1. American Carnival
Sideshow Banners:
Exploring both sides of the canvas
Lawrence McElroy
Johns Hopkins University
April 24, 2013
Hosted by the American Museum of Folk Art

2. The Canvas Wall Between Us
Pete Kortes Side Show, circa 1948. Photo: The Circus Blog

3. The Canvas Wall Between Us
The carnival sideshows which criss-crossed the American continent during their
heyday, all utilized walls of blazingly colorful canvas banners to attract their
audience. These banner lines, displaying exaggerated imagery and irresistible
enticements, became the sideshow’s recognizable trademark. Countless slack-
jawed audience members gladly traded their money for a ticket to see for
themselves. Arguing for the artistic merits of these sideshow banners is the recent
resurgence in interest in vintage sideshow banners as collectible objects of art.
Unfortunately, the genre has a darker side due to the shocking and insensitive
nature of the imagery used in many banners. This imagery provides a unique
glimpse into the conscience of the American heartland during this period of
history, and allows us to reflect on the progress our society has made since then,
and how far we have yet to travel.

4. Human Freaks. Photo: Defending Freak Shows.

5. Bannerline. Photo: Sideshow World.

6. Ringling Brothers Barnum & Bailey Circus. Date: 1919.
Photo: Sideshow World
Hagenbeck Wallace Circus Sideshow.
Photo: Sideshow World.
James. M. Cole Circus, circa 1930’s.
Photo: Sideshow World
Al G. Barnes Circus Sideshow.
Photo: Sideshow World.

7. Animal Annex. Photo: Sideshow World.

8. The first section of “Exploring the
Other Side of the Canvas” highlights
notable sideshow banner artists and
contains biographical sketches.
Visitors will also find historical
photographs of their studios, along
with personal notes from the artists
about the process of creating
banners. An unfinished canvas by
artist Snap Wyatt provides a look at a
work in progress.
What colors would you choose?
The Artists and the Process

9. Photos: Sideshow World

10. Photos: Sideshow World

11. “Cavalcade World of Wonders”. Artist: Fred G. Johnson.
Photo: Cult of Weird
The Art of Sideshow Banner Painting

12. Some sideshow banner painters were remarkably talented, and their work often incorporated
elements associated with fine art. The paintings featured in this section of the exhibition blur the line
between “sign painter” and “artist”. One example of this phenomenon is a banner titled “Monkeys”
produced by Nieman Eisman. The composition of the work incorporates a dynamism that directs the
viewer’s eyes around the canvas. The simian figures in the background are diminutive and muted,
enhancing the drama of the brightly colored figures in the foreground. The splashes of color across
the painting’s background are reminiscent in effect and technique to that of early abstract artists. This
painting, produced by an artist with no formal training, exhibits a remarkable understanding of design,
color and composition. The background of “Monkeys” is strikingly similar to Wassily Kandinsky’s
canvas “Bright Picture 1913”, and it could be argued that the groundbreaking visual concepts detailed
in Kandinsky’s 1926 treatise, “Point and Line to Plane” can be found in “Monkeys”. Here, the tonal
splashes are gaily linked to darting figures through the linear monkey tails and curving vines. Eisman’s
painterly treatment of the surface and effective use of imagery creates a visual excitement for the
viewer, and exemplifies the high caliber of work which was often produced by the best of the
sideshow banner painters. Other works in this section, likewise share interesting affinities with fine
art.
The Art of Sideshow Banner Painting

13. “Monkeys”. Artist: Nieman Eisman
Photo: Sideshow World

14. “Monkeys”. Artist: Nieman Eisman
Photo: Sideshow World
“Bright Picture 1913”. Artist: Wassily Kandinsky.
Photo: Stavros Pavlides

15. “Snake Charmer”. Artist: Unknown.
Photo: Eric Reber

16. “Snake Charmer”. Artist: Unknown.
Photo: Eric Reber
“Odalisque With Slave.
Artist: Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres.
Date: 1839-1840.
Photo: Harvard Art Museums.

