bardine was captured by Apache Indians when she was ten years old. On the day she was captured, she witnessed the death of her sister and her sister’s baby. Her brother-in-law was apparently also captured and killed sometime later. Trinidad accompanied her captors on their escapades through U.S. and Mexican territory and witnessed further violence and death. Her story is recounted on Reel 3, Frames 0642–0651. The first page of her story is shown here. Bardine was finally rescued by army personnel. She is mentioned one other time in the collection, in a one-page letter dated July 21, 1886. The letter requests “appropriation on behalf of one Trinidad Bardine, a captive child rescued from Geronimo’s band of Indians.” (Reel 8, Frame 0624)    
  8. On left of slide, first page of General Gatewood’s report regarding the capture of Geronimo, from the Apache Campaign collection  Image 1 General Nelson A. Miles’s letter of September 6, 1886 to F. C. Barlow, announcing the end of the Apache War and the surrender of the “Hostile Apaches.” (Reel 8, Frame 0002)   Image 2 The first page of Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood’s October 15, 1886, announcing the surrender of Geronimo. (Reel 3, Frame 0795) This report is significant because General Miles downplayed Gatewood’s role in the capture, in favor of Captain H. E. Lawton. This might be partially explained by the fact that Lawton was Gatewood’s superior officer. Recent works by historians have recognized Gatewood’s contribution.   Image 3 Trinidad Bardine was captured by Apache Indians when she was ten years old. On the day she was captured, she witnessed the death of her sister and her sister’s baby. Her brother-in-law was apparently also captured and killed sometime later. Trinidad accompanied her captors on their escapades through U.S. and Mexican territory and witnessed further violence and death. Her story is recounted on Reel 3, Frames 0642–0651. The first page of her story is shown here. Bardine was finally rescued by army personnel. She is mentioned one other time in the collection, in a one-page letter dated July 21, 1886. The letter requests “appropriation on behalf of one Trinidad Bardine, a captive child rescued from Geronimo’s band of Indians.” (Reel 8, Frame 0624)     Image 4 The U.S. Army used many Indian scouts during the Apache Campaign. Here is a list of the scouts submitted by Second Lieutenant Powhatan H. Clarke of the 10th Cavalry.   Image 5 Second Lieutenant G. W. Ruther of the 8th Infantry submitted this scouting report on June 6, 1886 (the first page is shown here). The report covered a scouting trip made by men under his command from May 31 to June 4, 1886. (Reel 5, Frame 0971–0974) The reports from scouting trips are one of the most valuable features of the collection.
  9. On left of slide, first page of General Gatewood’s report regarding the capture of Geronimo, from the Apache Campaign collection  Image 1 General Nelson A. Miles’s letter of September 6, 1886 to F. C. Barlow, announcing the end of the Apache War and the surrender of the “Hostile Apaches.” (Reel 8, Frame 0002)   Image 2 The first page of Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood’s October 15, 1886, announcing the surrender of Geronimo. (Reel 3, Frame 0795) This report is significant because General Miles downplayed Gatewood’s role in the capture, in favor of Captain H. E. Lawton. This might be partially explained by the fact that Lawton was Gatewood’s superior officer. Recent works by historians have recognized Gatewood’s contribution.   Image 3 Trinidad Bardine was captured by Apache Indians when she was ten years old. On the day she was captured, she witnessed the death of her sister and her sister’s baby. Her brother-in-law was apparently also captured and killed sometime later. Trinidad accompanied her captors on their escapades through U.S. and Mexican territory and witnessed further violence and death. Her story is recounted on Reel 3, Frames 0642–0651. The first page of her story is shown here. Bardine was finally rescued by army personnel. She is mentioned one other time in the collection, in a one-page letter dated July 21, 1886. The letter requests “appropriation on behalf of one Trinidad Bardine, a captive child rescued from Geronimo’s band of Indians.” (Reel 8, Frame 0624)     Image 4 The U.S. Army used many Indian scouts during the Apache Campaign. Here is a list of the scouts submitted by Second Lieutenant Powhatan H. Clarke of the 10th Cavalry.   Image 5 Second Lieutenant G. W. Ruther of the 8th Infantry submitted this scouting report on June 6, 1886 (the first page is shown here). The report covered a scouting trip made by men under his command from May 31 to June 4, 1886. (Reel 5, Frame 0971–0974) The reports from scouting trips are one of the most valuable features of the collection.
  10. Blackfeet cont. 0001 File 55574–1933, Pt. I. [November 1933–July 1934; January–July 1935; January–July, December 1936; January–May, August, September 1937; February–April 1938; February, March, September 1939; February–May 1940.] 258pp. Major Topics: Fishing and hunting treaty rights; full-blood–mixed-blood control of tribe controversy; reservation delimitation; U.S. Reclamation Service activities; March 6, 1940, business council meeting; IRA; Revolving Credit Fund program; tribal delegates selection problem; February 5 and March 14, 1934, business council meetings; delegation expenses problem; tribal council elections  
  11. Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: Central Classified Files, 1907–1939, Series B: Indian Customs and Social Relations Coeur d’Alene 0138 [Dances] File 15634/1914 063. [January–May 1914.] 16pp. Major Topics: War dances; give-away dances. Principal Correspondents: Peter Moctelme (Moctelmay); E. B. Meritt; Morton D. Colgrove.  
  12. On right side of slide is a letter from Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier from the Bureau of Indian Affairs collection on Education from 1907-1939  
  13. On right side of slide is a letter from Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier from the Bureau of Indian Affairs collection on Education from 1907-1939  
  14. This slide shows a document from the records on Indian Removal to the West, 1832-1840 from the Office of Commissary General of Subsistence, which oversaw the removal process. The document on the right is from the collection, Letters Received by the Attorney General: Western Law and Order.  
  15. This slide shows a document from the records on Indian Removal to the West, 1832-1840 from the Office of Commissary General of Subsistence, which oversaw the removal process. The document on the right is from the collection, Letters Received by the Attorney General: Western Law and Order.  
  16. The document on the right is from the collection, Letters Received by the Attorney General: Western Law and Order.  
  17. This slide shows a document from the records on Indian Removal to the West, 1832-1840 from the Office of Commissary General of Subsistence, which oversaw the removal process. The document on the right is from the collection, Letters Received by the Attorney General: Western Law and Order.