Adaptive Mobile UX Design (Extended Version)

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Hi. My name is Jen Matson and I&#x2019;m an interaction designer and user experience architect. Today I'm going to talk about ways of crafting a great user experience for the mobile web.\n

But there are no simple directives for doing so. And insights about how to make the right design choices often come from trial and error, as well as experiences we have as users. That was my path -- a winding one. So I&#x2019;m going to share with you a little of not only my thinking, but my process.\n

Think of it as a treasure map, but instead of one big &#x201C;X,&#x201D; there are a number of different stops on our journey, from a visit to a Sears store, to a look inside our users&#x2019; heads, to an exploration of some myths, to an examination of some concrete technologies you can use. First stop: Sears, or how I came to be there.\n

At the beginning of this year, I converted a spare bedroom in my house from what was essentially a storage space into a home office. Fortunately, my desk is right in front of a nice big window. UNfortunately, it's a single pane, old wood window, in my 100-year old uninsulated house. The room stays cold, and I realized pretty quickly I needed a space heater.\n

Since I didn't want to wait for one I'd order online, I decided to purchase one from a store near me. I did go online first to research features and prices, but then I headed over to my local Sears, since I figured they'd have a pretty extensive appliance selection.\n

I go to the store, head upstairs to where the space heaters are, and find the one I want. The price was a bit higher than at other stores online, but still okay. Even so, I'm a savvy shopper, and I wanted to see if Sears maybe had a price-matching policy.\n

So I took out my smartphone, and did the following Google search in my web browser:\n"Sears price match policy"\nGreat, a web page with that exact phrase for the title, at the sears.com domain. So I tapped on the link to view it. But this is what I got:\n\n

"The server has not found anything matching the Request-URL. ERROR 404 Not found"\nNot good. Where was the web page that Google had tantalizingly dangled in front of me?\nBut looking at the error page URL, I see:\n"m.sears.com"\nAh, sounds like a mobile URL. So the Sears web site KNOWS that I am on a mobile phone, but it can't use that information to provide me with the appropriate experience based on the content I'm looking for and the context of me, standing in their store.\nSo then I went directly to "m.sears.com", got their mobile site.\n

I repeated my search phrase there. But I didn't really get anywhere there, either, just over 64 thousand results for things like jewelry. Obviously searching their product catalog, not the site.\n\nI even tried to go to www.sears.com, but I kept getting redirected to the mobile site. There was no way I could get to that page with the price match policy info from my phone.\n\nOverall, not a good experience. And I'm not just talking about the mobile web site. While I did buy the space heater anyway, the entire process left me pretty grumpy.\n

What we have here is a failure to adapt. The Sears.com site couldn't adapt to the combination of an incoming search query from a mobile device to a page on their main web site. They actually blocked me from getting to information they did have on their main site. I certainly hope web experiences like this do become extinct.\n

Now this story dates from January or February of this year. So I wanted to check in and see how Sears is doing, mobile-wise. If you type &#x201C;sears.com&#x201D; directly into the address bar, you get taken to what looks like a new mobile site, much improved in both UI and functionality. But unfortunately, repeating my little scenario by following the top link on Google for &#x201C;sears price match policy&#x201D; resulted in...\n

This. Come ON, Sears! Clearly, there is still work to be done.\n

So, what is Adaptive Mobile Design? It's an approach to creating web sites and applications that try to give each user the best possible content and experience, tailored to their device and browsing context. And the "try to give" part in there is pretty important, since we can never anticipate all of the factors involved.\n\nAs it turns out, this approach is nothing new. Another industry has been doing this for hundreds of years.\n

The ad industry is the perfect example. Display advertising, in particular, is a specific medium where within the relatively two-dimensional constraint of showing an advertising message, it adapts to the user context. Here's one from a classic roadside ad campaign:\n

Or this print ad, taking advantage of the then-novel full color printed magazine page.\n

Or Boston's famous Citgo sign, where, in its pre-digital incarnation, shown here, the canvas was thousands of illuminated tubes of neon, lit up and set to animate.\n

The message adapts to, and sometimes even acknowledges the medium, as well as the setting. This tour bus ad, for example, is clearly meant for locals, as the tourists unwittingly become part of the ad. And the same campaign, adapted for taxicab and subway placements.\n

Here we've seen three major design considerations: canvas, capabilities and context. As applied to mobile design, Canvas is the varying display sizes and resolutions of phones, tablets and other devices. The capabilities of the device, from the processor speed to the data connection speed, also play a role. Finally, context: where the user is, what they're doing, and their attention level.\n

So here's where someone might say, "Great! As long as we understand these three things, let&#x2019;s jump right in and create a great mobile experience. We&#x2019;re ready!" To which I'd reply: "Maybe." Because there's one big thing, that can be summed up in one little word, that needs to be considered first and foremost.\n

