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UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




               Background of Small-Scale Gold Mining
               in the Philippines
               Environmental Impact
               Health Impact
               Recommendations




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




          In the mid-80’s , gold miners engaged actively in processing
          the ore using the crudest method of gold extraction by
          amalgamation
          improper use of mercury during gold smelting and
          uncontrolled disposal of mercury wastes into the
          environment
          estimated that some 26 tons of mercury are dumped
          annually into bodies of water in Mindanao
          population swollen from 70,000 to as much as 100,000




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Small-scale mining operations have
                                                     polluted tributaries and water systems
                                                     resulting in fish kill aside from
                                                     adversely affecting the cattle/livestock
                                                     industry and agricultural production
           UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




                                                                        Tunnelling to get the
                                                                          gold-bearing ores.




                       Crude methods and safety issues
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Testing the ores for
                                                            gold before loading
                                                            the ores in the
                                                            sacks.




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




                                                                  Adding mercury
                                                                   to the mixture
                                                                   of ores and
                                                                   water.




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Residue after
                                                                panning operation
                                                                where most of the
                                                                water are
                                                                removed.




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




                                                             Placing of residue in
                                                               filter cloth to
                                                               remove the
                                                               mercury from the
                                                               residue.




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Blowtorching
                                                                    operations




      Blow-torching is still rampant despite the introduction of
      the retort method
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




SMALL-SCALE
GOLD MINING
OPERATIONS




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Forest trees that were cut-
                  down contribute to the loss
                   of the topsoil while water
                    for mineral processing
                  deprive the people of water
                        for domestic use.


UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




   The transformation in
                                                       Two main pathways of mercury
   the natural                                       contamination that can affect human
   environment of                                     populations in gold mining areas:
   inorganic Hg to Me-Hg                               exposure to inorganic Hg due to
   could eventually lead                               direct inhalation of Hg and skin
   to bioaccumulation in                                contact during gold recovery
                                                     processes and second, exposure to
   fish and other                                    Me-Hg contaminated fish consumed
   organisms through the                              by people who depend on riverine
   aquatic food chains.                                  products for food sources.
           UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
People working in
                 mines during the
                 rainy season
                 regularly risk
                 drowning from flash
                 floods or the collapse
                 of retaining walls.




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




Total Number of fatalities - 32
miners
   recovered            – 27
   trapped/missing      – 5
Injured                   2
Rescued                   9
                  Total: 43
miners




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Integrated Surveillance of the Health and Environmental
          Impacts of Mercury Exposure in Gold Processing (Maramba, N,
          et.al, 1988)
             26% (60/230) of the workers use some form of protective
             device such as facial cover or masks, boots and gloves
             47%(106/230) showed gray or focal deposits in the gingiva
             upon PE
             16% (36/230) had decreased breath sounds
             11%(24/230) had thyroid enlargement
             The cross-sectional survey revealed that blood mercury
             levels were elevated in 13 of the workers examined
             Showed statistically significant association of blood mercury
             levels with the duration of work, eosinophil count and serum
             glutamic amino transferase

UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




       Health Impact of Mercury Among Small-scale Gold Miners
       in Camarines Norte (1991)
          7 out of 99 (7%) were found to have elevated mercury
          blood levels
          4 miners detoxified
       Health and Environmental Impact of Mercury Among
       Schoolchildren in Apokon, Davao del Norte (2000)
          Blood and hair samples from 162 schoolchildren aged 5-
          17 years were collected and analyzed at the NIMD
          Summary of physical examination results showed that
          predominant findings include underheight, gingival
          discoloration, adenopathy, underweight and
          dermatological abnormalities among children examined
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Mercury as a health hazard due to gold mining and Mineral
          processing activities in Mindanao/Philippines (UNIDO, 2001)
             Clinical symptoms among those examined showed that a
             fair amount of workers from Diwalwal showed severe
             symptoms that could be very well related to the classical
             picture of mercury intoxication
          Symptoms include fatigue, tremor, memory problems,
          restlessness, loss of weight, metallic taste and sleeping
          disturbances
          Intentional tremor, mainly fine tremor of eye lids, lips and
          fingers, ataxia, hyperreflexia and sensory disturbances as
          well as bluish discoloration of the gums
          More than 70% (73 /102) of the occupationally-burdened
          population suffer from chronic mercury intoxication
          Higher percentage among amalgam smelters (85.4%)
          1/3 of the non-occupationally burdened is intoxicated


UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




    Collaboration of the DOH, UP-
    National Poisons Control and
    Information Service with the
    National Institute for Minamata
    Disease-Japan
    IAEA Research Coordinated
    Project on mercury (10 countries)
    provided technical assistance in
    the analytical determination for
    total and methyl mercury using a
    semi-automated cold vapor atomic
    absorption spectrometry
    developed at NIMD-Japan and GC
    methods (Akagi Method)

IAEA Mercury Project in collaboration with NIMD-Japan, UP-NPMCC (1999-2003)

UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
§ Analytical Methods to be
               used
               ▪ acid digestion/ cold
                 vapor atomic
                 absorption
                 spectrophotometry
               ▪ dithizone-toluene/Gas
                 chromatography
               ▪ NIOSH Method 6009




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




    Component 1: Health assessment
     social preparation of the community
     Validated interview questionnaire (socio-demographic
     profile, lifestyle, diet, medical history)
     face to face interview with respondents
     vital signs ; pulmonary function tests specifically PEFR
     comprehensive medical and neurological examination
     including a modified mental status examination
     biological monitoring (blood, hair, urine samples)
     Laboratory examination ( BUN, creatinine, ALT,AST)
     urinalysis
IAEA Mercury Project in collaboration with NIMD-Japan, UP-NPMCC (1999-2003)
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
§ Environmental Assessment
             § establish sampling stations based on the
               selection of study site and assess the following:
               §drinking water supply
               §river quality assessment
               §effluent discharge
               §sediment/soil contamination
               §air quality (ambient/personal/workplace)
               §marine life

IAEA Mercury Project in collaboration with NIMD-Japan, UP-NPMCC (1999-2003)


UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




     Monitoring of Mercury Levels in Soil/Sediment
     Samples*

                              Activity                                T-Hg (mg/kg d.w.)
     Small-scale gold mining
       Ballmilling/refining (Tagum, 2000)                                  0.55 - 66.47
       Mining/processing (Sibutad, 2001)                                  0.050 - 0.035
       Ballmilling/Refining (Tagum, 2004)                                  0.014 - 4.48
       Mining/processing (Mt. Diwata, 2005)                               0.024 - 47.76
     US EPA Primary Remediation Goal (PRG) for Hg = 23 mg/kg
     * IAEA Mercury Project (DOH, UP-NPMCC, NIMD-Japan)
Monitoring of Mercury Levels in River
     Systems*
                              Activity                                   T-Hg (ng/ml)

     Small-scale gold mining

       Ballmilling/refining (Tagum, 2000)                                  72.8 - 78.4

       Mining/processing (Sibutad, 2001)                                   0.36 - 0.55
     RP-DENR Standards: 2 ng/mL
     * IAEA Mercury Project (DOH, UP-NPMCC, NIMD-
     Japan)




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




Monitoring of Air Mercury Levels*
                           Activity                                      T-Hg (ng/m3)
Small-scale gold mining
Mining/processing (Mt. Diwata,
1998)
  ambient air                                                             0.168 -0.388
  workplace                                                                3.54 - 6.46
Mining/processing (Sibutad, 2001)                                         4.74 - 13.44
US-EPA: 0.4 ug/m3 (ambient) ; Occupational: <0.025
mg/m3
*NIOSH Method 6009
IAEA Mercury Project (DOH, UP-NPMCC, NIMD-Japan)




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Monitoring of Mercury Levels in
   Fish*
                                                                                        Me-Hg
                        Activity                           T-Hg (mg/kg)                (mg/kg)
   Small-scale gold mining

      Mining/processing (Mt. Diwata, 1998) 0.679 - 1.071                           no data

      Ballmilling/processing(Tagum, 2000)                0.0011- 0.439             0.0071 - 0.378
      Mining/processing (Sibutad, 2001)                  0.004 - 0.063             0.0038-0.036

      Ballmilling/processing(Tagum, 2002)                0.001 - 0.104

      Ballmilling/processing(Tagum, 2005)                0.005 - 1.976             0.002 - 0.580
   US-FDA:RPDA (T-Hg): 500 ng/g: Japan standards : T-Hg (400 ng/g); Me-Hg (300 ng/g)
   *IAEA Mercury Project (DOH, UP-NPMCC, NIMD-Japan)


UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




      A fish advisory was prepared to provide information on
      fish species which are safe for the consumption of the
      general public.




