Obesity is one of the most common factor which underlies the pathophysiology of many other non- communicable diseases. In recent years, its prevalence has blown out of proportions. The term GLOBESITY signfies that. Newer pharmacological developments will definitely play a crucial role in containing this epidemic.
This seminar is my attempt this interesting topic with all the latest data I could collect on the internet.
3. DEFINITION
ο Latin word βOBESUSβ meaning stout, fat,
plump.
ο It is defined as a state of excess adipose
tissue.
Overweight β Fat
Fluid
Muscle mass
Bone
Tumours
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4. Epidemiology
GLOBESITY 1.9 billion adults
(39%) β over weight
600 million (13%) β
obese [2014]
42 million children
under 5 β overweight
in 2013
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Obesity and overweight fact sheet. WHO. Accessed on 22/07/2016
from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
8. Other centres in regulation of
appetite :
1. Arcuate Nuclei-
primary site for action of leptin and
insulin.
2. Para Ventricular Nuclei-
AMP kinase mediated appetite
regulation
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14. Disorders of Hypothalamus
ο Tumours- Craniopharyngioma
ο Inflammation
ο Trauma
ο GH decreases but Somatomedin is
normal.
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15. Viral Etiology ??
ο Virus Ad-36 found almost exclusively in
obese human beings
ο Role of Ad-36 in obesity is unclear.
ο Possibility: Virus induced hypothalamic
damage
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16. Measurement Of Obesity
ο BMI
ο Waist hip ratio
ο Skin fold thickness
ο Biometric impedance
ο Ultrasound
ο DEXA (Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry
ο CT / MRI
ο Air displacement Plethysmography
ο Total body electrical conductivity
ο Hydrometry (most accurate)
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17. Body Mass Index (BMI)
ο Calculated as Weight(kg)/ Height(m2)
ο BMI can be misleading in certain cases
1. BMI may be high in a very muscular
person
2. For similar BMIs women have greater fat
mass than their male counterparts
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18. Classification of Obesity (BMI)
ο Underweight- BMI < 18.5
ο Normal weight- BMI 18.5 to 24.9
ο Overweight- BMI 25.0 to 29.9
ο Obese grade I- BMI 30.0 to 34.9
ο Obese grade II- BMI 35.0 to 39.0
ο Obese grade III (morbid) BMI β₯ 40
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19. Recommendations for Asians
(2002)
WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate-body mass index for Asian populations
and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 19
26. Diet
ο Low calorie diet
ο Low in saturated fats
ο Normal protein intake
ο Increased fibers in
diet
ο Low density foods
ο 1000 K cal deficit
produces 1 kg wt loss
per week
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27. Total Fasting
ο Not recommended (failure rate ~90%)
ο There is diuresis, natriuresis
ο Prone to deficiencies
ο Re Feeding Syndrome-severe an
potentially fatal electrolyte, fluid and
metabolic abnormalities when feeding
is resumed.
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28. Physical Activity
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To stay at a healthy
weight, or to lose
weight, most people
will need more
physical activity-at
least an hour a day-to
counteract the effects
of increasingly
sedentary lifestyles.
35. Fen Phen
ο Combination fenfluramine and
phentermine
ο drugs exerted independent actions on
brain satiety mechanisms
ο Primary Pulmonary hypertension
increases 20 fold in this patients.
ο Drug was withdrawn in 1997.
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36. Sibutramine
ο Originally an anti depressant
ο Mechanism of action β
Mono amine reuptake inhibitor (primarily
serotonin and norepinephrine )
ο Site of action - Central nervous system
ο Absorption β 77 %
ο Protein binding β 94 %
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37. Sibutramine
ο Metabolism β Hepatic enzymes,
Cytochrome 3A4 to active metabolites
M1 and M2
ο FDA Approval β for adults and
adolescents.
ο Side Effects β hypertension ( DBP
increases by 2 to 3 mm ) and
tachycardia ( 3/ min), sweating, dizziness
and headache.
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38. Orlistat
ο Mechanism of action β non systemic reversible
inhibitor of gastric and pancreatic lipases by
forming a covalent bond with serine residue
ο Site of action - stomach and intestine
ο FDA Approval β for adults and adolescents as
well as children.
ο Side Effects β flatulence, defecation increases,
oily evacuation, rectal leakage, steatorrhoea.
ο Contraindications β cholestasis,
hypersensitivity, pregnancy, nursing mothers, 38
39. Orlistat
ο Precautions β
1. Patient should take 3 main meals into
which dietary constituents are equally
divided.
2. Multivitamins are to be added
3. High fat diet should be avoided as it will
lead to fatty large stools.
ο Pellets β pelletized formulations
increasing surface area of the drugs are
also available. 39
40. Rimonabant
ο Mechanism of action β
Endocannabinoid (CB1) receptor
blocker.
ο Site of action β CNS
ο FDA approval β BANNED
ο Side effects β depression, anxiety,
suicidal tendencies. 40
41. Metformin
ο Decreases appetite and thereby
reduces weight
ο Since most DM II patients are Obese
this is a good choice in DM II.
