1. 1Motorola Sensor Device Data
AN1571
Digital Blood Pressure Meter
Prepared by: C.S. Chua and Siew Mun Hin
Sensor Application Engineering
Singapore, A/P
INTRODUCTION
This application note describes a Digital Blood Pressure
Meter concept which uses an integrated pressure sensor,
analog signal–conditioning circuitry, microcontroller
hardware/software and a liquid crystal display. The sensing
system reads the cuff pressure (CP) and extracts the pulses
for analysis and determination of systolic and diastolic
pressure. This design uses a 50 kPa integrated pressure
sensor (Motorola P/N: MPX5050GP) yielding a pressure
range of 0 mmHg to 300 mmHg.
CONCEPT OF OSCILLOMETRIC METHOD
This method is employed by the majority of automated
non–invasive devices. A limb and its vasculature are
compressed by an encircling, inflatable compression cuff. The
blood pressure reading for systolic and diastolic blood
pressure values are read at the parameter identification point.
The simplified measurement principle of the oscillometric
method is a measurement of the amplitude of pressure
change in the cuff as the cuff is inflated from above the systolic
pressure. The amplitude suddenly grows larger as the pulse
breaks through the occlusion. This is very close to systolic
pressure. As the cuff pressure is further reduced, the pulsation
increase in amplitude, reaches a maximum and then
diminishes rapidly. The index of diastolic pressure is taken
where this rapid transition begins. Therefore, the systolic
blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) are
obtained by identifying the region where there is a rapid
increase then decrease in the amplitude of the pulses
respectively. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is located at the
point of maximum oscillation.
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION
The cuff pressure is sensed by Motorola’s integrated
pressure X–ducer™. The output of the sensor is split into two
paths for two different purposes. One is used as the cuff
pressure while the other is further processed by a circuit.
Since MPX5050GP is signal–conditioned by its internal
op–amp, the cuff pressure can be directly interfaced with an
analog–to–digital (A/D) converter for digitization. The other
path will filter and amplify the raw CP signal to extract an
amplified version of the CP oscillations, which are caused by
the expansion of the subject’s arm each time pressure in the
arm increases during cardiac systole.
The output of the sensor consists of two signals; the
oscillation signal ( ≈ 1 Hz) riding on the CP signal ( ≤ 0.04 Hz).
Hence, a 2–pole high pass filter is designed to block the CP
signal before the amplification of the oscillation signal. If the
CP signal is not properly attenuated, the baseline of the
oscillation will not be constant and the amplitude of each
oscillation will not have the same reference for comparison.
Figure 1 shows the oscillation signal amplifier together with
the filter.
Figure 1. Oscillation Signal Amplifier
C2
+5V
R2
–
+
+DC offset
U1a
3
2
1
150k
LM324N
0.33u
Vi
R3
1M
114
Vo
R1
1k
C1
33u
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MOTOROLA
SEMICONDUCTOR APPLICATION NOTE
© Motorola, Inc. 1997
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2. AN1571
2 Motorola Sensor Device Data
The filter consists of two RC networks which determine two
cut–off frequencies. These two poles are carefully chosen to
ensure that the oscillation signal is not distorted or lost. The
two cut–off frequencies can be approximated by the following
equations. Figure 2 describes the frequency response of the
filter. This plot does not include the gain of the amplifier.
10
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
10 10010.10.01
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 2. Filter Frequency Response
Oscillation Signal (1 Hz)
CP Signal (0.04 Hz)
Attenuation(dB)
fP1 =
1
2pR1C1
fP2 =
1
2pR3C2
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3. AN1571
3Motorola Sensor Device Data
The oscillation signal varies from person to person. In
general, it varies from less than 1 mmHg to 3 mmHg. From the
transfer function of MPX5050GP, this will translate to a voltage
output of 12 mV to 36 mV signal. Since the filter gives an
attenuation of 10 dB to the 1 Hz signal, the oscillation signal
becomes 3.8 mV to 11.4 mV respectively. Experiments
indicate that, the amplification factor of the amplifier is chosen
to be 150 so that the amplified oscillation signal is within the
output limit of the amplifier (5 mV to 3.5 V). Figure 3(a) shows
the output from the pressure sensor and Figure 3(b) shows the
extracted oscillation signal at the output of the amplifier.
