Punctuation

Punctuation,[object Object],Apostrophes, Quotation Marks, & Commas,[object Object]

Apostrophe,[object Object],The two main uses of apostrophes are,[object Object],To show the omission of one or more letters in a contraction (it is usually best to avoid contractions in formal writing),[object Object],To show ownership or possession,[object Object]

Apostrophe in Contractions,[object Object],A contraction is formed when 2 words are combined to make 1 word.,[object Object],An apostrophe is used to show where letters are omitted. Some common contractions:,[object Object],I + am= I’m it + is= it’s it + not= isn’t,[object Object],I + have= I’ve I + had= I’d who + is= who’s,[object Object],Could + not= couldn’t do + not= don’t they + are= they’re,[object Object],* Will + not has an unusual contraction, won’t.,[object Object]

Apostrophe to Show Possession,[object Object],The ’s goes with the possessor. The thing possessed follows.,[object Object], Ex. Toni's jacket,[object Object],A singular word ending in –s shows possession by adding an apostrophe + s.,[object Object], Ex. James’s jacket,[object Object],[object Object],Ex. My parents’ car is old.,[object Object]

Apostrophe versus Possessive Pronouns,[object Object],Do not use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns (his, hers, its, yours, ours, theirs). They already show ownership.,[object Object],Incorrect: The store lost its’ lease.,[object Object],Correct: The store lost its lease.,[object Object]

Quotation Marks,[object Object],The two main uses of quotation marks are,[object Object],To set off the exact words of a speaker or writer,[object Object],To set off the titles of short works,[object Object]

Quotation of Exact Words,[object Object],Use quotations to show exact words.,[object Object],Ex. “Say something tender,” whispered Lola.,[object Object],Every quotation begins with a capital letter. If it is split, the 2nd part doesn’t start with a capital.,[object Object],Ex. “I love you so much,” she said, “that it hurts.”,[object Object],Commas are used to separate the quoted part of the sentence from the rest.,[object Object],Commas & periods that come at the end of the quotation go inside the quotation marks.,[object Object]

Title of Short Works,[object Object],Use quotations when mentioning the titles of short works:,[object Object],Articles in books, newspapers, magazines,[object Object],Chapters in a book,[object Object],Titles of short stories,[object Object],Titles of poems,[object Object],Titles of songs,[object Object],Titles of essays,[object Object]

Commas,[object Object],Commas are used as follows:,[object Object],To separate items in a series,[object Object],To set off introductory material,[object Object],Before & after words that interrupt the flow of thought in a sentence,[object Object],Before 2 complete thoughts connected by and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet,[object Object],To set off a quotation from the rest of a sentence,[object Object],Certain everyday material,[object Object],* Commas often mark a slight pause or break.,[object Object]

Items in a Series,[object Object],Use commas to separate items in a series.,[object Object],Ex. Do you drink tea with milk, lemon, or honey?,[object Object],The last comma in a series is optional, but often used.,[object Object]

Comma After Introductory Material,[object Object],Use a comma to set off introductory material.,[object Object],Ex. After punching the alarm clock with his fist, Bill went back to sleep.,[object Object],Ex. In addition, he held a broom in his hand.,[object Object],A comma is also used to set off extra material at the end of a sentence.,[object Object],Ex. A sudden breeze came in, driving out the stuffiness.,[object Object]

Interrupting Flow of Thought,[object Object],Use commas before & after words or phrases that interrupt the flow of thought.,[object Object],Ex. That reality show, at long last, has been canceled.,[object Object],You can usually “hear” words that interrupt. Not sure? Remove the words. If it still makes sense, those words are interrupters.,[object Object]

Between Complete Thoughts,[object Object],Use a comma between two complete thoughts connected by and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet.,[object Object],Ex. Rick works Monday nights, so he records the game.,[object Object],The comma is optional when the complete thoughts are short.,[object Object],Ex. Grace has a headache and Mark has a fever.,[object Object]

Everyday Material,[object Object],Use commas with everyday material, such as,[object Object],Persons spoken to. Ex. Tina, where are my shoes?,[object Object],Dates. Ex. March 4, 2007, is when Sam was born.,[object Object],Addresses. Ex. He lives at 8 Tan St., Tampa, Florida.,[object Object],Openings & Closings of letters. Ex. Dear Santa, ,[object Object],Numbers. Ex. The charity raised $10,000.,[object Object]

Punctuation

Punctuation

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Punctuation