ContentMining in Neuroscience

1. Open Mining of the Bioscience Literature Peter Murray-Rust, ContentMine.org and the University of Cambridge UNAM, MX 2015-10-09 Millions of data points are hidden in the bioscience literature. ContentMine has Open technology to liberate them automatically. Using OpenNotebook approaches The major problem is politico-legal This is an exploratory talk, looking for ideas and projects The future depends on young people

2. Oxford 2013 Berlin 2014 Delhi 2014 Jenny Molloy with mascot AMI

3. Panton Authors and Fellows

4. Some particularly relevant Fellows/Alumni and projects: • Rufus Pollock: Open Knowledge Foundation • Mark Surman: Mozilla • Dan Whaley: Hypothes.is • Daniel Lombrana-Gonzales: PyBossa/Crowdcrafting Erin McKiernan, 2015 Flash Award ContentMine and Peter Murray-Rust are funded by:

5. The Right to Read is the Right to Mine http://contentmine.org

6. ContentMine Workshops and Hackdays Open Science Brazil, 2014-08 Easily distributed software Get started in 30 mins Build application in a morning Start simple: bagOfWords, Stemming, Regex, templates

7. Typical scientific paper

8. Why do we publish science? • Communicate our results • Archival • Get feedback from peers. • Provide material that others can re-use. • Priority and esteem.

9. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/08/opinion/yes-we-were-warned-about- ebola.html [Liberian Ministry of Health] were stunned recently when we stumbled across an article by European researchers in Annals of Virology [1982]: “The results seem to indicate that Liberia has to be included in the Ebola virus endemic zone.” In the future, the authors asserted, “medical personnel in Liberian health centers should be aware of the possibility that they may come across active cases and thus be prepared to avoid nosocomial epidemics,” referring to hospital-acquired infection. Adage in public health: “The road to inaction is paved with research papers.” Bernice Dahn (chief medical officer of Liberia’s Ministry of Health) Vera Mussah (director of county health services) Cameron Nutt (Ebola response adviser to Partners in Health) A System Failure of Scholarly Publishing

10. Re-use You cannot assume how others will want to re-use your work.

11. PM-R’s “first real paper”, doing science by re-using the results of others in a novel way

12. 1974: Each point is a separate paper! Needing 1-4 hours in library – discovery,hardcopy delivery, Transcription, hand calculation.

13. 1976-9: PMR and WDSM developed software And protocols to search and analyze Cambridge Crystallographic DB

14. We need machines to read the literature

15. Output of scholarly publishing [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc#/media/File:Mont_Blanc_depuis_Valmorel.jpg 586,364 Crossref DOIs 201,507 [1] per month 1.5 million (papers + supplemental data) /year [citation needed]* each 3 mm thick  4500 m high per year [2] * Most is not Publicly readable [1] http://www.crossref.org/01company/crossref_indicators.html

16. Scientific and Medical publication (STM)[+] • World Citizens pay $450,000,000,000… • … for research in 1,500,000 articles … • … cost $300,000 each to create … • … $7000 each to “publish” [*]… • … $10,000,000,000 from academic libraries … • … to “publishers” who forbid access to 99.9% of citizens of the world … • 85% of medical research is wasted (not published, badly conceived, duplicated, …) [Lancet 2009] [+] Figures probably +- 50 % [*] arXiV preprint server costs $7 USD per paper

17. What is “Content”? http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.01113 03&representation=PDF CC-BY SECTIONS MAPS TABLES CHEMISTRY TEXT MATH contentmine.org tackles these

18. ContentMine approaches 0. Open software, Open content, Open notebooks 1. Daily liberation of facts which are easy and widely useful. – Species (Bacillus subtilis, Okapia johnstoni) – Genes (BRCA1*, APOE) – Chemicals (acetone, CH3OH) – Identifiers (RRIDs, museum specimens, ) 1. CMunities of practice with bespoke tools: – Clinical Trials – Phylogenetic trees – Systematic reviews

19. http://chemicaltagger.ch.cam.ac.uk/ • Typical Typical chemical synthesis

20. Open Content Mining of FACTs Machines can interpret chemical reactions We have done 500,000 patents. There are > 3,000,000 reactions/year. Added value > 1B Eur.