17. “Monkeys-Porcupines”. Artist: Fred G. Johnson. Size: 93 in x 116 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery

18. “Exotic Moroccan Moments”. Artist: Unknown
Photo: Eric Reber

19. “Damascus Dancers” by Kimball & Sterling.
Artist: Unknown. Size: 13’6” x 11’3”
Photo: Live Auctioneers

20. “Yogy Ray”. Artist – Unknown.
Photo: Sideshow World

21. “Electric Wonder”. Artist: Jack Cripe. Circa 1950. Size: 120 in x 120 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery

22. “Tattooed Girl”. Artist: Snap Wyatt.
Photo: Wisconsin Historical Society.

23. “Champion Sword Swallower”. Artist: Nieman Eisman (attributed)
Photo: Amusing the Zillion

24. “Barker at a sideshow at the Rutland Fair, Rutland, Vermont”.
Photo: Library of Congress
The Magnetism of Sideshow Banners

25. Sideshow banners were not originally intended to be admired as works of art. They
were designed to stop traffic on the carnival midway so the carnival “barkers” could
gather a crowd and persuade as many as possible to buy a ticket. In this capacity, the
banners functioned extremely well. Images were designed to be so outrageous,
passersby were compelled to stop and contemplate. Could an actual mermaid really be
inside? The long-running financial success of the sideshow business is evidence of the
effectiveness of sideshow banner art to mesmerize an audience. Banner art in this
section highlights the advertising tools and techniques which banner artists used so well.
The Magnetism of Sideshow Banners

26. “Human Paradox”. Artist: Fred G. Johnson.
Size: 94 in x 120 in. Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery
“Upside Down Family”. Artist: Unknown.
Size: 119 in x 139 in. Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery

27. “Strange Girls”. Artist: Unknown.
Photo: Side Show Banner Gallery
“As Strange As It Seems”. Artist: Unknown.
Size: 94 in x 120 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery

28. Sideshow Audience. Circa 1930’s.
Photo: Sideshow World
The Other Side of the Canvas:
What Will You See ?
Two girls on the midway, circa 1930’s.
Photo: Sideshow World

29. The imagery and messages contained in the banners exhibited in this section are
shockingly insensitive and offensive. The artwork is creative but the message is
distressing and appalling. These sideshow banners were originally displayed for a
general public of all ages, but “Exploring the Other Side of the Canvas” audience
members are cautioned to consider the implications before proceeding. Much like the
sideshow ticket holders of the past, audience members entering this exhibition section
will step through an invisible canvas curtain and emerge in “their” world. On this side of
the canvas, you will see the faces of the real people put on exhibit as a result of their
physical abnormalities, gender, skin color or mental disabilities. On this side of the
canvas you will confront the issue of what it means to be “normal”, and you will be
compelled to confront the moral and ethical dilemma of exhibiting humans for profit.
You will see the graphic images which made this practice so successful.
The Other Side of the Canvas:

30. Racial discrimination and strife were unfortunate hallmarks of the past century in
America, and exaggerated images of racially-based stereotypes were common in sideshow
banners. The banners advertised sideshow attractions which featured minority individuals,
particularly of African American descent, as savages, wild-men and inferior sub-humans. This
exploitive treatment received shockingly little public outcry and persisted even into the latter
half of the 20th century.
Insensitivity to Race and Condition
“Monkey People”. Artist: Unknown.
Photo: Museum Syndicate

31. “The Gorilla Men”. Artist: Unknown.
Photo: Sideshow World

32. “Aztec Indian”. Artist: Snap Wyatt. Size: 90 in x 114 in.
Photo: Sideshow World
“Missing Link”. Artist : Fred G. Johnson. Circa 1950’s.
Size: 92 in x 112 in.
Photo: Liveauctioneers

33. Arthur Dove, Untitled from Sketch
“Ubangi Savages Featured with the Al. G. Barnes Circus
Season, 1932”. Photo: Sideshow World
“Ubangi”. Artist: Snap Wyatt.
Photo: Sideshow World

34. “African Witch Doctor”. Artist: Snap Wyatt.
Photo: Sideshow Banner Gallery
“Strange Little People”. Artist: T. Frank.
Size: 116 in x 94 in. Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery

35. Lobster Boy, Fat Lady, Penguin Boy, Half-Girl,
Pinhead & Other Epithets
Persons with physical or mental disabilities were equally exploited by
sideshows and sideshow banner artists. Sideshow banners in this section illustrate
the cruel creativity used to change an ordinary disease process into an attraction.
The use of inventive character names which stretch the imagination reached their
zenith in this category of banners; “Penguin Boy”, “Alligator Girl”, “What-Is-It?”.
Visual associations with royalty, prestige, or uncommon abilities were also
common ploys.