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Monitoring of Hair Mercury                      Levels*
                                                                                   T-Hg             Me-Hg
                    Activity                            Population               (ng/mg)           (ng/mg)
  Small-scale gold mining
                                                                               0.278 -
    Ballmilling/processing(Tagum, 2000)           162 schoolchildren           20.39             0.19 -18.47
                                                   (5-17 yrs)
                                                  38 workers &non-
    Mining/processing (Sibutad, 2001)             worker                       1.05 - 68.68      0.86 - 5.81
                                                  13 children                  0.95 - 2.73       0.73- 2.29
                                         92 workers and                        0.56 -
    Mining/processing (Mt. Diwata, 2005) residents                             307.51            0.52 - 5.99
  Gold Mining (UNIDO-Diwalwal, 2001)                                     150 0.8 - 42.2          no data
  Abandoned mercury mines (Palawan,
  2004)
    BGS, 1999                                     130 residents                2.2 - 4.41        no data
    DOH/UP-NPCIS, 2004                            35 children                  0.18 - 13.29      0.16 - 8.01
                                                  35 mothers                   0.53 -10.56       0.53 -7.06
  NV adopted: hair total mercury: adults and children < 4ng/g ;
  hair methylmercury: < 2 ng/g
  *IAEA Mercury Project (DOH, UP-NPMCC, NIMD-Japan)


UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




  Determination of Blood Mercury
  Levels
                                                                           T-Hg               Me-Hg
  Activity                       Population                                (ng/ml)            (ng/ml)
  Gold processing areas (Apokon, 162                                       0.76 -
  2000)                          schoolchildren                            56.88              1.36 - 46
                                  (5-17 yrs)
                                                  38 workers               3.38 -             1.63 -
  Gold mining (Sibutad, 2001)                     &non-worker              29.48              23.11
                                                  13 children              2.74 - 14.2        1.63 -11.48
  Gold Mining (UNIDO-Diwalwal,                                             <0.25 -
  2001)                                           150 residents            107.6              no data
  Gold Mining (UNIDO-Diwalwal,
  2001)                                           150 residents            <0.25 - 294




        Biological Exposure Index for Mercury (Blood): adults = 15 ug/L; children =7.5 ug/L


UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Mercury levels in hair, blood, fish, water,
             soil/sediment and water samples were analyzed
             as part of the continuing collaboration with the
             National Institute for Minamata Disease-Japan.
             Samples were collected among 100 residents of
             the mining community in Mt. Diwalwal, Monkayo,
             Compostela Valley in collaboration with the
             Center for Health Development for Southern
             Mindanao and the local health unit.
             Samples were analyzed February-March, 2005
             Split sampling analysis with the EOH
             Collaborating Center


UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




              Five out of 100 residents from Mt. Diwalwal are
              recommended to undergo further health
              examination, for possible detoxification.
              These residents have blood mercury levels > 75
              ug/ml (permissible limit: 15 ug/ml).
              39 more residents with blood mercury levels >
              15 ug/ml will also have to be examined.
              39/92 (42.39%) persons examined have total
              hair mercury levels > NV of 4 ug/g.



UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Summary of Blood and Hair Total and Methylmercury
Levels, Mt. Diwalwal, 2005

                                Total mercury               Methyl                  % Methyl
                                                            mercury                 mercury
 Blood (N=100)
                Mean+/-         21.44 +/- 27                7.2 +/- 4.61            46.41+/-26.23
                    SD
                 Range          3.61 – 239.99               1.04 – 24.60            8.54 – 100%
 Hair ( N=92)
                Mean+/-           13.34+/-39.92             1.84 +/- 1.12           52.06+/-31.02
                    SD
                 Range          0.66 – 289.21               0.52- 5.99              1.46 – 100%
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




          The results of the laboratory tests showed that
          inorganic/elemental mercury is the predominant
          mercury specie in the blood samples and this is
          indicative of the environmental and occupational
          exposure of residents to the small-scale gold
          mining operations in the area rather than their
          dietary intake from contaminated fish. ( see
          Table 1).




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Area                     (Hg levels), ng/m3                       Remarks
        Ambient environment           153 - 1262                          Outside the barangay hall
        (near the barangay hall,
        4:55 pm)
        Gold Processing Area –                  7044 – 28,890             Ballmilling and panning operations
        House 1
        Gold Processing Area –                       50,000               Blowtorching area; no activity was
        House 1                                                           prevailing during the monitoring
        Gold Processing Area –                   429 – 27,200             Ballmilling and panning operations
        House 2
        Threshold Limit Value                50 ug/m3 or 50,000 Occupational standards were
        (TLV)                                      ng/m3        exceeded in the workplace in the
                                                                blowtorching area
        Ambient air monitoring                     200 ng/m3              Levels were exceeded in the
        guidelines in                                                     households/residences where the
        residences, USEPA                                                 monitoring was done.

          * Air Monitoring using Lumex Mercury Vapor Analyzer
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




Biological Exposure Index for Mercury (Blood): adults = 15 ug/L; children =7.5 ug/L




        Name of Patient                     Blood Mercury Remarks
                                            levels* (ug/L)

        1.    NS                                  82.7         Elevated, blood Hg level
                                                               17 yo, 2mos as small-scale miner
        2.    RD                                  51.3         Elevated Hg blood level
                                                               53 yo, housewife, residence with SSGM operations
        3.    VD                                  39.4         Elevated Hg blood level
                                                               51 yo,20 years-oversee SSGM operation)
        4.    AA                                  36.4         Elevated Hg blood level
                                                               20 yo, 6 mos as small-scale miner
        5.    WT                                  35.9         Elevated Hg blood level
                                                               27 yo, 5 mos as small-scale miner
        6.    MV                                  23.1         Elevated Hg blood level
                                                               25 yo, 1 yr. as small-scale miner
        7.    AE                                  19.2         Elevated Hg blood level
                                                               16 yo, 2 yrs as small-scale miner
        8.    EG                                  18.6         Elevated Hg blood level
                                                               34 yo, 10 yrs as small-scale miner
        9. PH                                    5.2           60 yo,20 years as small-scale miner
        10. MD                                 ND:DL=1         21 yo, compressor diver
         Biological Exposure Index for Mercury (Blood): adults = 15 ug/L; children =7.5 ug/L
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Detoxification with DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid)
          EMG-NCV testing
          repeat mercury and other laboratory tests
          repeat physical examination
          repeat neurological examination




UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




          Health findings showed exposure of
          schoolchildren to mercury from the
          ballmilling operations in Tagum, Davao del
          Norte
              LGU established a zoning ordinance
             Closure of ballmilling operations near institutions
             (i.e. schools, hospitals, etc)



UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Sofie Lücke & Jenny Öhlander
             Supervisors: Docent Lars Hylander & Ana Trinidad Rivera
                          Uppsala University, Sweden




       Contact: Sofie Lücke: sofielycke@home.se
                 Jenny Öhlander: jenny.ohlander@d.lst.se
                 Lars Hylander: lars.hylander@hyd.uu.se




Need to establish a reference laboratory to undertake a
comprehensive inorganic and methyl mercury determination in
the area to provide the necessary guidelines on fish intake to
the community especially high risk groups such as pregnant
women and children
Education of high risk groups e.g as pregnant women/children
For the community to conduct the ff:
  continue health& environmental monitoring activities in the
  affected areas
  Require establishments to install anti-pollution devices for air
  pollution and waste treatment recovery/treatment facilities
  Relocation of ballmilling/refining process into an industrial
  zone
For the local government units to conduct monitoring of fish
especially those regularly consumed by the people
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE:
        Need to formulate/update existing regulations
        to further restrict mercury use in the country
           Exposure to Hg should be minimized by phasing-out
           certain uses of mercury where environment friendly
           alternatives are available (e.g. medical, mining, etc)
            ▪ Department of Health has issued Administrative Order No.
              21 on the Gradual Phase-out of Mercury in Philippine
              Health Care Institutions
        Conduct of Health and environmental
        monitoring activities
           undertaken to take into consideration low-dose
           chronic exposure among the general population
           and sensitive sub-populations such as pregnant
           and lactating women including infants and children
UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila




     WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE:
    Train miners on alternative environmental-friendly technology
    in the extraction of gold from the ore
     Integrate cost considerations for health, environment as well
    as temporary storage and disposal of wastes, clean up and
    remediation in the issuance of permits by regulatory agencies
    in allowing continuing mercury use in artisanal small-scale
    mining
     Advocacy: People should be made aware of the toxic effects
   of
    mercury to human health even at low doses
     Need to strengthen collaborative linkages with international
    organizations /non-government organizations

UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
Acknowledgement: The health team would like to extend their
  gratitude for the generous support and assistance of the
  following;
  National Institute for Minamata Disease (NIMD, Japan)
  International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
  Department of Health – Philippines
  University of the Philippines-Manila,
  Dr. Komyo Eto, Dr. Borut Smodis, Dr. Hirokatsu Akagi and
  staff
  Usec. Antonio Lopez, Dr. Desiree Narvaez and our CHD
  Directors and staff
  Provincial Governments of Palawan, Zamboanga del Norte,
  Davao del Norte and Compostela Valley;
  Local Governments/Health Units of Tagum and Puerto
  Princesa Cities, Calaca, Sibutad and Monkayo.

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Health and Environmental Impact of Mercury in Small-Scale Gold Mining in The Philippines

  • 1. UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Background of Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Philippines Environmental Impact Health Impact Recommendations UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 2. UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila In the mid-80’s , gold miners engaged actively in processing the ore using the crudest method of gold extraction by amalgamation improper use of mercury during gold smelting and uncontrolled disposal of mercury wastes into the environment estimated that some 26 tons of mercury are dumped annually into bodies of water in Mindanao population swollen from 70,000 to as much as 100,000 UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 3. UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 4. Small-scale mining operations have polluted tributaries and water systems resulting in fish kill aside from adversely affecting the cattle/livestock industry and agricultural production UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Tunnelling to get the gold-bearing ores. Crude methods and safety issues UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 5. Testing the ores for gold before loading the ores in the sacks. UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Adding mercury to the mixture of ores and water. UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 6. Residue after panning operation where most of the water are removed. UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Placing of residue in filter cloth to remove the mercury from the residue. UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 7. Blowtorching operations Blow-torching is still rampant despite the introduction of the retort method UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila SMALL-SCALE GOLD MINING OPERATIONS UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 8. Forest trees that were cut- down contribute to the loss of the topsoil while water for mineral processing deprive the people of water for domestic use. UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila The transformation in Two main pathways of mercury the natural contamination that can affect human environment of populations in gold mining areas: inorganic Hg to Me-Hg exposure to inorganic Hg due to could eventually lead direct inhalation of Hg and skin to bioaccumulation in contact during gold recovery processes and second, exposure to fish and other Me-Hg contaminated fish consumed organisms through the by people who depend on riverine aquatic food chains. products for food sources. UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 9. People working in mines during the rainy season regularly risk drowning from flash floods or the collapse of retaining walls. UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Total