Presentation given to the Deming Learning Network on May 28th 2014 at Make Aberdeen, 17 Belmont Street, Aberdeen. A notes pdf is also available for more detailed information and further reading: http://petertroxler.net/content/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/DLNnotesLO.pdf

1. Everyone(is(a(Designer(
(
(
(
Peter(Troxler(
@trox(
p.troxler@hr.nl(
University(of(Applied(
Sciences(Ro>erdam(
Research(Centre(
CreaAng(010(

2. Everyone(is(a(Designer(
(
(
(
Peter(Troxler(
@trox(
h>p://petertroxler.org(

3. ?"
©(2013(
John(Abella(
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The$Third$Industrial$
Revolu2on$
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4. personal(fabricaAon(

5. (
Fab(labs(are(a(global(
network(of(local(labs,(
enabling(invenAon(by(
providing(access(to(tools(
for(digital(fabricaAon(
(
What(is(a(fab(lab?(

8. (
Fab(labs(share(an(
evolving(inventory(of(
core(capabiliAes(to(make(
(almost)(anything,(
allowing(people(and(
projects(to(be(shared(
(
What's(in(a(fab(lab?(

9. (
OperaAonal,(
educaAonal,(technical,(
financial,(and(logisAcal(
assistance(beyond(
what's(available(within(
one(lab(
(
What(does(the(fab(lab(
network(provide?(

10. (
Fab(labs(are(available(as(
a(community(resource,(
offering(open(access(for(
individuals(as(well(as(
scheduled(access(for(
programs(
(
Who(can(use(a(fab(lab?(

11. MODèle
Autres
lieux
autres
fablabs
lieu
equipe
communautés
locales
histoire / Environnement
socio-culturel
compétences
Savoir-Faire
matériaux
industries
innovantes
entrepreunariat /
Entrepreunariat social
artisanat
arthur Schmitt, nod-A autres types de lieux: techshops, hackerspaces, makerspaces, repair cafés, EPNs, etc.
formation /
EDucation
Business
model
Programmation
outils
spécifiques
Nouveaux objets /
détournement d’objets
Projets collaboratifs
solutions locales et
gloables à des grandes
problématiques
objets pour un marché
d’une personne
réparation /
réutilisation /
recyclage
Utilisateurs:
- designers
- ingénieurs
- entrepreneurs
- architectes
- inventeurs
- codeurs
- PMEs
- artisans
- habitants
- artistes
- jeunes / enfants
- défavorisés
...
Outils:
- machines à commande
numérique
- plateformes
programmables
- outillage de base
- plateformes de
partage en ligne
impact
global
impact
local
Fablab projets
territoire
communautés
en ligne
Principe
(make, share, learn)
fabrication
numérique
organisation
(charte)
Ecosystème au
service du mouvement
mouvement ‘makers’
open source /
open hardware
innovation

12. (
safety((
not(hurAng(people(or(machines(
opera2ons((
assisAng(with(cleaning,(
maintaining,(improving(the(lab(
knowledge$
contribuAng(to(documentaAon(
and(instrucAon(
(
What(are(your(
responsibiliAes?(

13. (
Designs(and(processes(
developed(in(fab(labs(
can(be(protected(and(
sold(however(an(
inventor(chooses,(…(
(
Who(owns(fab(lab(
invenAons?(

14. (
…(but(should(remain(
available(for(individuals(
to(use(and(learn(from(
(
(
(

15. (
Commercial(acAviAes(
can(be(prototyped(and(
incubated(in(a(fab(lab,(
but(they(must(not(
conflict(with(other(uses,(
(
How(can(businesses(use(
a(fab(lab?(

16. (
they(should(grow(
beyond(rather(than(
within(the(lab,(

17. (
and(they(are(expected(
to(benefit(the(inventors,(
labs,(and(networks(that(
contribute(to(their(
success(

18. ©(2010(
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ccKby(
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Chris,(r3v(||(cls(
ccKbyKsa(
Anderson(
Makers.$The$new$
industrial$revolu2on(
2012(

19. 3D(prinAng(

20. addiAve(manufacturing(

21. 1987!
1991!
1993!
1996!
2000!
2001!
2006!
! Stereolithography (solidy liquid polymer using a laser)(!
! Fused Deposit Modelling (extruding thermoplastic)!
! Solid Ground Curing (SL for whole layers)!
! Laminated Object Manufacturing (bond and cut sheet material)!
! Direct Shell Production Casting (binding powder)!
3D printers
RepRap

22. ©(2012(makerbot( ©(2014(DMG(Mori(Seiki(

23. consumer(3D(prinAng:(5K10(years(to(maturity( enterprise(3D(prinAng:(2K5(years(to(maturity(
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©(2014(
3D(Hubs(

