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The Era of Artificial Intelligence
Lecture 3
Pietro Leo
IBM Italy Executive Architect and thought leader for Artificial Intelligence
Chief Scientist for IBM Italy Research & Business
IBM Academy of Technology Leadership
Member of ISO/SC42 Artificial Intelligence Standardization Committee
www.pieroleo.com

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Why do we
need the help
of Artificial
Intelligence?

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AGRICUTURE AUTOMOTIVE HEALTHCARE

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Investment in
digital is a
matter of
survive for
companies,
after
digitalization
what’s next?

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Source: McKinsey
What’s next?
For agriculture
Precision
Agriculture

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What’s next?
For agriculture
Precision
Agriculture

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For Science,
Big Data is the
microscope of
the 21st century
Wine DNA Tracing
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Source: Cornell University - Maize kernal infected with Aspergillus flavus, which produced
aflatoxin.http://www.plantpath.cornell.edu/labs/milgroom/Research_aflatoxin.html And http://www.special-clean.com/special-
clean/en/mold/mold-lexicon-1.php
For science, Big Data is the microscope of the 21st century
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9
Mapping the
microbiome
will protect
us from bad
bacteria.
Microbiome Analysis

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10
Food safety inspectors around the
world will gain a new superpower:
the ability to understand how
millions of microbes coexist within
the food supply chain. These
microbes—some healthy for
human consumption, others not—
are everywhere –in foods at farms,
factories, and grocery stores.
The ability to constantly and
cheaply monitor the behaviors of
microbes at every stage of the
supply chain represents a huge
leap in food safety.
Microbiome Analysis

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11
Preliminary scientific evidences
https://researcher.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=9635
By sequencing the genomes of the
microbiome, or community of microbes,
present in the food we eat, IBM
researchers as well as partnering
organizations like Mars, Inc., Bio-Rad, and
Cornell University are turning the corner to
a new and more predictive kind of food
testing.
This new regimen may allow inspectors to
identify dangerous pathogens inhabiting
food with better sensitivity well before they
make anyone sick.
This rapidly evolving field at the
intersection of big data and microbiology
is built upon the technology of next
generation sequencing (NGS), which
researchers are using to amass an
unprecedented reference database of
genomes through an IBM-led partnership
called the Consortium for Sequencing the
Food Supply Chain.
Consortium for Sequencing the Food Supply Chain
Preliminary scientific evidences

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12
#twinning:
Farming's digital
doubles will help
feed a growing
population using
less resources
Digital Farm

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13
Creating a digital twin or a
“virtual model” of the world’s
farms could help ready
agriculture for new challenges
by democratizing farm data,
allowing those in agriculture to
share insights, research, and
materials, and communicate
data on farmland and crop
growth across the planet, and
connect and cross-reference
with the food supply chain.
Digital Farm

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14
Preliminary scientific evidences
https://ibmpairs.mybluemix.net/
IBM PAIRS Geoscope
IBM PAIRS GEOSCOPE is a
platform, specifically designed
for massive geospatial-temporal
data (maps, satellite, weather,
drone, IoT), query and analytics
services. It frees up data
scientists, developers from the
cumbersome processes that
dominate conventional
geospatial-temporal data
acquisition and preparation and
provides search-friendly ready
access to a rich, diverse, and
growing catalog of historical and
continuously updated geospatial-
temporal information

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15
https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2018/09/smarter-farms-agriculture/
IBM Watson Decision Platform
for Agriculture
A platform that combines data, satellites,
mobile phones and sensors with AI
capabilities to collect and analyze
unstructured, visual data about agricultural
land use, from soil chemistry and water
supplies, to crop diseases, equipment usage
and availability, impending rainstorms, heat
waves, and cold streaks - all to deliver on the
promise of improved food quality and safety.
• Yield History and Forecast for Corn
• Disease & Pest Indicators for Corn
• High Definition Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (HD-NDVI) for Crop Health
Monitoring
• High Definition Soil Moisture (HD-SM)
Hello Tractor
Preliminary scientific evidences

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16
Dinner plate
detectives: AI
sensors will
detect
foodborne
pathogens at
home.
Dinner plate
detectives

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17
https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2018/05/ai-authentication-verifier/
IBM Research is currently creating
bacteria-detecting sensors that would be
a next-generation extension of IBM’s
Crypto Anchor Verifier. This optical
device, which is currently being tested by
businesses from drug stores to
construction companies, uses AI and
machine learning techniques to analyze
microscopic features and “read” the
wavelengths emitted by different
substances and objects.
After scanning a material, a verifier
records its unique wavelength and
microscopic details on the blockchain,
comparing its fingerprint to that of other
identical substances. Soon, we’ll be able
to stop them in sub-seconds
IBM's Next-generation Crypto Anchor Verifier
Preliminary scientific evidences

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AI-enabled
value
opportunity for
Automotive
Industry
According to McKinsey2025
the potential incremental
value that will accumulated
by AI in Automotive industry
will be
USD 215 billions
(+1.3% per year)

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Self drive vehicle announcements

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TESLA: Autopilot 1 billion of miles

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Waymo 10 milions of miles

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https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/24/uber-in-fatal-crash-
detected-pedestrian-but-had-emergency-braking-disabled/
Uber in a fatal crash, Mar 18

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Cloud + AI + Connected Car = Predictive Maintanance

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AI
Ding sun bao 2.0: standardize Car Damage Assessment

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Example of Use Case: Car Damage Assessment System
from Ding sun bao

