2. 1. STRENGTH AND
STRUCTURES
STRENGTH/FORCE: Is all that can deform a
body or modify its state of movement or rest.
STRUCTURE: is the group of elements of a
body that are bound to support the effects of
the strengths that act over it. The structure
keeps the body from breaking or deforming in
excess.
Structures have to be resistant and stable.
3. The first structures were made of wood,
then man also used stone. Nowadays
we use concrete and iron
4. 2. EFFORTS/STRESS
If one or several strengths act over an
element of a structure, the element will
experiment an internal tension. This internal
tension is called effort/stress.
5. 2.1 Different kinds of
EFFORTS/STRESS
TRACTION/TENSILE
COMPRESSION
FLEXION/BENDING
TORSION
CUT/SHEAR
12. Which efforts are applied in the following
examples?
A
B
C
Image Structure Effort
A Cable Traction
B Shock absorber Compression
C Rope guide Traction
13. D
E
Image Structure Effort
D Column Compression
E Bridge Flexion
• Which efforts are applied in the following
examples?
14. Image Structure Effort
F Nut Torsion
G Rivet Shear
F G
• Which efforts are applied in the following
examples?
16. CHECK DIFFERENT TYPES OF EFFORTS
Image Effort
1 traction
2 flexion
3 compression
4 flexion
5 compression
6 traction
17. Structural Conditions
Stability: the capacity of a structure to remain
upright and not tip over.
Resistance: the capacity of a structure to bear
the tensions that it is subjected to without
breaking.
Rigidity: relative stiffness of a material that
allows it to resist bending, stretching, twisting or
other deformation under a load.
19. Stability is obtained by distributing
the mass evenly.
Mass centre evenly distributed
Mass centre unevenly distributed
20. The mass centre is
where all the weight
is concentrated
He has the mass centre
evenly distributed
21. When the mass is not
evenly distributed, you
can stop the object from
falling in different ways,
such as increasing its hold
to the ground.
hold
22. As we know, a structure has to be resistant.
A resistant structure keeps its shape when forces are
applied. Resistance depends on the material used, the
quantity and the shape of the structure.
RESISTANT STRUCTURES
23. We can increase the resistance and
rigidity with triangulation
24. The triangle is the
only geometric
shape that cannot be
easily deformed by
applying forces to
any angle.
THE TRIANGLE
25. The use of triangular structures is very
interesting because they are very
resistant, light and easy to construct.
crane pylon
26. Triangulation makes it possible to
transform shapes into a combination
of triangles and therefore makes them
non-deformable.
27. Examples of triangulation
are seen all around us
especially in the
construction industry
(building and civil
engineering).
28. Some examples are shown below.
Look carefully how numerous
triangles make each structure.
29.
30. Add bars to these structures to form
triangles and make them non-deformable.
31.
32. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
These are the most common elements
that can be found in a structure.
• Foundations
• Columns
• Girders
• Arches
• Traction bars
(Cables)
33. Foundations are the base of any
building and they are situated
under the ground and made of
concrete
concrete
34. Girders are horizontal bars
that receive flexion efforts
Foundation
Column
Girder
Forces
Columns are vertical
bars that receive
compression efforts
35. Arch:
A semicircular
shape that joins the
gap between two
pillars.
Traction bars:
Cables or bars which
support traction efforts.
36. The arch is another resistant structure that
provides resistance to structures by
distributing the effort that structure supports.
THE ARCH
48. REVISION ACTIVITIES
1 Effort
A door knob
An arch
A pen tip when you write
A screwdriver when screwing
The cable of a suspended bridge
A lintel
Scissors
the cord of a blind
Pedal axes
Girders on a bridge
49. Effort
A door knob TORSION
An arch COMPRESSION
A pen tip when you write COMPRESSION
A screwdriver when screwing TORSION
The cable of a suspended bridge TRACTION
A lintel FLEXION
Scissors SHEAR
the cord of a blind TRACTION
Pedals TORSION
Girders on a bridge FLEXION