21. C) What’s the problem with this spectrum? Org. Lett., 2011, 13 (15), pp 4084–4087 Original thanks to ChemBark

22. After AMI2 processing….. … AMI2 has detected a square

23. catalogue getpapers query Daily Crawl EuPMC, arXiv CORE , HAL, (UNIV repos) ToC services PDF HTML DOC ePUB TeX XML PNG EPS CSV XLSURLs DOIs crawl quickscrape norma Normalizer Structurer Semantic Tagger Text Data Figures ami UNIV Repos search Lookup DAILY CONTENT MINING Chem Phylo Trials Crystal Plants COMMUNITY plugins Visualization and Analysis PloSONE, BMC, peerJ… Nature, IEEE, Elsevier… Publisher Sites scrapers queries taggers abstract methods references Captioned Figures Fig. 1 HTML tables 30, 000 pages/day Semantic ScholarlyHTML Facts

24. http://opentrials.net/ ContentMine will work with OpenTrials

25. “adult nonpregnant patients, aged ≥18 years”, “randomization sequence using a permuted block design with random block sizes stratified by study center”. “blinding of the patients and caregivers is not possible”. “Investigators performing analysis are blinded for the intervention”. “Continuous normally distributed variables … mean and standard deviation, counts (n) and percentages (%). … Student’s t-test … or the Mann–Whitney U test … Categorical … Chi-square test or Fisher's exact tests. Statistical significance is considered to be at a P value <0.05 …” Formulaic language in reporting clinical trials

26. Text-based plugins • Bag of words (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag-of- words_model) • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf (Term-frequency, inverse document frequency) • Templates and regexes (regular expressions).

27. “Bag of Words” Three fulltext articles from trialsjournal.com

28. Regular Expressions for Systematic Reviews of Animal Tests Preceding Text Following Text Extracted term In 30 minutes 6 scientists (most were unfamiliar with regex) wrote 200 regexes for ARRIVE (NC3R guidelines)

29. TEMPLATES

30. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Standards_of_Reporting_Trials Some communities have standard Reporting, which helps extraction

31. Ln Bacterial load per fly 11.5 11.0 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.0 6.5 6.0 Days post—infection 0 1 2 3 4 5 Bitmap Image and Tesseract OCR

32. UNITS TICKS QUANTITY SCALE TITLES DATA!! 2000+ points

33. Dumb PDF CSV Semantic Spectrum 2nd Derivative Smoothing Gaussian Filter Automatic extraction

34. PLUTo

35. Aves Apterygidae Marsupialia Monotremata Mammalia Reptilia Amphibia Arthropoda Myriapodia Okapia johnstoni Pyrus Stuffed Tree of Life

36. https://blogs.ch.cam.ac.uk/pmr/2014/06/25/content-mining-we-can-now- mine-images-of-phylogenetic-trees-and-more/ for story of extraction Thinning Topology Serialization Newick

37. PMR’s Tribute Planned Memorial Meeting July 14th 2014 Cambridge OPEN NOTEBOOK SCIENCE

38. Traditional Research and Publication “Lab” work paper/th esis Write rewrite Re-experiment publish ??? Validation?? DATA output “belongs” to publisher

39. TOOLS Open Notebook Science Open engineered repository World community INSTRUMENT validate merge MODEL CODE DATA DATA knowledge calibrate Problems are solved communally; Nothing is needlessly duplicated; “publication“ is continuous ; data are SEMANTIC Machines and humans Working together

40. Open Notebook Content Mining • “No insider knowledge” • Anyone can become involved • All raw non-copyright material on Github • Planning and discussion on Open Discourse • All output (however imperfect) on Github CC0 • Immediate upload • Inspired by Free/Libre/Open Source, Wikipedia, Open StreetMap.