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Example of Use Case: Car Damage Assessment System
from Ding sun bao
Estimated damage: slightly deformed left-rear fender
Repair cost: 40$

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30
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Mass (weight - Kg) /
height (cm) x height (cm)
18.5 < NORMAL BMI < 24.99
Adolphe Quetelet, 1832

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31
Practice Pearls:
• BMI - Body mass index
is a strong and
independent risk factor for
being diagnosed with type 2
diabetes mellitus
• Type 2 diabetes risk may be
incrementally higher in those
with a higher body mass
index
• Understanding the risk
factors helps to shorten the
time to diagnosis and
treatment
How precise could be a relative “simple” signal

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32
AI could help Medicine to reduce
approximation
(this is largely valid to all kind of industries....)
The BMI - Body Mass
Index is an approximation
of our health status, it is
inherently a proxy or a
condensed information of
a huge quantity
physiological parameters
Bottom line: it is not only
a matter of how many
data points you consider
to take a decision,
It is more a matter of
how large is the data set
you have that
approximates the reality

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Leveraging the Explosion of Data in Medicine
An Impossible Task Without Analytics and New advanced Artificial Intelligence
Computing Models
1000
FactsperDecision
10
100
1990 2000 2010 2020
Human Cognitive
Capacity
Electronic Health
Records (Clinical
Data)
Internet of Things
(Exogenous Data)
The Human
Genome
(Genomic Data)
Capturing the Value of Data: Big Changes Ahead
Medical error—the third leading cause of
death in the US
Source: BMJ 2016; 353 doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2139 (Published 03 May
2016) Cite this as: BMJ 2016;353:i2139

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34
Source: Bipartisan Policy Center,
“F” as in Fat: How Obesity Threatens America’s Future (TFAH/RWJF, Aug. 2013)

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35
Image source: http://personalexcellence.co/blog/ideal-beauty/
Source: Bipartisan Policy Center,
“F” as in Fat: How Obesity Threatens America’s Future (TFAH/RWJF, Aug. 2013)
Human Digital Twins

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36
Image source: http://personalexcellence.co/blog/ideal-beauty/
City
Lifestyle
ZIPcode
Costal vs Inland Marital status
Generation
Location
Family Size
Gender
Income Level
Competitors
Age
Loyalty & Card
Activity
Revenue Size
Life Stages
Eductation
Legal status
Sector
Industry
Subscriptions
Date on Site
Wish List
Size of
Network
Check-ins
App usage duration
Number of Apps on Device
Deposits/Withdrawals
Device Usage
Purchase History
Following
Followers
Likes
Number of Hashtags used
History of Hashtags
Search Strings entered
Sequence of visits
Time/Day log in
Time spent on site
Time spent on page
Frequency of Search
Videos Viewed
Photos liked
Sentiment
Tone
Euphemisms
Hedonism
Extroversion
Face Recognition
Openess
Colloquialism
Reasoning Strategies
Language Modeling
Dialog
Intent
Latent Semantic Analysis
Phonemes
Ontology Analysis
Linguistics
Image Tags
Question Analysis
Self-transcendent
Affective Status
DNA
Proteome
Microbiome
Clinical/Biochemical
Data
Steps
Nutrition
Genetics
Runs
X-rays (CT scans)
sound (ultrasound),
magnetism (MRI),
Radioactive (SPECT, PET)
light (endoscopy, OCT)
Environment
Bio-Images
Source: Bipartisan Policy Center,
“F” as in Fat: How Obesity Threatens America’s Future (TFAH/RWJF, Aug. 2013)
Human Digital Twins

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37
Source: http://www.bloomberg.com/video/meet-the-world-s-most-connected-man-
Vs~LzkbkR7yhjza~7nji1g.html
Meet the World's
Most Connected
Man

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38
Source: http://www.bloomberg.com/video/meet-the-world-s-most-connected-man-
Vs~LzkbkR7yhjza~7nji1g.html

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6 Terabytes
60%
Exogenous Factors 1.100 Terabytes
0.4 Terabytes
30%
Genomics Factors
10%
Clinical Factors
IBM Watson Health // SOURCE: ©2015 J.M. McGinnis et al., “The Case for More Active Policy Attention to Health
Promotion,” Health Affairs 21, no. 2 (2002):78–93
Data Generated per Life

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Leveraging Exogenous Data for Chronic Care (Type 2 Diabetes;
Primary & Secondary Prevention)
60%
Exogenous Factors
30%
Genomics Factors
10%
Clinical Factors
IBM Watson Health // SOURCE: ©2015 J.M. McGinnis et al., “The Case for More Active
Policy Attention to Health Promotion,” Health Affairs 21, no. 2 (2002):78–93
Glucose Monitoring
Calorie Intake
Stress Levels
Physical Activity
Other vital signsSocial
Interaction
Affinity (retail)
Sleep Pattern
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www.pieroleo.com

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Source: http://datacoup..com
Value of Data
Pietro Leo's
Second
Income!

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Source: http://fdna.com/blog/pmwc_duke/
Personalizing Medicine with Artificial Intelligence and
Facial Analysis
Presented by Omar Abdul-Rahman, MD, University of Nebraska Medical Center
Precision Medicine World Conference (PMWC)| September 24-25, 2018 | Duke University

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Thanks!
Pietro Leo
IBM Italy Executive Architect and thought leader for Artificial Intelligence
Chief Scientist for IBM Italy Research & Business
IBM Academy of Technology Leadership
Member of ISO/SC42 Artificial Intelligence Standardization Committee
www.pieroleo.com