36. “Lobster Boy”. Artist: Snap Wyatt. Date: 1950.
Size: 117 in x 139 in. Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery

37. “Father & Daughter”. Artist: Fred G. Johnson.
Photo: Cult of Weird
Grady Stiles, Jr. was born with a congenital
abnormality known as ectrodactyly. Stiles, billed as
“Lobster Boy” was reportedly an abusive alcoholic.
He was murdered by a contract killer hired by his wife
and stepson, who were later imprisoned for the crime
(Dougherty, 1996).
Photo: flickr

38. Arthur Dove, Untitled from Sketchbook “E”, ci
“Marie Armless Girl”. Artist: Snap Wyatt.
Photo: Sideshow World.
“Louise the Armless Marvel”. Artist: Johnny Meah.
Size: 132 in x 109 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery

39. Jeannie Tomaini, billed as the “Half-
Girl” was married to Al Tomaini “The
Giant”. The couple retired from
successful careers in the sideshow
business and opened a tourist camp in
Gibsontown, Florida which became a
popular retirement spot for many
sideshow performers (Dougherty, 1996).
“Jeanie Living Half Girl”. Artist: Nieman Eisman. Date: Circa 1930’s.
Photo: Ken Harck

40. “Bob Melvin”. Photo: Sideshow World.
“Two-Faced Man”. Artist: Unknown.
Photo: The Antique Circus.

41. “Percilla – Monkey Girl”.
Photo: Sideshow World
“Brenda Beatty”. Artist: Fred G. Johnson.
Photo: Cult of Weird.

42. “Milroy’s Disease”.
Photo: Anatomy Box
“Ralph the Elephant Boy”. Artist: Millard & Bulsterbaum.
Photo: Sideshow World.

43. “Stanley Berent – Seal Boy”.
Photo: Sideshow World.
“Penguin Boy”. Artist: Jack Cripe. Size: 137 in x 114 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery

44. “Frog Boy”. Artist: Unknown.
Photo: Sideshow World. “They Are Married”. Artist: Snap Wyatt.
Date: circa 1950. Size: 115 in x 102 in.
Photo: Live auctioneers.

45. “Alligator Skin Girl”. Artist: Snap Wyatt.
Photo: Sideshow World.
Emmet Bejano suffered from a skin
condition known as “Ichthyosis”.
Bejano was married to “Percilla the
Monkey Girl” who sufferred from
hirsutism . The couple retired to Florida
where Percilla was fond of flower
gardening.
Emmett and Percilla were avid dancers,
perferring the Cha Cha and Rhumba
(Dougherty, 1996).
Photo: Sideshow World

46. “The Moon Man”. Artist: Unknown.
Photo: Sideshow World
“Multiple Neurofibromatosis”.
Photo: Dermatlas.

47. “Circus Fat Lady”. Photo: Five
Hundred Pound Peep.
“World’s Fattest Man”. Artist: Snap Wyatt. Size: 238 in x 83 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery

48. “Teenie Weenie Comedians”. Artist: Unknown. Size: 94 in x 120 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery
“Giant Ladies”.
Photo: Sideshow World.

49. “Prince Arthur Midget”. Artist: Jack Sigler. Date: 1950.
Size: 105 in x 113 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery.

50. “Pinhead”. Artist: Fred G. Johnson.
Photo: Cult of Weird.
Schlitzie Surtees was born Simon Metz, in the
Bronx, New York. Billed as a “Pinhead” , Schlitzie
was portrayed as a female. Surtees suffered from
profound mental disability but reportedly had a
zest for live and was adored by everyone who
knew him. After retirement from the sideshow,
Surtees spent his final years in a nursing home
(Dougherty, 1996).
Photo: Mentalfloss.