41. 4300 images

42. “Root”

43. OCR (Tesseract) Norma (imageanalysis) (((((Pyramidobacter_piscolens:195,Jonquetella_anthropi:135):86,Synergistes_jonesii:301):131,Thermotoga _maritime:357):12,(Mycobacterium_tuberculosis:223,Bifidobacterium_longum:333):158):10,((Optiutus_te rrae:441,(((Borrelia_burgdorferi:…202):91):22):32,(Proprinogenum_modestus:124,Fusobacterium_nucleat um:167):217):11):9); Semantic re-usable/computable output (ca 4 secs/image)

44. Automatic Open Notebook of computations Everything is posted to Github before being analyzed

45. Bacillus subtilis [131238]* Bacteroides fragilis [221817] Brevibacillus brevis Cyclobacterium marinum Escherichia coli [25419] Filobacillus milosensis Flectobacillus major [15809775] Flexibacter flexilis [15809789] Formosa algae Gelidibacter algens [16982233] Halobacillus halophilus Lentibacillus salicampi [18345921] Octadecabacter arcticus Psychroflexus torquis [16988834] Pseudomonas aeruginosa [31856] Sagittula stellata [16992371] Salegentibacter salegens Sphingobacterium spiritivorum Terrabacter tumescens • [Identifier in Wikidata] • Missing = not found with Wikidata API 20 commonest organisms (in > 30 papers) in trees from IJSEM* Half do not appear to be in Wikidata Can the Wikipedia Scientists comment? *Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.

46. Supertree for 924 species Tree

47. Supertree created from 4300 papers

48. Minor branch

49. Part of major branch

50. Part of major branch

51. Ideas for Neuroscience Can we extract digital information from published electroneurophysiology traces?... …and build super-information?

52. Raw trace (pixels)

53. Thinned trace (pixels)

54. Line segments (SVG)

55. Reconstructed trace (SVG)

56. Extraction into data format (CSV, Excel)

57. catalogue getpapers query Daily Crawl EuPMC, arXiv CORE , HAL, (UNIV repos) ToC services PDF HTML DOC ePUB TeX XML PNG EPS CSV XLSURLs DOIs crawl quickscrape norma Normalizer Structurer Semantic Tagger Text Data Figures ami UNIV Repos search Lookup CONTENT MINING Chem Phylo Trials Crystal Plants COMMUNITY plugins Visualization and Analysis PloSONE, BMC, peerJ… Nature, IEEE, Elsevier… Publisher Sites scrapers queries taggers abstract methods references Captioned Figures Fig. 1 HTML tables 30, 000 pages/day Semantic ScholarlyHTML Facts

58. Peter Murray-Rust BMC publisher Blue Obelisk paper (20 co-authors) Sub-network From CATalog

59. Phytochemistry extraction O. dayi “volatile composition of “ A.sibeiri A. judaica Displayed by CAT (CottageLabs)

61. Prof. Ian Hargreaves (2011): "David Cameron's exam question”: "Could it be true that laws designed more than three centuries ago with the express purpose of creating economic incentives for innovation by protecting creators' rights are today obstructing innovation and economic growth?” “yes. We have found that the UK's intellectual property framework, especially with regard to copyright, is falling behind what is needed.” "Digital Opportunity" by Prof Ian Hargreaves - http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview.htm. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digital_Opportunity.jpg#/media/File:Digital_Opportunity.jpg

62. Elsevier wants to control Open Data [asked by Michelle Brook]

63. http://www.epip2015.org/copyright-wars-frozen-conflict/ UPDATE 20150902: Ian Hargreaves "the voices of the digital many should not be drowned out by the digital self-interested few"

64. contentmine.org team

ContentMining in Neuroscience

petermurrayrust

ContentMining in Neuroscience