That description of adaptive mobile design? That middle bit: "understanding user needs." Above all else, you need to know your user, not just her place in space or gadget she's using, but what really motivates her.\n\nAnd if you already have a deep understanding of what drives your users to interact with your product, service or site in the first place, then: "Yes, fantastic, you're ready." Because that kind of research -- really, just talking and listening to your users, whether it's through usability testing, user interviews or even just surveys -- is an essential not just as a first step, but an ongoing process. But hey, you guys are already doing that anyway, right?\n

Well, if you're not, then all bets are off. Unless you're designing something for which the target users are pretty much you, there's a good chance you're making some wrong assumptions about why and how people will use your site. And we know how that one goes.\n

Because, the funny thing is, Sears actually got bits of the "canvas, capabilities and context" piece right. They anticipated that yes, I might want to view content tailored to the small screen of my phone, and Sears.com correctly detected my mobile browser. But by fixating on the presumed object in my hand, the experience is disjointed, untethered from the thoughts in my brain.\n

What's my immediate task? Get information on their site I requested by tapping on a link. And that&#x2019;s actually a sub-task of getting price match policy info. And that is the same task whether using a phone or computer browser. And my actual goal, the reason why I'm standing there in the store? To buy something. Presumably, Sears wants me to do that. And wants to support me in any way they reasonably can to help me reach that goal. Define your user goals and tasks, and *then* you can start to use those mobile considerations to better shape the experiences you design.\n

So, considering your user's goals and tasks is essential, but getting that data can be kind of tricky. To get it right, you ideally need to be doing your own research. And while it's not a substitute for user research, industry research can be amazingly helpful in providing general information about user behavior and context issues. Much of this research generously shared by mobile pioneer Luke Wroblewski on a regular basis on his web site, at lukew.com. And mobile analysts like Horace Dediu and Michael Mace help make sense of this data, synthesizing, charting and reflecting upon it, to create a multi-dimensional view of what's happening in the industry based on observing mass mobile purchase and usage behavior. \n\nSo along with insight about your site's users, this research is valuable in helping to create a realistic picture of the mobile Internet user.\n

In fact, actual behavior is so varied, it can be most helpful to start training your brain to NOT jump to certain assumptions about mobile Internet usage. Mobile designer/developer/author Josh Clark has written and spoken quite a bit about some of these mobile context myths, but I'd like to review a couple of which are probably the most important -- or dangerous:\n

Well, of course! What makes it mobile is that you're, well, mobile. Some of the time, yeah. Catching up on email and news while sitting on the bus headed to work is a perfect example. But I'm also using a mobile device while sitting on the couch, watching an old episode of "Law & Order," thinking "hey, that actor looks *really* familiar" and then grabbing my phone on the coffee table to hit IMDB to do a quick search. Both scenarios are equally valid. Even if certain mobile carriers focus on the first one. Over and over again. After all, if we're NOT on-the-go, then we&#x2019;re less likely to be using their service, right?\n

But the research data tells that nuanced story that reflects my mixed home-and-away usage, and probably yours. In fact, an even *larger* number -- 84% -- report accessing the Internet on a mobile device while at home.\n

This myth stems somewhat from the previous one, in assuming on-the-go usage can lead to justifications for removing content or features to presumably better serve these distracted, impatient nomads. And sure, it's much easier to chop things out from your desktop web site to fit a small screen than re-think your site structure and navigation to best accommodate mobile use.\n\nHere on the "desktop" version of the web site for retailer Nordstrom, we see a lot of ways to shop, and links to support that activity by getting users to the right departments and brands.\n

Another feature that is very well-liked by users, and is an especially popular promotion around the holidays is the free shipping offer, something proven to help increase sales. Here we see it promoted in two different spots. Clearly, it's important, right?\n

Well, apparently not so important to mobile shoppers, as the mobile version of Nordstrom's site omits any mention of free shipping. For some reason, different content choices are being made here, and presumably not to optimize for the mobile context. In fact, this disconnect is likely less a choice and more an accidental byproduct of not synching sales channels. But it's still an example of treating mobile users as second-class shoppers. And while there is a link to the view the full site at the bottom of the page, that's only useful for shoppers who have a specific task in mind they can't complete using the mobile site.\n

Oh, and I almost forgot -- before I was able to see the Nordstrom mobile site at all, I had to suffer through this pop-up, one of my main mobile site pet peeves. You have an iPhone app. Congratulations! Now can I get back to shopping for a new pair of boots already?\n

Someone might say, well, people are more likely to shop online using their computer. Isn't it hard to see pictures of clothing on a tiny screen? Well, 25% of U.S. smartphone owners, about 22 million Americans, say that they mostly go online using their phone, rather than with a computer. Those people will likely never see the "free shipping" message on the "main" Nordstrom site, because, for them, the mobile site *is* the main -- and only -- site.\n