Figure 3. CP signal at the output of the pressure sensor
Oscillation signal is extracted here
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (seconds)
Vi(volts)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Vo(volts)
10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (seconds)
MAP
DBP
SBP
3.5
Figure 3b. Extracted oscillation signal at the output of amplifier
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4. AN1571
4 Motorola Sensor Device Data
Referring to the schematic, Figure 4, the MPX5050GP
pressure sensor is connected to PORT D bit 5 and the output
of the amplifier is connected to PORT D bit 6 of the
microcontroller. This port is an input to the on–chip 8–bit
analog–to–digital (A/D) converter. The pressure sensor
provides a signal output to the microprocessor of
approximately 0.2 Vdc at 0 mmHg to 4.7 Vdc at 375 mmHg of
applied pressure whereas the amplifier provides a signal from
0.005 V to 3.5 V. In order to maximize the resolution, separate
voltage references should be provided for the A/D instead of
using the 5 V supply. In this example, the input range of the A/D
converter is set at approximately 0 Vdc to 3.8 Vdc. This
compresses the range of the A/D converter around 0 mmHg
to 300 mmHg to maximize the resolution; 0 to 255 counts is the
range of the A/D converter. VRH and VRL are the reference
voltage inputs to the A/D converter. The resolution is defined
by the following:
Count = [(VXdcr – VRL)/(VRH – VRL)] x 255
The count at 0 mmHg = [(0.2 – 0)/(3.8 – 0)] x 255 ≈ 14
The count at 300 mmHg = [(3.8 – 0)/(3.8 – 0)] x 255 ≈ 255
Therefore the resolution = 255 – 14 = 241 counts. This
translates to a system that will resolve to 1.24 mmHg.
The voltage divider consisting of R5 and R6 is connected to
the +5 volts powering the system. The output of the pressure
sensor is ratiometric to the voltage applied to it. The pressure
sensor and the voltage divider are connected to a common
supply; this yields a system that is ratiometric. By nature of this
ratiometric system, variations in the voltage of the power
supplied to the system will have no effect on the system
accuracy.
The liquid crystal display (LCD) is directly driven from I/O
ports A, B, and C on the microcontroller. The operation of a
LCD requires that the data and backplane (BP) pins must be
driven by an alternating signal. This function is provided by a
software routine that toggles the data and backplane at
approximately a 30 Hz rate.
Other than the LCD, there are two more I/O devices that are
connected to the pulse length converter (PLM) of the
microcontroller; a buzzer and a light emitting diode (LED). The
buzzer, which connected to the PLMA, can produce two
different frequencies; 122 Hz and 1.953 kHz tones. For
instance when the microcontroller encounters certain error
due to improper inflation of cuff, a low frequency tone is alarm.
In those instance when the measurement is successful, a high
frequency pulsation tone will be heard. Hence, different
musical tone can be produced to differential each condition. In
addition, the LED is used to indicate the presence of a heart
beat during the measurement.
The microcontroller section of the system requires certain
support hardware to allow it to function. The MC34064P–5
provides an undervoltage sense function which is used to
reset the microprocessor at system power–up. The 4 MHz
crystal provides the external portion of the oscillator function
for clocking the microcontroller and provides a stable base for
time based functions, for instance calculation of pulse rate.
