Learning that sticks – how analogies shape understanding

1. 1 LEARNING THAT STICKS HOW ANALOGIES SHAPE UNDERSTANDING

2. 2 How often do you repeat the same cue over and over or feel like you are not being heard? Image Removed

3. 3 How many times have you instructed your client on how to perform a movement only to be asked - so what do you want me to do?

4. 4 How many times have you given your client a cue only to have them do exactly what you hoped to avoid?

5. 5 How many times have you achieved great results within a session only to see those results disappear the next time the client shows up to train? Image Removed

6. 6 Now…How many times have you also delivered a cue or bit of instruction and have it instantly work and continue to work as if you got 6 weeks of training out of one session?

7. 7 How do we optimize instruction and cueing to ensure learning?

8. 8 “CUTE AS A BABY”

9. 9 DEVELOPMENT Learning Through Association | Sensory System

10. 10 DEVELOPMENT Learning Through Association | Language System APPLE! DOG!

11. 11 “Symbols and words don’t have any intrinsic meaning except that which we assign them.” John Pollack

12. 12 “Hey honey this is a basketball” ------------------- “Oh, kind of like a soccer ball” Image Removed

13. 13 It would seem that new information is best understood through the lens of something we already know

14. 14 “IT’S KIND OF LIKE”

15. 15 “Much of humankind's remarkable mental aptitude can be attributed to analogical ability – the ability to perceive and use relational similarity.” Gentner & Calhoun (2010)

16. 16 ““In broad terms, an analogy is simply a comparison that alerts a parallel - explicit or implicit - between two distinct things, based on the perception of a shared property or relation.” -John Pollack

17. 17 Perth is in the grip of a heat wave with temperatures set to soar to 40 degrees Celsius by the end of the week. Australia is no stranger to extreme weather. Melbourne was pummeled with hailstones the size of golf balls on Saturday. Long term, droughts, bushfires, and floods have all plagued large swaths of Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria (excerpts from: James Geary in I IS AN OTHER)

18. 18 “War involves the organized, deliberate use of force to attain a goal, often the control of territory. So does football.” Offensive lineman “ battle in the trenches ” to give the quarterback, often called the “ field general, ” the time to throw “ bullet ” passes and “ march ” his team downfield. If he’s got a “ cannon for an arm, ” he might even “ throw a bomb. ” (excerpts from: Michael Mandelbaum in THE MEANING OF SPORTS via John Pollack in SHORTCUT)

19. 19 Car : Human Body Computer : Human Brain Jet : Broad Jump Rocket : Vertical Jump Prius : Jogging Porsche : Sprinting

20. 20 What role does analogy play in influencing movement skill acquisition and learning?

21. 21 “PRACTICE LIKE YOU PLAY”

22. 22 ANALOGY LEARNING Table Tennis _ 3 Groups _ Explicit, Implicit and Analogy _ Practice Performance (300 Trials) _ Explicit = Implicit = Analogy _ Recall of Explicit Rules _ Explicit > Implicit = Analogy _ Transfer Test (50 Trials-Backward Counting) _ Accuracy (Explicit < Implicit = Analogy) _ Retention Test (50 Trials) _ Accuracy (Explicit = Implicit = Analogy) (Liao et al., 2001 and Poolton et al., 2006)

23. 23 Liao et al., 2001 “draw a right-angled triangle with the bat… strike the ball while bringing the bat up the hypotenuse of the triangle” UK Poolton et al., 2007 “move the bat as if it is travelling up the side of a mountain” CHINA THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE Analogy Learning

24. 24 ANALOGY LEARNING Free Throws _ 3 Groups _ Explicit, Analogy and Control _ Practice Performance (3-days + 480 Trials) _ Explicit = Analogy = Control _ Recall of Explicit Rules _ Explicit > Control > Analogy _ Transfer Test (1 x 40 Trials-Backward Counting) _ Accuracy (Explicit = Control < Analogy) _ Retention Test (2 x 40 Trials) _ Accuracy (Explicit = Control = Analogy) (Lam et al., 2009/2009)

25. 25 “TEE IT UP”

26. 26 ANALOGY Use the familiar to explain something less familiar Familiar Resonate emotionally | Emotionally charged Emotional Highlight similarities and obscure differences Similarities Tell a coherent story Story STRUCTURAL MAPPING Creating Effective Analogies

27. 27 Culture How does their culture influence the way they see, understand and experience the world Generation How does their generation influence their identity, world perception and social interests Motivation What is their ‘Why’ and their central driver for working towards a set of goals Habits/Hobbies What are they interested in doing and ‘Why’ are they interested in it Personality What makes them tick | What is their favorite color, super hero, super power, etc. FIVE WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR ANALOGIES

28. 28 “It is not simply the case that the longer a piece of information stays in STM then the more likely it is to go into LTM. Instead, the more significant a stimulus or event is then the greater likelihood it is retained in LTM” Williams et al. (2008)

29. 29 ANALOGY Identify analogies that capture the same timing, speed or rhythm of the movement Time | Speed Identify analogies that capture the same force characteristics or strength demands Force | Strength Identify analogies that capture the same direction or spatial qualities as the movement Direction | Space Identify analogies that capture the same shape, positions or geometry of the movement Geometry | Shape STRUCTURAL MAPPING Creating Effective Analogies for Movement

30. 30 ACCELERATION Structural Mapping “Accelerate off the line like a jet taking-off from an aircraft carrier” ACCELERATION | JET

31. 31 VERTICAL JUMP Structural Mapping “Explode of the ground like a rocket to the sky” JUMP | ROCKET

32. 32 “RUBBER MEETS THE ROAD”

33. 33 ANALOGY LEARNING Framework 3 Steps 1.  Identify movement of interest 2.  Prioritize top 3-5 common errors 3.  Generate 1-3 analogies for each error _  Acceleration _  Absolute Speed

34. 34 ACCELERATION Analogy Learning Examples POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS

35. 35 ACCELERATION Analogy Learning Examples POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS

42. 42 ABSOLUTE SPEED Analogy Learning Examples POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS

43. 43 ABSOLUTE SPEED Analogy Learning Examples POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS

51. 51 “THE HAY IS IN THE BARN”

52. 52 “Analogies aren’t accidents, they’re arguments - arguments that, like icebergs, conceal most of their mass and power beneath the surface.” – John Pollack

53. 53 “Analogies…often trigger emotions [and are a] practical way to sort a flood of incoming data, place it within the context of our experience, and make decisions accordingly.” – John Pollack

54. 54 “If one never trusted a single analogy, how could one understand anything in this world? What, other than one’s past, can one rely on in grounding decisions that one makes when facing a new situation.” – Douglas Hofstadter and Emmanuel Sander

55. 55 “[Analogy] reveals meaning without committing the error of defining it.” – Hannah Arendt

56. 56 www.facebook.com/nwinkelman Email: nwinkelman@TeamEXOS.com http://exoslearn.ideafit.com Social Media Contact Info Website TO LEARN MORE @NickWinkelman www.linkedin.com/in/nwinkelman

Learning that sticks – how analogies shape understanding

Nick Winkelman, PhD

Learning that sticks – how analogies shape understanding