So, you know your users and what they want, and you've got a better understanding of what's fact vs. fiction through industry research. All you have to do now is start creating that experience. How do we apply them to the design of mobile web sites?\n

There are many different approaches you can take, everything from creating a separate mobile site to creating a single site to serve all devices and contexts.\n\nCrafting a bespoke site or app is great, if you can manage it. But the fact is, it's time- and resource-intensive. And it can be tricky figuring out how to gracefully integrate and manage a number of elements -- work streams, strategy, content -- across multiple sites.\n\nIt's also a big challenge to redesign an existing site to be truly responsive. The tools and technologies are there, but to successfully implement such a site, it takes both developers and designers with intimate familiarity with all of their capabilities, limitations and differences cross-platform, -browser & -device. That's a pretty tall order, for even the most skilled teams.\n\nAn approach that's likely to work for a larger number of companies, especially those looking to make incremental improvements today, is to be pragmatic. Apply new technologies to your main site, where it makes sense, in order to improve the mobile experience for your users.\n

And these new technologies? HTML5 and CSS3. These two are just the latest versions of both HTML and CSS, used to structure and present web page content. But they are chock full of new features -- too many to cover here, in fact. The following are just those most relevant to the mobile browsing experience.\n

First, HTML5. There are five features -- four big ones, and one little one -- that we'll be looking at:\n\n- Smart web forms, with form input UI changing based on the form field type.\n- Geolocation, where the site can know your location and use that info.\n- Dynamic device orientation, where the site gets motion tracking info from your phone.\n- Web-native video playback, such as what Apple uses to display videos without the use of Flash on its iOS platform.\n- And, semantic web markup, which is less a feature than an architectural change\n

Here we'll look at smart web forms as implemented on sites viewed with the iPhone's Safari browser. Shown is the default soft keyboard, a Qwerty one with all letters. Since space is limited, numbers and symbols requires toggling to different keyboards.\n

But if we go to eBay's mobile web site, we can see one of the new input types in action.\nOn this page, in order to bid on this Go-Betweens record, I would tap in the field for &#x201C;USD&#x201D; (dollars), where I want to enter an amount.\n\nSince the field value must be a number, eBay has specified an input type attribute value of "number&#x201D; for that field. So when the soft keyboard appears, the version shown is numeric, not the default Qwerty one.\n\nAnd here is what the HTML code for that would look like. Since it's a new attribute type, it's simply ignored in older browsers without any ill effect.\n

Here's another input type, on MailChimp's web site. When you go to sign up for an account, there's the familiar field for inputting an email address. Tap on the email field&#x2026;\n\n&#x2026;and you get the Qwerty keyboard, but slightly modified, with the "@" symbol and a period sharing space with the space bar. This way, the user can enter an email address without having to toggle back and forth between the different default keyboard states.\n\nAnd here is the code for that feature.\n

Next geolocation. This is something that is incredibly common in mobile apps, such as Google Maps, where it detects your current location to plot a course. But this is something that web sites can do, as well. On some platforms, such as the iPhone, you'll need to explicitly turn on the ability for the web browser to use geolocation, as it's turned off by default.\n\nAssuming you've turned this feature on, Old Navy's mobile web site has a store locator that uses geolocation. If you tap on the Find Store button&#x2026;\n\n&#x2026;you'll first get an alert asking you if you want to let this web site know your location. If you tap on "OK"&#x2026;\n\nYou'll automatically get a list of locations nearest you, without having to enter or tap on anything additional.\n

The next feature is dynamic device orientation. Like geolocation, this is something that's being used in mobile apps now, primarily for games. Web applications of this feature are still pretty few and far between, but there are some demos online showing exactly how the movement of a device in-hand can effect objects onscreen.\n\nHere is a brief video showing me using one of these web demos on my phone.\n

Another, more common feature, is web-native video playback. The de facto standard for video playback on the has been Flash, which isn't a true standard at all, but a proprietary technology owned by Adobe.\n\nApple's decision not to support video playback using Flash has given HTML5 video a real boost, and largely because of that, sites like YouTube and Vimeo have been adding HTML5 video support.\n\nHere are a couple of examples showing how iPhone and Android each handle things. On the iPhone, tapping on the "Play" icon for this particular video&#x2026;\n\n&#x2026;Triggers playback using the native iPhone video player. Safari hands off the request to that app.\n

On Android, things work a little differently. Again, seeing the same video play icon, tapping on it&#x2026;\n\n&#x2026;brings up a couple of programs from which the user can choose to play the video.\n\nHandling video natively, each mobile platform gets to provide an experience that best meets the expectation of its users, instead of applying a one-size-fits-all approach.\n