25. kickstarter(

26. Gonzo(Products(
Gonzo(InnovaAon(
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Alexandra(DeschampsKSonsino,(

27. h>ps://www.kickstarter.com/projects/
chefsleeve/(
h>p://www.thinKgk.com(

28. Duplo(Brick(to(Brio(Track(adapter((
(by(Zydac(
h>p://www.ikeahackers.net(

29. Jeremy(RiLin(
The(Third(Industrial(
RevoluAon(
2011(
RiLin(
The$Third$Industrial$
Revolu2on$
2011(

30. Karl(Marx((1867)((
Das(Kapital(
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Frank"B."Gilbreth"(1911)(
Mo2on$Study$
Frederic"W."Taylor"(1911)((
Principles$of$Scien2fic$Management$
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My$Life$and$Work$(The$
Autobiography$of$Henry$Ford)$
1st(Industrial(RevoluAon(
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AutomaAc(prinAng(press(
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SteamKpowered(
technology(

31. David"F."Noble"(1984)(
Forces$of$Produc2on.$A$Social$History$
of$Industrial$Automa2on$
James"R."Beniger"(1986)((
Control$Revolu2on.$Technological$
and$Economic$Origins$of$the$
Informa2on$Society$
Shoshana"Zuboff"(1988)$
In$the$Age$of$the$Smart$Machine.$
The$Future$of$Work$and$Power$
2nd(Industrial(RevoluAon(
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Electrical(
communicaAon(
(
OilKpowered(
combusAon(engine(

32. Our(enormously(producAve(economy(demands(that(we(
make(consumpAon(our(way(of(life,(that(we(convert(the(
buying(and(use(of(goods(into(rituals,(that(we(seek(our(
spiritual(saAsfacAon(and(our(ego(saAsfacAon(in(
consumpAon.(We(need(things(consumed,(burned(up,(worn(
out,(replaced(and(discarded(at(an(everKincreasing(rate.((
Lebow,(1955(

33. Jeremy"RiLin((2011)(
The$Third$Industrial$Revolu2on.$
How$Lateral$Power$is$
Transforming$Energy,$the$
Economy,$and$the$World$
Yochai"Benkler((2011)(
The$Penguin$and$the$Leviathan.$
How$Coopera2on$Triumphs$over$
SelfLInterest$
3rd(Industrial(RevoluAon(
(
Internet(
(
Renewable(energies(

34. ©(2010((
Kevin(Doole(
(ccKby(
©(1968(
Elgin(County(Archives(
St.(Thomas(TimesKJournal(fonds(
©(2011(
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ccKby(

35. ©(1907((
E.A.(Thomson(
Bu>eKSilver(Bow(Public(Library((
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ccKbyKncKsa(

36. ©(2008(
Travis(S.(
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2012(
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ccKbyKsa(

37. 3rd(Industrial(RevoluAon(
(
Industrie(4.0(
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5(industrial(revoluAons(

38. 1780(…(steam(engine(
1850(…(railway(
1860(…(electricity(
1950(…(computer(
200x(…(fith(revoluAon(
Marsh,(P.(((2012).(The(New(Industrial(RevoluAon(

40. IBM Global Business Services 5
ed an exciting tipping point,
starting to invest in it as a
ns for this include:
olution desktop 3D printers
day.4
The decrease in cost
with improved accuracy,
d make it a viable technology
rinters are achieving a
creased strength and finish
3D printing allows for more
s and shorter product
terials – While not all
out 30 industrial plastics,
are supported today, with
and green polymers expected
ce the expiration of Chuck
ring patent in 2009, the open
d 3D printing, leading to
ents.7
Fifty-one critical
re in the next ten years.8
my of scale, 3D printing is
rm the principles of global
nd yet, just 17 percent of our
ng’s impact on the future of
very large extent.” Perhaps
cterize this technology as
hat a substantial portion
ff-guard by the rapid
3D printing technology is already widespread in prototyping
and specialized production applications like aerospace and
jewelry. As costs fall, we expect it to shift into broad manufac-
turing. Our study findings forecast that 3D printing costs
should fall by 79 percent over the next five years – and by 92
percent over the next decade, making it more cost-effective
than all but the largest production runs.
Figure 3: The economics of 3D printing will fundamentally transform
the principles of global mass production.
Economies of scale
• Ideally, cost of producing one unit = cost of producing
a million units
• While industries will never reach an economy of scale
of one, 3D manufacturing will lower the minimum
economic scale of volume production
On demand manufacturing
• Rapid prototyping will allow for shorter product
design cycles
• Stockless inventory models will result in smarter
supply chains and lower risk in manufacturing
Customization
• 3D printing will enable product customization to
personal and demographic needs
• New retail models will emerge, engaging the
consumer in the product design process
Location elasticity
• Supply chains will become more location elastic,
bringing manufacturing closer to consumer
• Transportation of fewer finished goods will alter global
trade flows and the logistics industry
Brody,(P.,(&(Pureswaran,(V.((2013)(
The(new(sotwareKdefined(supply(chain((
IBM(InsAtute(for(Business(Value.(p.(5(
Brody,(P.,(&(Pureswaran,(V.((2013)(
The(new(sotwareKdefined(supply(chain((
IBM(InsAtute(for(Business(Value.(p.(7(
IBM Global Business Services 7
Consumers have embraced these system-on-a-chip platforms
to create open source hardware designs that add intelligence to
devices – many of which they can then produce by themselves
using 3D printers. Companies and individuals are publishing
open source hardware designs using standardized components
and developing open source software platforms that replicate
typical embedded system functionality. The same positive cycle
of peer review and reputation building works as it does for
open source software. Indeed, where just a few years ago
consumers were sharing just 20 to 50 new open source product
designs every month, today we count more than 30,000 new
designs every month.12
For enterprises, the rise of open source electronics presents a
dual opportunity. For the first time, it’s possible to shift the
“brains” of a device from a hard-wired chip to software that is
running on a flexible platform. That means rapid design cycle
time. It also means that instead of just using computing power
for simplification, the marginal cost of adding significant
intelligence to products is now near zero.
Of our respondents, 26 percent said that access to emerging
technologies is the primary driver for innovating in an open
source model. Tied for the second most-common response
were 22 percent each who cited lower R&D costs and shorter
time-to-market as their primary drivers to source innovation
externally versus internally.
The industry has seen a steady growth in open source compo-
nents. Respondents report that just 20 percent of products
were open source five years ago and in 2013 that percentage
had climbed to 33 percent. Open source electronics will bring
the power and flexibility of complex control systems to the full
Figure 4: Key outcomes of manufacturing that is based on open
source electronics.
Commoditization of hardware
• Powerful computing capability will become
commoditized
• Transforms dynamics of competition – embrace your
competitor and consumer
Efficiency
• Huge economic waste for the industry when multiple
implementations are developed by different closed
design teams
• Means of global market research for new product
development
Innovation
• Democratizes innovation. Consumers become
product developers
• More rapid innovation from access to faster testing
and feedback
Intellectual property
• Trade in design specifications rather than finished
products
• Promotes stricter adherence to standards
From hardware-constrained to
software-defined
Today, though we often design products in software, the reality
is that supply chains are defined by physical and operational
constraints. Components cannot be made without first creating
molds that are then tested and put into production on special-
ized machinery. Production lines are carefully built for volume
and speed, and production planning systems are designed to
minimize the number of times reconfiguration is required.