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5. AN1571
5Motorola Sensor Device Data
Figure 4. Blood Pressure Meter Schematic Drawing
PC0
PC1
PC2/ECLK
PC3
PC4
PC5
PC6
PC7
PD0/AN0
+5V
+5V
+5V
+5V
+5V
+5V
+5V
+5V
PressureSensor
MPX5050GP
Vout
GND
2
3
Vs
9VBattery
C5
1
1
2
GND
0.33u
InputOutput
5VRegulator
MC78L05ACP
Buzzer
0.33u
C2
3
1
3
2
R4
R0
10k
24k
R3
1M
11
LM324N
4
R1 C1
1k
33u
150k
R2
C7
LED
R8
100R
100n
100u
C8
C6
330u
R10
10M
X1
4MHz
C3
C4
22p
22p
PD1/AN1
PD2/AN2
PD3/AN3
PD4/AN4
PD5/AN5
PD6/AN6
PD7/AN7
PLMB
PLMA
SCLK
TDO
TCMP2
TCMP1
VDD
OSC2
MC68HC05B16CFN
OSC1
/RESET
/IRQ
TCAP1
TCAP2
RD
VRH
VRL
PA0
PA1
PA2
PA3
PA4
PA5
PA6
PA7
PB0
PB1
PB2
PB3
PB4
PB5
PB6
PB7
R6R5
4.7k+36R 15kR9
4.7k
+5V
MC34064
ResetInput
GND
LCD5657
1
3
2
17
10
2
1
52
51
20
21
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
14
13
12
11
9
5
4
332
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
7
8
50
23
22
19
18
16
16
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
12
27
26
25
24
15
14
13
CB
AG1D
DPEF
2
DPLL
3
DP
4
DP1
G1
F1
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
DP2
G2
F2
A2
B2
C2
D2
E2
37
36
35
34
7
6
5
28
40
1
8
32
31
30
29
11
10
9
G4
F4
A4
B4
C4
D4
E4
L
BP
BP
DP3
G3
F3
A3
B3
C3
D3
E3
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6. AN1571
6 Motorola Sensor Device Data
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
Upon system power–up, the user needs to manually pump
the cuff pressure to approximately 160 mmHg or 30 mmHg
above the previous SBP. During the pumping of the inflation
bulb, the microcontroller ignores the signal at the output of the
amplifier. When the subroutine TAKE senses a decrease in
CP for a continuous duration of more than 0.75 seconds, the
microcontroller will then assume that the user is no longer
pumping the bulb and starts to analyze the oscillation signal.
Figure 5 shows zoom–in view of a pulse.
–7.1–7.3–7.5–7.7–7.9–8.1–8.3–8.5
Time (second)
Figure 5. Zoom–in view of a pulse
Vo(volt)
450 ms
Premature pulse
1.75
First of all, the threshold level of a valid pulse is set to be 1.75
V to eliminate noise or spike. As soon as the amplitude of a
pulse is identified, the microcontroller will ignore the signal for
450 ms to prevent any false identification due to the presence
of premature pulse ”overshoot” due to oscillation. Hence, this
algorithm can only detect pulse rate which is less than 133
beats per minute. Next, the amplitudes of all the pulses
detected are stored in the RAM for further analysis. If the
microcontroller senses a non–typical oscillation envelope
shape, an error message (“Err”) is output to the LCD. The user
will have to exhaust all the pressure in the cuff before
re–pumping the CP to the next higher value. The algorithm
ensures that the user exhausts all the air present in the cuff
before allowing any re–pumping. Otherwise, the venous blood
trapped in the distal arm may affect the next measurement.
Therefore, the user has to reduce the pressure in the cuff as
soon as possible in order for the arm to recover. Figure 6 is a
flowchart for the program that controls the system.
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7. AN1571
7Motorola Sensor Device Data
Figure 6. Main program flowchart
MAIN PROGRAM
Initialization
Clear I/O ports
Display ”CAL” and
output a musical tone
Clear all the variables
Take in the amplitude of all the
oscillation signal when the
user has stop pumping
Calculate the SBP and DBP
and also the pulse rate
Repump?
Is there any error
in the calculation or the
amplitude envelope
detected?
Output a high
frequency
musical tone
Exhaust cuff
before repump
Exhaust cuff
before repump
Display pulse rate.
Display ”SYS” follow by SBP.
Display ”dlA” follow by DBP.
Display ”Err”
Output a low
frequency
alarm
N
N
N N
Y
Y
YY
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8. AN1571
8 Motorola Sensor Device Data
SELECTION OF MICROCONTROLLER
Although the microcontroller used in this project is
MC68HC05B16, a smaller ROM version microcontroller can
also be used. The table below shows the requirement of
microcontroller for this blood pressure meter design in this
project.
Table 1. Selection of microcontroller
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁOn–chip ROM space 2 kilobytes
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁOn–chip RAM space 150 bytes
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ2–channel A/D converter (min.)
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ16–bit free running counter timer
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
LCD driver
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
On–chip EEPROM space 32 bytes
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
Power saving Stop and Wait modes
CONCLUSION
This circuit design concept may be used to evaluate
Motorola pressure sensors used in the digital blood pressure
meter. This basic circuit may be easily modified to provide
suitable output signal level. The software may also be easily
modified to provide better analysis of the SBP and DBP of a
person.
REFERENCES
Lucas, Bill (1991). “An Evaluation System for Direct Interface
of the MPX5100 Pressure Sensor with a Microprocessor,”
Motorola Application Note AN1305.
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