1.
RECENT ADVANCEMENT ON
PHARMACEUTICAL BASED DRY
PRODUCTS
BY:POOJA WADHWANI
M.SC(BT)II SEM

2.
Antibiotics :
• Substance (such as penicillin) that
destroys or inhibits the growth of
other pathogenic microorganisms
and is used in the treatment of
external or internal infections.
• While some antibiotics are produced
by microorganisms, most are now
manufactured synthetically

3.
Classification of antibiotics :
• Antibiotics are classified several ways.
• On the basis of mechanism of action
• On the basis of spectrum of activity
• On the basis of mode of action

4.
On the basis of mechanism of action:
• Cell Wall Synthesis inhibitors:
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
Beta-lactamase Inhibitors
Polymycin
Bacitracin
• Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
• Inhibit 30s Subunit
Aminoglycosides
(gentamycin)
Tetracyclines
Inhibit 50s Subunit
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Streptogramins
DNA Synthesis Inhibitors
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxac
illin)
Metronidazole
• RNA synthesis Inhibitors
Rifampin
• Mycolic Acid synthesis
inhibitors
Isoniazid
• Folic Acid synthesis inhibitors
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim

5.
On the basis of mechanism of action:

6.
On the basis of spectrum activity :
• Broad spectrum antibiotics :
– Amoxicillin
– Tetracycline
– cephalosporin
– Chlorampenicol
– Erythromycin
• Short spectrum antibiotics:
– Penicillin –G
– Cloxacillin
– vancomycin
– Bacitracin
– Fluxacillin

7.
On the basis of mode of action:
• Bacteriostatic antibiotics
– Tetracycline
– Chlorampenicol
– Erythromycin
– Lincomycin
• Bacteriocidal antibiotics
– Cephalosporin
– Penicillin
– Erythromycin
– Aminoglycosides
– Cotrimoxazole

8.
Antibiotics indications:
• Pneumonia
• Sepsis
• Meningitis
• Osteomyelitis
• Urinogenital Infections
• Gall Infections
• Quinsy
• Skin Infections
• Mucous Membrane
Infections
• Scarlet Fever
• Diphtheria
• Siberian Ulcer
• Gynecologic Infections
• Syphilis
• Respiratory Infections
• ENT Infections
• Fungous Infections

9.
Misuse of antibiotics :
• Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called antibiotic
abuse or antibiotic overuse.
• The misuse or overuse of antibiotics, may
produce serious effects on health.
• It is a contributing factor to the creation of
multidrug-resistant bacteria, informally called
"super bugs" relatively harmless bacteria can
develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and
cause life-threatening infections.

10.
Antibiotics resistance
• If the concentration of drug requires to inhibit
or kill the microorganism is greater than
normal use then the microorganism is
considered to be resistant to the drug.
OR
• The ability of a microorganism to produce a protein
that disables an antibiotic or prevents transport of
the antibiotic into the cell.

11.
Cross-resistance
• Cross-resistance to a particular antibiotic
that often results in resistance to other
antibiotics, usually from a similar chemical
class, to which the bacteria may not have
been exposed.
• Cross-resistance can occur, for example, to
both colistin and polymyxin B or to both
clindamycin and lincomycin.

12.
BLOOD PRODUCTS
• A blood product is any component of
the blood which is collected from a donor for
use in a blood transfusion. Whole blood is
uncommonly used in transfusion medicine at
present; most blood products consist of
specific processed components such as red
blood cells, blood plasma, or platelets.

13.
VACCINE
• Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the
body to prevent the disease produced by certain
pathogens.Vaccine consists of dead pathogens or
live but attenuated (artificially weakened)
organisms. The vaccine induces immunity against
the pathogen, either by production of antibodies or
by activation of T lymphocytes.
• Edward Jenner produced first live vaccine. He
produced the vaccine for smallpox from cowpox
virus.Nowadays, vaccines are used to prevent
many diseases like measles, mumps,
poliomyelitis, tuberculosis,smallpox, rubella, yellow
fever, rabies, typhoid, influenza,hepatitis B, etc

14.
Vaccination:
• The process of distributing and
administriting vaccines is reffered to as
Vaccination.

15.
Types of vaccine
1. Live-attenuated (weakened) vaccines
These vaccines contain modifed strains of a
pathogen (bacteria or viruses) that have been
weakened but are able to multiply within the
body and remain antigenic enough to induce a
strong immune response. The varicella-zoster
vaccine, oral poliovirus (OPV) vaccine, or yellow
fever virus vaccine are some examples of this
type of vaccine.

