This document provides an overview of the Enlightenment and how its ideals were implemented in Latin America. It defines implementation as accomplishing an aim or order, and ideals as a standard of perfection or principle to aim for. It then discusses the times before the Enlightenment, the influences on the Enlightenment like the Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific Revolution. Key thinkers like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Beccaria are summarized. Finally, it discusses how the Enlightenment ideals were implemented in documents like the Declaration of Independence and US Constitution, drawing from these thinkers.
8. Definition
• Implementation: the act of accomplishing some
aim or executing some order
• Ideals: A standard of perfection; a principle to be
aimed at
14. Times Before
Enlightenment
• Certain countries had absolute monarchy – Royalty
sets all rules based on the “Divine Right of Kings”
o Spain
o France
o England – complicated, 1215, 1649, 1660
• The theory of divine right was abandoned in
England during the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89
15. Times Before
Enlightenment
• People thought that human nature was not
changeable
• People did not think about how the environment
can affect people
16. Times Before
Enlightenment Review
• Feudalism – monarchs, nobles, knights, serfs
• Catholic Church interpreted the Bible for non-clergy
people – Pope, archbishops, bishops, priests
• Justice was arbitrary or based on superstition
• Punishment was cruel and not fit the crime
• Human nature was considered not changeable
• Certain countries had absolute monarchy – Kings
sets all rules
• Lack of understanding about health – Black Death
18. Renaissance
mid 1300’s to early 1600’s
• Start questioning old ideas (from
Middle Ages)
• Interest in human society and
natural world and the potential
of all human beings
• Don’t believe that one should
remain in his class based on
birth.
• Reward individual achievement
over class or family name
19. Protestant Reformation
1517-1600s
• Martin Luther
• Bible is the ultimate source
of religious authority for
Christians, not the Church
• Printing press and language
translations made the Bible
readable for the public and
improves literacy
23. Influences on
Enlightenment
• Renaissance
Question accepted beliefs
Celebrate the Individual
• Scientific Revolution
Trust in reason and observation leading to
progress
• Reformation
Individuals think for themselves
Not accept blind authority (i.e. Church)
24. Enlightenment
1650-1789
John Locke (1632-1704)
• Rejects “Divine Rights of Kings”
concept
• Government is to protect natural
rights of life, liberty, and property
• Government Authority comes from
consent of the governed
• People have the right to overthrow
the government
• Popular Sovereignty
What does this make you think of?
25. Enlightenment
1650-1789
John Locke (1632-1704)
His version of Social Contract
• Consent of people give power to the
government
• Give up certain freedoms for benefits
• Right to overthrow the government
• Primary purpose is to protect natural
rights
27. Enlightenment
1650-1789
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
• French political thinker
• Admires England’s form of government
based on English Common Law
• Concerned with personal liberty
• Separation of Powers
• Executive
• Legislature
• Judicial
32. Quiz
What Enlightened Thinker influenced the following
from the Declaration of Independence:
“…All men are created equal, that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, among these are Life,
Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness…”
Endowed: to furnish, as with some talent, faculty, or quality
Unalienable: not to be separated, given away, or taken away
33. Quiz
What Enlightened Thinker influenced the following
from the Constitution:
“Article I: Legislative Power…
Article II: Nature and Scope of Executive
Power…
Article III: Judicial Power, Courts, Judges…”
Legislative: having the power to make laws
Executive: having the power to put laws into effect
Judicial: having the power to interpret the law and its legality
34. Quiz
What Enlightened Thinker may have influenced the
following from the Constitution:
“Amendment 1: Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the
press …”
35. Quiz
What Enlightened Thinker may have influenced the
following from the Constitution:
“Amendment 8: Excessive bail shall not be required,
nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.”
36. Implementation
• Like John Locke, colonists shared foundations of Magna Carta
and English Bill of Rights
• Declaration of Independence echoed Locke’s ideas on
natural rights and the purpose of government
• Constitution
Montesquieu’s idea of separation of powers
Bill of Rights protects Voltaire’s freedom of speech and
religion ideas
Bill of Rights protects Becarria’s belief that an accused
person has a right to a fair trial and to not suffer cruel and
unusual punishment
40. Estimated Timeline
Rise of European
Nationalism
(Italy, Germany)
African and
Indian
Independence
1804-1908
1900-2000
Latin American
Independence
1780-1889