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42. Olestra
ο Olestra is synthesized using a sucrose
molecule, which can support from 6-8
fatty acid chains arranged radially.
ο Too large to move through the intestinal
wall and be absorbed.
ο Same taste and mouth feel as fat
ο Approval as a food additive upto 35%
replacement of fats in home cooking
and 75% in commercial uses.
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43. Olestra
ο Decline in blood cholesterol levels
ο Side effects-
1. abdominal cramping
2. loose stools.
3. Vitamins A, D, E, and K deficiency
4. anal leakage
5. increase in bowel movement
frequency
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45. Liraglutide
Liraglutide is a long-acting glucagon-
like peptide-1 receptor agonist,
binding to the same receptors as does
the endogenous metabolic hormone
GLP-1 that stimulates insulin
secretion.
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46. 46
Bariatric surgical techniques
ο Divided into two groups
1. Malabsorptive procedures - Induce
decreased absorption of nutrients by
shortening the functional length of the
small intestine
2. Restrictive procedures - Reduce the
storage capacity of the stomach and as
a result early satiety arises, leading to a
decreased caloric intake
48. 48
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE IIIDrugsinClinicaltrials
DRUG NAME CLASS STATUS
GT389-225 conjugate of pancreatic
lipase inhibitor & fat-
binding hydrogel polymer
Phase I
BVT 74316,
PRX 07034
5HT-6-R antagonist Phase I
TKS1225 GLP-1-R agonist Phase I
Remogliflozin
etabonate
SGLT-2 Inh. (β urinary
excretion of glucose)
Phase I
Buproprion
Zonisamide
FDC Suspended
49. 49
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE IIIDrugsinClinicaltrials
DRUG NAME CLASS STATUS
Tesofensine NE, DA and serotonin
reuptake inhibitor
Phase IIb
Pramlintide,
Davalintide
Amylin agonist Phase II
S-2367 Neuropeptide Y blocker Phase IIb
Beloranib Methionine
aminopeptidase II inh.
Phase II
Semaglutide GLP-1-R agonist Phase II
RM-493, Mk-
0493
Melanocortin-4 receptor
agonist
Phase II
50. 50
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE IIIDrugsinClinicaltrials
DRUG NAME CLASS STATUS
Cetilistat Pancreatic lipase inhibitor Phase III
Metreleptin Leptin analog Phase III
Velneprit NPY-5 inhibitor Phase III
Exenatide GLP-1 agonist Phase III
51. HYDROGEL POLYMERS
(PHASE II)
ο Capsule containing salt like granules
swallowed 20 mins before meal
ο In stomach, absorb water 100 times its dry
weight
ο After several hours β particles shrink
releasing water
ο In small intestine rehydrate & elasticity /
viscosity
ο In Large intestine, enzymes cleave cross-
linkers of hydrogel & release water for
reabsorption
ο Particles become small & excreted
ο EG: Gelesis 100 & GT389-225 51
52. PHARMACOGENOMICS
ο Polymorphism in CB1 receptor gene &
serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) β
development of side effects
ο Genetic screening can personalise
choice of medication
ο Pharmacogenomics + newer highly
selective drugs β Anti-obesity Rx with
greater efficacy & low side effect profile
will soon be a reality!
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54. Ξ²3 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
AGONISTS
ο Actions of the Ξ²3 receptor include:
β¦ Enhancement of lipolysis in white fat.
β¦ Thermogenesis in skeletal muscle/brown fat
ο Agonists: Mirabegron (marketed β
overactive bladder - OAB), Solabegron
(Phase II β OAB, IBS), Amibegron, BTA243
(discontinued β Obesity)
ο Selective Ξ²3 agonist - potential weight loss
effects through modulation of lipolysis
(Animal studies)
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55. Taranabant
ο Taranabant is a cannabinoid receptor
type 1 inverse agonist that was
investigated as a potential treatment
for obesity due to its anorectic effects.
ο In October 2008, Merck has stopped
its phase III clinical trials with the drugs
due to high level of central side effects,
mainly depression and anxiety
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57. SUMMARY...
ο Obesity βabnormal excessive fat
accumulation that harms.
ο WHO cut off points BMI >25 kg/m2 &
>30 kg/m2 for obesity & overweight.
ο Asian Population is at high risk.
ο Physiology of feeding regulated by
multiple peptides β potential drug
targets
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58. SUMMARY...
ο Lifestyle management & exercise
precedes drug therapy.
ο Drug therapy indications - obesity /
overweight (BMI >27) with related
comorbidity.
ο Bariatric surgery should be used only
when BMI >40.
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59. ο Next generation of weight-loss drugs
will be based on combination
treatments with gut hormones in a
manner that mimics the changes
underlying surgically induced weight
loss thus introducing the so called
'bariatric pharmacotherapy'.
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SUMMARY...
63. References
ο Dale, M. M., Rang, H. P., & Dale, M.
M. (2007). Rang & Dale's
pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill
Livingstone.
ο Caballero B (March
2001). "Introduction. Symposium:
Obesity in developing countries:
biological and ecological factors". J.
Nutr. (Review) 131 (3): 866Sβ870
ο http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl
es/PMC4054704/table/T1/
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