16.
2.Heterologous vaccines
• Heterologous vaccines are a sub-group of live
attenuated vaccines produced from strains that
are pathogenic in animals but not in humans. It is
a vaccine that confers protective immunity
against a pathogen that shares cross-reacting
antigens with the microorganisms in the vaccine.
example cowpox virus that protects against
smallpox in humans.

17.
3. Killed-inactivated vaccines
• To produce this type of vaccines, bacteria or viruses are
killed or inactivated by a chemical treatment or heat. This
group includes for example the inactivated poliovirus (IPV)
vaccine, pertussis vaccine, rabies vaccine, or hepatitis A
virus vaccine.
• 4. Sub-unit vaccines
• Instead of the entire microbe, subunit vaccines include only the
antigens that best stimulate the immune system.In some cases, these
vaccines use epitopes—the very specific parts of the antigen that
antibodies or T cells recognize and bind to.Because subunit vaccines
contain only the essential antigens and not all the other molecules
that make up the microbe, the chances of adverse reactions to the
vaccine are lower.
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18.
5.DNA Vaccine
when the genes for a microbe’s antigens are introduced into the
body, some cells will take up that DNA. The DNA then instructs
those cells to make the antigen molecules. The cells secrete the
antigens and display them on their surfaces. In other words, the
body’s own cells become vaccine-making factories, creating the
anti
gens necessary to stimulate the immune system.
• 6.RECOMBINANT VECTOR VACCINES
Recombinant vector vaccines are experimental vaccines similar to
DNA vaccines, but they use an attenuated virus or bacterium to
introduce microbial DNA to cells of the body. “Vector” refers to the
virus or bacterium used as the carrier.
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19.
7.TOXOID VACCINES
These vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of
illness.When the immune system receives a vaccine containing a
harmless toxoid, it learns how to fight off the natural toxin. The immune
system produces antibodies that block the toxin. E.g Vaccines against
diphtheria and tetanus.
8.Gene deleted vaccines;
These are genetically engineered vaccines which involve the removal or
mutation of virulence gene of the pathogen
9.Peptide vaccine:
These are the subunit vaccine prepared by chemical synthesis of short
immunogenic peptides.
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20.
Routes of Administration
• Deep subcutaneous or intramuscular route
(most vaccines)
• Oral route (oral BCG vaccine)
• Intradermal route (BCG vaccine)
• Scarification (small pox vaccine)
• Intranasal route (live attenuated influenza
vaccine)
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21.
Tetracycline
22

22.
INTRODUCTION
• Tetracyclines is a group of antibotic that include
tetracycline.
• Tetracyclines are obtained by fermentation from
Streptomyces spp. Or by chemical transformation of
natural products.
• They are derivatives of an octahydro- naphthacene,a
hydrocarbon system that comprises four annulated
six membre rings.
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23.
CLASSIFICATION
TETRACYCLINES
SHORT ACTING:
•Tetracycline
•Oxytetracycline
INTERMEDIATE
ACTING:
•Demeclocycline
•Lymecycline
LONG ACTING:
•Doxycycline
•Minocycline
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24.
Uses of tetracycline
• Tetracycline is used to treat a wide variety of
infections, including acne. It is an antibiotic
that works by stopping the growth of bacteria.
– Used in treatment of infections like septicemia,
endocarditis , meningitis.
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25.
Vit.B12 Chemistry and Mode of
Action

26.
Vitamins- general concepts
• What are vitamins?
Any group of organic compounds that either our own bodies
cannot synthesize them, or they are not synthesized in amounts
sufficient for our needs. Thus we must obtain them from the
foods we eat, or via vitamin supplements. 1
• What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble
vitamins?
- Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues.
These are not readily excreted from the body such as vitamin A,
vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K.
- Water-soluble vitamins travel in the blood and are stored in
limited amounts. These are readily excreted from the body
through urine such as, Vit C, Vit B12, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin,
tryptophan, pantothenic acid, biotin, and folic acid.