Number of fatalities - 32 miners recovered – 27 trapped/missing – 5 Injured 2 Rescued 9 Total: 43 miners UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 10. Integrated Surveillance of the Health and Environmental Impacts of Mercury Exposure in Gold Processing (Maramba, N, et.al, 1988) 26% (60/230) of the workers use some form of protective device such as facial cover or masks, boots and gloves 47%(106/230) showed gray or focal deposits in the gingiva upon PE 16% (36/230) had decreased breath sounds 11%(24/230) had thyroid enlargement The cross-sectional survey revealed that blood mercury levels were elevated in 13 of the workers examined Showed statistically significant association of blood mercury levels with the duration of work, eosinophil count and serum glutamic amino transferase UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Health Impact of Mercury Among Small-scale Gold Miners in Camarines Norte (1991) 7 out of 99 (7%) were found to have elevated mercury blood levels 4 miners detoxified Health and Environmental Impact of Mercury Among Schoolchildren in Apokon, Davao del Norte (2000) Blood and hair samples from 162 schoolchildren aged 5- 17 years were collected and analyzed at the NIMD Summary of physical examination results showed that predominant findings include underheight, gingival discoloration, adenopathy, underweight and dermatological abnormalities among children examined UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 11. Mercury as a health hazard due to gold mining and Mineral processing activities in Mindanao/Philippines (UNIDO, 2001) Clinical symptoms among those examined showed that a fair amount of workers from Diwalwal showed severe symptoms that could be very well related to the classical picture of mercury intoxication Symptoms include fatigue, tremor, memory problems, restlessness, loss of weight, metallic taste and sleeping disturbances Intentional tremor, mainly fine tremor of eye lids, lips and fingers, ataxia, hyperreflexia and sensory disturbances as well as bluish discoloration of the gums More than 70% (73 /102) of the occupationally-burdened population suffer from chronic mercury intoxication Higher percentage among amalgam smelters (85.4%) 1/3 of the non-occupationally burdened is intoxicated UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Collaboration of the DOH, UP- National Poisons Control and Information Service with the National Institute for Minamata Disease-Japan IAEA Research Coordinated Project on mercury (10 countries) provided technical assistance in the analytical determination for total and methyl mercury using a semi-automated cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry developed at NIMD-Japan and GC methods (Akagi Method) IAEA Mercury Project in collaboration with NIMD-Japan, UP-NPMCC (1999-2003) UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 12. § Analytical Methods to be used ▪ acid digestion/ cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry ▪ dithizone-toluene/Gas chromatography ▪ NIOSH Method 6009 UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Component 1: Health assessment social preparation of the community Validated interview questionnaire (socio-demographic profile, lifestyle, diet, medical history) face to face interview with respondents vital signs ; pulmonary function tests specifically PEFR comprehensive medical and neurological examination including a modified mental status examination biological monitoring (blood, hair, urine samples) Laboratory examination ( BUN, creatinine, ALT,AST) urinalysis IAEA Mercury Project in collaboration with NIMD-Japan, UP-NPMCC (1999-2003) UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 13. § Environmental Assessment § establish sampling stations based on the selection of study site and assess the following: §drinking water supply §river quality assessment §effluent discharge §sediment/soil contamination §air quality (ambient/personal/workplace) §marine life IAEA Mercury Project in collaboration with NIMD-Japan, UP-NPMCC (1999-2003) UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Monitoring of Mercury Levels in Soil/Sediment Samples* Activity T-Hg (mg/kg d.w.) Small-scale gold mining Ballmilling/refining (Tagum, 2000) 0.55 - 66.47 Mining/processing (Sibutad, 2001) 0.050 - 0.035 Ballmilling/Refining (Tagum, 2004) 0.014 - 4.48 Mining/processing (Mt. Diwata, 2005) 0.024 - 47.76 US EPA Primary Remediation Goal (PRG) for Hg = 23 mg/kg * IAEA Mercury Project (DOH, UP-NPMCC, NIMD-Japan)