51. “Hoo La La”. Artist: P. Barnett. Size: 92 in x 113 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery
“Hoo La La”: Sex, Sexism and the Exotic

52. The final section of the exhibition features sideshow banners which blatantly
exploited female sexuality. The female body has been a standard subject of artists
throughout history and was a favorite of sideshow banner artists as well. Typical
of sideshow banners were images of females in alluring poses, usually wearing
bikinis or even less. The artistic approach ranged from quite realistic to cartoon-
like, but the same formula seemed to apply to all; little clothing and an alluring
pose that promised more on the inside. Add palm trees and sand to the mix and
suddenly you’re not in Kansas any more.
“Hoo La La”: Sex, Sexism and the Exotic

53. “Black Mask”. Artist: Snap Wyatt (attributed).
Photo: First Dibs.
“Dance of Death”. Artist: Fred G. Johnson.
Date: circa 1950. Size: 117 in x 92 in.
Photo : Sideshow World.

54. “Andrea”. Artist: Unknown.
Photo: Sideshow World.

55. “Tanagra Live Mermaid”. Artist: Fred G. Johnson.
Photo: Museum Syndicate.
“The Mermaid”. Artist: Fred G. Johnson. Size: 94 in x 120 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery

56. “Cleo Moon Girl”. Artist: Snap Wyatt.
Size: 138 in x 119 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery
“Mona”. Artist: Snap Wyatt.
Size: 138 in x 118 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery

57. “Alligator Girl”. Artist: Unknown.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery
“Tattooed Girl 1037 Designs”. Artist: Fred G. Johnson.
Date: 1940-1950. Size: 141 in x 116 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery.

58. “Eeka’s Native Haunts”. Artist: Al Renton.
Size: 77 in x 112 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery.
“Eeka Captured”. Artist: Al Renton.
Size: 93 in x 115 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery.
“Eeka Is Here And Alive”.
Artist: Al Renton.
Size: 91 in x 114 in.
Photo: Carl Hammer Gallery

59. “Zoma the Sadist”. Artist: Unknown.
Photo: Eric Reber.

60. Illustrations
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Alligator Girl. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). As Strange As It Seems. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Aztec Indians. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Cleo Moon Girl. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Eeka Captured. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Eeka Is Here And Alive. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Eeka’s Native Haunts. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Hoo La La. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm

61. Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Jack Cripe. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Lobster Boy. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Louise the Armless Marvel. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Mermaid. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Mona. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Monkeys-Porcupines. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Penguin Boy. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Prince Arthur Midget. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm

62. Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Strange Little People. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Tattooed Girl. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Tattoed Girl With 1037 Designs. [Online image]. Retrieved
from http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Teenie Weenie Comedians. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Untitled (King-Kong). [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). Upside Down Family. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Carl Hammer Gallery. (2013). World’s Fattest Man In Person. [Online image]. Retrieved
from http://hammergallery.com/Banners/vintage_side_show_banners_1.htm
Cult of Weird. (2013). Father and Daughter. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.cultofweird.com/sideshow/fred-johnson-sideshow-banners/

63. Cult of Weird. (2013). Pinhead. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.cultofweird.com/sideshow/fred-johnson-sideshow-banners/
Delano, J. (1941). Barker at at Sideshow at the Rutland Fair, Rutland, Vermont. Library of
Congress. [Online image} retrieved from
http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa1998009064/PP/
Dermatlas. (2012). Neurofibromatosis. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/image/neurofibromatosis_4_080424
Dougherty, L. (Producer/Director), & Trams, P. (Editor). (1996). Sideshow: Alive on the inside
[Motion Picture]. United States Big Chief Films.
First Dibs. (n.d.). Black Mask. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://shard3.1stdibs.us.com/archivesC/upload/1stdibsB/073109_sb/UrbanCountryLA/13
/x.jpg
Five Hundred Pound Peep. (2010). Circus Fat Lady [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://fivehundredpoundpeeps.blogspot.com/2010/07/your-future-as-circus-fat-lady.html
Flickr. (2010, July). Grady Stiles. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.flickr.com/photos/tikiville43/4793935094/