27.
Vit B12 (cobalamin)
• Is a complex biochemical structure, but is water soluble.
• Vitamin B12 is generic name for group of compounds called
corrinoids (four pyrrole rings).
– corrin nucleus
– atom of cobalt in center
– attached are one of following
• CN = cyanocobalamin (CNCbl)
• OH=hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl)
• 5’-adenosyl=adenosylcobalamin*(AdoCbl)
• -CH3=methylcobalamin* (MeCbl)

28.
Sources
• Seldom found in foods from plants
• Synthesis is limited to bacteria. Rumen microbial
• synthesis depends on the supply of cobalt in the diet
• Animal products
▫ Derive their cobalamin from micro-organisms; Animal derived
foods are a primary source since animals eat another animal food,
they produces B12 internally due to the intestinal bacteria (not
present in humans), and they eat food contaminated with bacteria.
▫ Meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, eggs, milk, milk products
▫ Liver is a good source
• Supplements
Cyanocobalamin and hydroxycobalamin

29.
Microbial production of vitamin b12
DIRECT FERMENTATION
In this process streptomyces olivaceus is grown in nutrient medium
conataining glucose as carbon source.cocl2 is added as precursor at
the beginning during production.Fermentation is carried out at 27
degree.with aeration for about 5 days. At the end of incubation
growth is harvested before mycelial autolysis and destruction of
vitamin.The vitamin is recovered from broth by filtration.Filtrate
from mycelia;this vitamin is heat labile so heat is applied with
caution.During acidification sodium sulphate is added to stabilise
the vitamin.Acidified broth is filtered to remove mycelial growth
and filtrate is evaporated to dryness.It can further be purified by
adding acetone.

30.
INDIRECT FERMENTATION
• Vitamin b12 is also obtained as byproduct of
various antibiotic fermentation processes
such as grisien, streptomycin and aureomycin
production. It is also formed during acetone
butanol fermentation.

31.
PENICILLIN

32.
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33.
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34.
First step
• is the condensation of three amino acids — L-α-
aminoadipic acid, L-cysteine, L-valine into
a tripeptide. Before condensing into the tripeptide, the
amino acid L-valine must undergo epimerization to
become D-valine. The condensed tripeptide is named δ-(L-
α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteine-D-valine (ACV). The
condensation reaction and epimerization are both
catalyzed by the enzyme δ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteine-D-
valine synthetase (ACVS), a nonribosomal peptide
synthetase or NRPS.

35.
Second step
• The second step in the biosynthesis of
penicillin G is the oxidative conversion
of linear ACV into
the bicyclic intermediate isopenicillin N
by isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS),
which is encoded by the
gene pcbC. Isopenicillin N is a very weak
intermediate, because it does not show
strong antibiotic activity.

36.
Final step
• is an transamidation by isopenicillin N N-
acyltransferase, in which the α-
aminoadipyl side-chain of isopenicillin N
is removed and exchanged for
a phenylacetyl side-chain. This reaction is
encoded by the gene penDE, which is
unique in the process of obtaining
penicillins

37.
Production
• Penicillin is a secondary metabolite of certain species of Penicillium and is produced when
growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress. It is not produced during active growth.
Production is also limited by feedback in the synthesis pathway of penicillin.
• α-ketoglutarate + AcCoA → homocitrate → L-α-aminoadipic acid → L-lysine + β-lactam The
by-product, L-lysine, inhibits the production of homocitrate, so the presence of exogenous
lysine should be avoided in penicillin production.
• The Penicillium cells are grown using a technique called fed-batch culture, in which the cells
are constantly subject to stress, which is required for induction of penicillin production. The
available carbon sources are also important: Glucose inhibits penicillin production,
whereas lactose does not. The pH and the levels of nitrogen, lysine, phosphate, and oxygen
of the batches must also be carefully controlled.
• The biotechnological method of directed evolution has been applied to produce by mutation
a large number of Penicillium strains. These techniques includeerror-prone PCR, DNA
shuffling, ITCHY, and strand-overlap PCR.
• Semisynthetic penicillins are prepared starting from the penicillin nucleus 6-APA.