  • 14. Monitoring of Mercury Levels in River Systems* Activity T-Hg (ng/ml) Small-scale gold mining Ballmilling/refining (Tagum, 2000) 72.8 - 78.4 Mining/processing (Sibutad, 2001) 0.36 - 0.55 RP-DENR Standards: 2 ng/mL * IAEA Mercury Project (DOH, UP-NPMCC, NIMD- Japan) UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Monitoring of Air Mercury Levels* Activity T-Hg (ng/m3) Small-scale gold mining Mining/processing (Mt. Diwata, 1998) ambient air 0.168 -0.388 workplace 3.54 - 6.46 Mining/processing (Sibutad, 2001) 4.74 - 13.44 US-EPA: 0.4 ug/m3 (ambient) ; Occupational: <0.025 mg/m3 *NIOSH Method 6009 IAEA Mercury Project (DOH, UP-NPMCC, NIMD-Japan) UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 15. Monitoring of Mercury Levels in Fish* Me-Hg Activity T-Hg (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Small-scale gold mining Mining/processing (Mt. Diwata, 1998) 0.679 - 1.071 no data Ballmilling/processing(Tagum, 2000) 0.0011- 0.439 0.0071 - 0.378 Mining/processing (Sibutad, 2001) 0.004 - 0.063 0.0038-0.036 Ballmilling/processing(Tagum, 2002) 0.001 - 0.104 Ballmilling/processing(Tagum, 2005) 0.005 - 1.976 0.002 - 0.580 US-FDA:RPDA (T-Hg): 500 ng/g: Japan standards : T-Hg (400 ng/g); Me-Hg (300 ng/g) *IAEA Mercury Project (DOH, UP-NPMCC, NIMD-Japan) UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila A fish advisory was prepared to provide information on fish species which are safe for the consumption of the general public. UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 16. Monitoring of Hair Mercury Levels* T-Hg Me-Hg Activity Population (ng/mg) (ng/mg) Small-scale gold mining 0.278 - Ballmilling/processing(Tagum, 2000) 162 schoolchildren 20.39 0.19 -18.47 (5-17 yrs) 38 workers &non- Mining/processing (Sibutad, 2001) worker 1.05 - 68.68 0.86 - 5.81 13 children 0.95 - 2.73 0.73- 2.29 92 workers and 0.56 - Mining/processing (Mt. Diwata, 2005) residents 307.51 0.52 - 5.99 Gold Mining (UNIDO-Diwalwal, 2001) 150 0.8 - 42.2 no data Abandoned mercury mines (Palawan, 2004) BGS, 1999 130 residents 2.2 - 4.41 no data DOH/UP-NPCIS, 2004 35 children 0.18 - 13.29 0.16 - 8.01 35 mothers 0.53 -10.56 0.53 -7.06 NV adopted: hair total mercury: adults and children < 4ng/g ; hair methylmercury: < 2 ng/g *IAEA Mercury Project (DOH, UP-NPMCC, NIMD-Japan) UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Determination of Blood Mercury Levels T-Hg Me-Hg Activity Population (ng/ml) (ng/ml) Gold processing areas (Apokon, 162 0.76 - 2000) schoolchildren 56.88 1.36 - 46 (5-17 yrs) 38 workers 3.38 - 1.63 - Gold mining (Sibutad, 2001) &non-worker 29.48 23.11 13 children 2.74 - 14.2 1.63 -11.48 Gold Mining (UNIDO-Diwalwal, <0.25 - 2001) 150 residents 107.6 no data Gold Mining (UNIDO-Diwalwal, 2001) 150 residents <0.25 - 294 Biological Exposure Index for Mercury (Blood): adults = 15 ug/L; children =7.5 ug/L UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 17. Mercury levels in hair, blood, fish, water, soil/sediment and water samples were analyzed as part of the continuing collaboration with the National Institute for Minamata Disease-Japan. Samples were collected among 100 residents of the mining community in Mt. Diwalwal, Monkayo, Compostela Valley in collaboration with the Center for Health Development for Southern Mindanao and the local health unit. Samples were analyzed February-March, 2005 Split sampling analysis with the EOH Collaborating Center UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Five out of 100 residents from Mt. Diwalwal are recommended to undergo further health examination, for possible detoxification. These residents have blood mercury levels > 75 ug/ml (permissible limit: 15 ug/ml). 39 more residents with blood mercury levels > 15 ug/ml will also have to be examined. 