64. Green, J. (1946, September 28). Rube Merrifield’s Studio at Dreamland, Coney Island.
RubeMerrifield: Banner Artist, Scenery Painter. The Tampa Daily Times. [Online
image]. Retrieved from http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B
-Gallery/Rube/Merrifield.html
Green, J. (1946, September 28). Rube at Work for Ringling Bros. Merrifield’s Studio at
Dreamland, Coney Island. Rube Merrifield: Banner Artist, Scenery Painter. The Tampa Daily
Times. [Online image]. Retrieved from http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-
Gallery/Rube/Merrifield.html
Harvard Art Museums. (n.d.). Odalisque with Slave. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/art/299806
Hepcat Restorations. (n.d.). Mermaid. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://hepcatrestorations.com/2012/01/25/fred-g-johnson-a-one-man-circus/
Hintz, C. (2012). Brenda Beatty. In The Sideshow Banner Art of Fred G. Johnson. [Online
image]. Retrieved from http://www.cultofweird.com/sideshow/fred-johnson-sideshow-
banners/
Hintz, C. (2012). Half Girl. In The Sideshow Banner Art of Fred G. Johnson. [Online
image]. Retrieved from http://www.cultofweird.com/sideshow/fred-johnson-sideshow-
banners/

65. Holston, N. (1972). Paint Brushes. The Human Pincushion. Ah Yes I Knew Him Well.
Florida Magazine. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-Gallery/Noel/Holston-Snap-Wyatt.html
Holston, N. (1972). Snap Wyatt. The Human Pincushion. Ah Yes I Knew Him Well. Florida
Magazine. [Online image]. Retrieved from http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-
Gallery/Noel/Holston-Snap-Wyatt.html
Holston, N. (1972). Snap Wyatt Studio. The Human Pincushion. Ah Yes I Knew Him Well.
Florida Magazine. [Online image]. Retrieved from http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-
G1/SS-B-Gallery/Noel/Holston-Snap-Wyatt.html
Koloszy, L. (n.d.). Great Bally Talkers. Sideshow World. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/72-Advice/42-Sideshow/Great/Bally-Talker1.html
Live Auctioneers. (2012). Circus Sideshow Banner Missing Link. [Online image]. Retrieved
from http://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/8101294
Live Auctioneers. (n.d.). Damascus Dancers. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/2539755
Live Auctioneers. (n.d.). Hoppy and Mignon. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/13812342_hoppy-and-mignon-sideshow-banner

66. Live Auctioneers. (n.d.). Snap Wyatt Girls Girls Girls Freak Show Banner. [Online image].
Retrieved from http://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/3462950
Museum Syndicate. (n.d.). Cavalcade of Wonders. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.museumsyndicate.com/item.php?item=48639
Museum Syndicate. (n.d.). Tanagra Live Mermaid. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.museumsyndicate.com/item.php?item=48689
Museum Syndicate. (n.d.). Monkey People Banner. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.museumsyndicate.com/item.php?item=48673
Parkinson, T. (1955). Fred Johnson. In Color, Contrast Point Up Side Show Banner Line
Art. The Billboard. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-Gallery/Color/Contrast-Line-Art.html
Parkinson, T. (1955). Nieman. In Color, Contrast Point Up Side Show Banner Line Art. The
Billboard. [Online image]. Retrieved from http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-
Gallery/Color/Contrast-Line-Art.html
Pavlides, S. (2012, November 18). Bright Picture 1913. Wassily Kandinsky: Abstract art as
psychological grammar. [Online image]. Retrieved from http://art-ated.com/?p=771%2F

67. Pescovitz, D. (2012). 2 Face Man. Sideshow Banner Art Show in Texas. [Online image].
Retrieved from http://boingboing.net/2012/08/09/sideshow-banner-art-show-inte.html
Reber, E. (2009). Moroccan Moments. The Portfolio of Eric Reber. [Online image].
Retrieved from http://ericreber.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/freaks-geeks-strange-girls/#jp-
carousel-35
Reber, E. (2009). Zoma The Sadist. The Portfolio of Eric Reber. [Online image]. Retrieved
from http://ericreber.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/freaks-geeks-strange-girls/#jp-carousel-
35
Reber, E. (2009). Snake Charmer. The Portfolio of Eric Reber. [Online image]. Retrieved
from http://ericreber.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/freaks-geeks-strange-girls/#jp-carousel-
35
Show History. (n.d.). Jeanie Half Girl. Ken Harck Collection.[Online image]. Retrieved
from http://www.showhistory.com/tomaini.html
Sideshow World Banner Gallery. (n.d.). Alligator Girl. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-Gallery/SSA-SW/30-SW.html
Sideshow Banner Gallery. (n.d.). Dance of Death. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-Gallery/Banner-GA/Johnson.html