Finally, semantic the new semantic tagging structure that HTML5 uses, something that should warm the hearts of information architects everywhere. Instead of faceless divs and spans that need classes and IDs to give them any meaning, the new content containers *themselves* have meaning. When we specify "nav," "header" and "footer" in a wireframe, those elements can now be coded with "nav," "header" and "footer" tags.\n\nThis also happens to be important for findability, as search engines are increasingly looking for structure to help apply meaning when parsing web page content. Properly structured and tagged content, especially when semantically tagged, will be more likely to be indexed properly and given greater prominence in results.\n\nThose are the HTML5 highlights. Next...\n

CSS3. The story here for mobile is pretty much CSS Media Queries, whereby custom stylesheets, which determine web page layout, styling, and even content, can be served up for different screen size, page orientation and resolution. This may sound like a fantastic way of tailoring your content for mobile, and it is. But media queries are not the silver bullet for your mobile solution. Ensuring you don&#x2019;t serve desktop assets to devices on slower connections, for example, is something that is trickier and requires additional techniques to achieve.\n

A good example of a design that adapts to different screen sizes is the web site for northwest music festival Sasquatch. Here we see the full page layout, viewed in a web browser, close to fullscreen, on my laptop. But when viewed on my iPad&#x2026;\n

&#x2026;The images and other content scale accordingly, filling the entire screen in way that perfectly suits this browsing context. This, instead of presenting a zoomed-out view of the "full-size" web page. Or even worse, a page with the right side cut off and a dreaded horizontal scrollbar.\n

And on the iPhone, the smallest screen size, you can see how the design once again undergoes a transformation. The heading design is completely different, in order to fit into that small space, and no attempt is made to show the full navigation bar, which likewise wouldn't fit.\n\nAnd next to the screen is the bit of code that shows how a phone-specific stylesheet is served up via a media query that says: "use this design when this content is viewed on a screen, with a maximum device width of 480 pixels."\n

Orientation is another media queries feature. Here we have two screenshots from my iPad of a web site that changes the design based on the dimensions of the browser window: blue if the window is between 400 and 1000 pixels wide, red if it's wider than 1000 pixels. Above is the code that specifies which stylesheet to use for which orientation: landscape or portrait.\n

And the third feature is screen resolution. Here are three different phones, each with a different screen pixel density. The oldest phone here, the iPhone 3GS, can show 163 dots per inch. The Samsung Galaxy S has a 233 DPI display. The best picture is on the iPhone 4 -- with it's "Retina Display" it can show twice the number of pixels as the previous generation iPhone, at 326 DPI.\n\nWhy do these things matter? By targeting screen resolution, you could serve up an entirely separate set of high-quality images to users with displays capable of viewing them in all their fine-detailed glory. Otherwise images designed for a lower resolution display may not scale properly.\n\nAnd the code for that media query.\n

Of the features mentioned today, it's important to note that while not all are currently supported by browsers on the most popular smartphone platforms, the majority are. This is an excerpt of a chart from mobilehtml5.org that covers the features I&#x2019;ve mentioned and many more. So you should refer to it when deciding whether or not it makes sense for you to use a certain HTML5 or CSS3 feature for your mobile site. Even so, it can only show you what the latest and greatest devices are capable of, as most Android users, for example, are stuck using older versions of that OS due to lack of updates from carriers or OEMs.\n

So, I know that's a lot of information to absorb. But, to wrap up:\n\nYou'll already be doing something right by considering any device, any context, any screen as part of your design process.\n\nResearch is essential to get a mobile site or app right, since there are so many people doing it wrong.\n\nModern smartphone browsers already have good HTML5 and CSS3 support, so you should start using these techniques now. And of course ensure your sites are build in a way that browsers without those capabilities are still able to get essential content and functionality.\n\nFinally, in order to create mobile web experiences that are both adaptive and exciting, it takes close collaboration between designers and developers, with each ideally moving closer to the other&#x2019;s role: designers familiarizing themselves with code to understand capabilities and create prototypes, and developers getting involved as early as possible in the design process, to help shape the discussion with their in-depth knowledge of platforms and technologies.\n

Here are a few great resources that have more information relating to some of the ideas presented today, including some folks I&#x2019;d recommend following on Twitter for the great links and other mobile web-related content they post on a frequent basis. All the sites have tons of examples, many of them interactive, so you can see these and other techniques in action.\n

I hope you&#x2019;ve found some tangible things you can use in crafting better mobile experiences. I also hope that you&#x2019;ll find -- as I did -- that taking the first steps on that path by putting yourself in the minds of users, and starting to use these techniques to enhance your existing sites, you&#x2019;ll be able to see how rewarding an adaptive approach really is.\n