38.
The Industrial Production of Penicillin
This can be broadly classified into two processes namely:
1. Upstream Processing
- referring to processes before input to the fermenter and
encompases any technology that leads to the synthesis of a
product. It includes the exploration, development and
production.
2. Downstream Processing
- referring to processes done to purify the output of the
fermenter until it reaches to the desired product, such as
extraction and purification of a product from fermentation.

39.
Simplified Flow Chart

40.
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41.
STREPTOMYCIN
• Streptomycin is an antibiotic (antimycobacterial) drug, the first of a
class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and it was
the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis.
• It is derived from the actinobacterium ''Streptomyces griseus''.
• Streptomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic.
• Streptomycin cannot be given orally, but must be administered by
regular intramuscular injections.
• Adverse effects of this medicine are ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, fetal
auditory toxicity, and neuromuscular paralysis.
• Ototoxicity due to neurotoxicity to the 8th cranial nerve can lead to
vertigo and irreversible deafness.
• Nephrotoxicity due to kidney tubular necrosis may also arise. The
reason for these toxicities is the affinity of Aminoglycosides to these
tissues and their long t1/2 within these tissues.

42.
Classic fermentation process
for the production of
streptomycin

43.
• A little additional production of mycelia. The glucose added in the
medium & the ammonia released from the soybean meal are
consumed during this phase. The Ph remains fairly constant (7.6- 8).
It is the final phase of the fermentation, after depletion of
carbohydrates from the
medium, Streptomycin production
ceases & the bacterial cells began to
lyse. There is a rapid increase in ph
because of the release of ammonia from
lysed cells. In the end of fermentation, the
mycleium is separated from the broth
by filtration & the streptomycin is recovered. The purification
consists of adsorbing the streptomycin onto activated charcoal &
eluting with acid alcohol.

44.
USES
• Treatment of diseases[edit]
• Infective endocarditis caused by enterococcus when the organism is not
sensitive to Gentamicin
• Tuberculosis in combination with other anti-TB drugs. It is not the first-line
treatment, except in medically under-served populations where the cost
of more expensive treatments is prohibitive.
• Plague (Yersinia pestis) has historically been treated with it as the first-line
treatment. However It is approved for this purpose only by the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration.
• In veterinary medicine, streptomycin is the first-line antibiotic for use
against gram negative bacteria in large animals (horses, cattle, sheep,
etc.). It is commonly combined with procaine penicillin for intramuscular
injection.
• Tularemia infections have been treated mostly with Streptomycin and
some other antibiotic drugs, which is effective, but the infection is
resistant to Penicillin.
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45.
ETHANOL

46.
INTRODUCTION
• Ethanol also commonly
called ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol, or
simply alcohol is the principal type of
alcohol found in alcoholic beverages,
produced by
the fermentation of sugars by yeasts. It is
a neurotoxic psychoactive drug and one of the
oldest recreational drugs used by humans. It
can cause alcohol intoxicationwhen consumed
in sufficient quantity.

47.
USES
• Medical
• Antiseptic
• Ethanol is used in medical wipes and in most common antibacterial hand
sanitizer gels at a concentration of about 62% v/v as an antiseptic. Ethanol kills
organisms by denaturing their proteins and dissolving their lipids and is effective
against most bacteria and fungi, and many viruses. Ethanol is ineffective against
bacterial spores.[21]
• Antitussive
• Ethanol is widely used, clinically and over the counter, as an antitussive agent.[22]
• Antidote
• Ethanol may be administered as an antidote to methanol[23] and ethylene
glycol poisoning.
• Medicinal solvent
• Ethanol, often in surprisingly high concentrations, is used to dissolve many water-
insoluble medications and related compounds. Proprietary liquid preparations of
cough and cold remedies, analgesics, and mouth washes may be dissolved in 1 to
25% concentrations of ethanol and may need to be avoided in individuals with
adverse reactions to ethanol such as alcohol-induced respiratory reactions.[24]