68. Sideshow Banner Gallery. (n.d.). Frog Boy. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-Gallery/Banner-GA/Johnson.html
Sideshow Banner Gallery. (n.d.). Moroccan Moments. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-Gallery/Banner-GA/Johnson.html
Sideshow Banner Gallery. (n.d.). Strange Girls. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-Gallery/Banner-GA/Johnson.html
Sideshow World Banner Gallery. (n.d.). Ubangi. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-Gallery/SSA-SW/30-SW.html
Sideshow Banner Gallery. (n.d.). Witch Doctor. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-Gallery/Banner-GA/Johnson.html
Sideshow Banner Gallery. (n.d.). Yogy Ray. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-Gallery/Banner-GA/Johnson.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). 1919 Ringling Brothers Barnum Bailey. [Online image]. Retrieved
from http://www.sideshowworld.com/81-SSPAlbumcover/SS-98/1-98a-1.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). Al G. Barnes Circus Sideshow. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/81-SSPAlbumcover/SS-88/1-88a-1.html

69. Sideshow World. (n.d.). Aztecs, Missing Links, Pinheads. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/81-SSPAlbumcover/SS-13-PH/Blow-OffPH.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). Bannerline. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/81-SSPAlbumcover/SS-74/1-74a-1.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). Bob Melvin. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/40-ATS/Bob1/Melvin.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). Giant Ladies. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/41-GG/88-ATOS/CG-AtoShame.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). Hagenbeck Wallace Circus Sideshow. [Online image]. Retrieved
from http://www.sideshowworld.com/81-SSPAlbumcover/SS-81/1-81a-1.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). Major Debert. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/43-Little-Folks/BL-History-SSW-Little-Folks.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). Marie Armless Girl. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/44-KTDA/5-Armless/swBanner.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). Midway Sideshow. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/81-SSPAlbumcover/SS-120/1-120a-1.html

70. Sideshow World. (n.d.). Moon Man. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://search.yahoo.com/search;_ylt=ArpNXiLpODRTJ6Di8xCCoKCbvZx4?p=moon+man+s
ideshow&toggle=1&cop=mss&ei=UTF-8&fr=yfp-t-900-1
Sideshow World. (n.d.). Percilla. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/76-Blow/Monkey-Girl/Pricella-Pitch.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). Sketch. The Sideshow Banner Art of Snap Wyatt. [Online image].
Retrieved from http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-Gallery/SSA-SW/30-
SW.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). Stanley Berent. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/13-TGOD/MVSF-WH/mvuf-sealo.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). The Girl With Elephant Feet. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/71-View/45-Elephant-Foot/Sylia-Portis.html
Sideshow World (n.d.). Ubangi. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.sideshowworld.com/81-SSPAlbumcover/Ubangi/Savages.html
Sideshow World. (n.d.). United States Tent & Awning Flyer. [Online image]. Retrieved
from http://www.sideshowworld.com/73-Art-G1/SS-B-Gallery/US-Tent/Awning.html

71. Skinner, A. (2011). Human Freaks. Defending Freak Shows. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.divine.vic.gov.au/main-site/arts/arts-showcase/defending-freak-
shows;storyId,3702
Surfer Jerry. (n.d.). Freak Show. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://surferjerry.com/vintage-pictures/circus-is-in-town/
The Antique Circus. (n.d.). Two-Faced Man. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://antiquecircus.com/html/banners.html
The Circus Blog. (2011). Pete Kortes Side Show 1948. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.thecircusblog.com/?p=20828
Tumblr. (n.d.). Jeanie Living Half Girl. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/half-girl
Weird News. (n.d.). Living Half Girl. [Online image]. Retrieved from
http://weirdnews.about.com/od/weirdphotos/ig/Ripley-s-World-of-the-Bizarre/Living-
Half-Girl.htm
Wisconsin Historical Society. (2012). Tattooed Girl Snap Wyatt Sideshow Banner. [Online
image]. Retrieved from
http://store.circusworldmuseum.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=28
2