41. Brody,(P.,(&(Pureswaran,(V.((2013)(
The(new(sotwareKdefined(supply(chain((
IBM(InsAtute(for(Business(Value.(p.(9(
Brody,(P.,(&(Pureswaran,(V.((2013)(
The(new(sotwareKdefined(supply(chain((
IBM(InsAtute(for(Business(Value.(p.(9(
IBM Global Business Services 9
ra of small,
ware-defined supply chain
case we modeled, we found
portion of every one of
ured with a software-defined
d result in lower costs.
odestly lower and within ten
n average (see Figure 6).
he 90 percent decrease in the
uction required to enter the
s not true that new technolo-
” results.
Aggregate normalized unit cost analysis (%)
23% unit cost reduction
2012
Traditional
100
89
100
88
99
91
31
98
83
66
2012
Digital
2017
Digital
2022
Digital
ott, IBM Institute for Business Value
economic scale analysis (%)
uction in minimum
me of production
gital 2022 Digital
9 25
17
32
Industrial displayHearing implant Washing machineMobile phone
Aggregate normalized carbon footprint (kg CO2e) analysis (%)
2012 Digital 2017 Digital
100
88
99 100
120
2022 Digital
33
92
101
109
Modeling results: The era of small,
simple and local
The most critical test that the software-defined supply chain
must meet is cost. In every single case we modeled, we found
that within five years, a significant portion of every one of
these products could be manufactured with a software-defined
supply chain – and, doing so would result in lower costs.
Within five years, costs become modestly lower and within ten
years, they are 23 percent lower, on average (see Figure 6).
Even more dramatic however, is the 90 percent decrease in the
minimum economic scale of production required to enter the
industry. Surprisingly, though, it is not true that new technolo-
gies will offer uniformly “greener” results.
Aggregate normal
2
2012
Traditional
100
89
100
2012
Digital
Source: Econolyst, Mike Watson and Alex Scott, IBM Institute for Business Value
Figure 6: On average for the industry, our analysis shows that the software-defined supply chain is expec
unit cost benefit, a 90 percent reduction in scale requirements and variable benefits in terms of carbon fo
Aggregate normalized minimum economic scale analysis (%)
90% reduction in minimum
volume of production
100
2012 Digital 2017 Digital 2022 Digital
24 29 25
17
32
Hearing implant Mobile phone
Aggregate normalized carbo
2012 Digital 20
100
88

42. ©(2012(complexitys.con,(ccKbyKsa( ©(2013(Made(in(4Havens(

43. PresseK(und(InformaAonsamt(der(
Bundesregierung(K(Bildbestand((B(145(Bild),(PD( ©(2013(Manon(Mostert(–(van(der(Sar(

44. • effecAve(forms(of(collecAve(acAon(and((
selfKorganisaAon(
• new(systems(that(tap(into(the(capabiliAes(of((
the(“next(industrial(revoluAon”(
• protect(the(interests(and(creaAve(freedom(of(makers(
while(ensuring(wide(access(to(new(knowledge(
• appropriately(and(effecAvely(create(and(capture(value(
• achieve(equality(and(fairness(
Troxler(2013,(2013a(

45. thanks(
(
(
(
Peter(Troxler(
@trox(
h>p://petertroxler.org(