39/92 (42.39%) persons examined have total hair mercury levels > NV of 4 ug/g. UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 18. Summary of Blood and Hair Total and Methylmercury Levels, Mt. Diwalwal, 2005 Total mercury Methyl % Methyl mercury mercury Blood (N=100) Mean+/- 21.44 +/- 27 7.2 +/- 4.61 46.41+/-26.23 SD Range 3.61 – 239.99 1.04 – 24.60 8.54 – 100% Hair ( N=92) Mean+/- 13.34+/-39.92 1.84 +/- 1.12 52.06+/-31.02 SD Range 0.66 – 289.21 0.52- 5.99 1.46 – 100% UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila The results of the laboratory tests showed that inorganic/elemental mercury is the predominant mercury specie in the blood samples and this is indicative of the environmental and occupational exposure of residents to the small-scale gold mining operations in the area rather than their dietary intake from contaminated fish. ( see Table 1). UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 19. Area (Hg levels), ng/m3 Remarks Ambient environment 153 - 1262 Outside the barangay hall (near the barangay hall, 4:55 pm) Gold Processing Area – 7044 – 28,890 Ballmilling and panning operations House 1 Gold Processing Area – 50,000 Blowtorching area; no activity was House 1 prevailing during the monitoring Gold Processing Area – 429 – 27,200 Ballmilling and panning operations House 2 Threshold Limit Value 50 ug/m3 or 50,000 Occupational standards were (TLV) ng/m3 exceeded in the workplace in the blowtorching area Ambient air monitoring 200 ng/m3 Levels were exceeded in the guidelines in households/residences where the residences, USEPA monitoring was done. * Air Monitoring using Lumex Mercury Vapor Analyzer UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Biological Exposure Index for Mercury (Blood): adults = 15 ug/L; children =7.5 ug/L Name of Patient Blood Mercury Remarks levels* (ug/L) 1. NS 82.7 Elevated, blood Hg level 17 yo, 2mos as small-scale miner 2. RD 51.3 Elevated Hg blood level 53 yo, housewife, residence with SSGM operations 3. VD 39.4 Elevated Hg blood level 51 yo,20 years-oversee SSGM operation) 4. AA 36.4 Elevated Hg blood level 20 yo, 6 mos as small-scale miner 5. WT 35.9 Elevated Hg blood level 27 yo, 5 mos as small-scale miner 6. MV 23.1 Elevated Hg blood level 25 yo, 1 yr. as small-scale miner 7. AE 19.2 Elevated Hg blood level 16 yo, 2 yrs as small-scale miner 8. EG 18.6 Elevated Hg blood level 34 yo, 10 yrs as small-scale miner 9. PH 5.2 60 yo,20 years as small-scale miner 10. MD ND:DL=1 21 yo, compressor diver Biological Exposure Index for Mercury (Blood): adults = 15 ug/L; children =7.5 ug/L UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 20. Detoxification with DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) EMG-NCV testing repeat mercury and other laboratory tests repeat physical examination repeat neurological examination UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila Health findings showed exposure of schoolchildren to mercury from the ballmilling operations in Tagum, Davao del Norte LGU established a zoning ordinance Closure of ballmilling operations near institutions (i.e. schools, hospitals, etc) UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 21. Sofie Lücke & Jenny Öhlander Supervisors: Docent Lars Hylander & Ana Trinidad Rivera Uppsala University, Sweden Contact: Sofie Lücke: sofielycke@home.se Jenny Öhlander: jenny.ohlander@d.lst.se Lars Hylander: lars.hylander@hyd.uu.se Need to establish a reference laboratory to undertake a comprehensive inorganic and methyl mercury determination in the area to provide the necessary guidelines on fish intake to the community especially high risk groups such as pregnant women and children Education of high risk groups e.g as pregnant women/children For the community to conduct the ff: continue health& environmental monitoring activities in the affected areas Require establishments to install anti-pollution devices for air pollution and waste treatment recovery/treatment facilities Relocation of ballmilling/refining process into an industrial zone For the local government units to conduct monitoring of fish especially those regularly consumed by the people
  • 22. WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE: Need to formulate/update existing regulations to further restrict mercury use in the country Exposure to Hg should be minimized by phasing-out certain uses of mercury where environment friendly alternatives are available (e.g. medical, mining, etc) ▪ Department of Health has issued Administrative Order No. 21 on the Gradual Phase-out of Mercury in Philippine Health Care Institutions Conduct of Health and environmental monitoring activities undertaken to take into consideration low-dose chronic exposure among the general population and sensitive sub-populations such as pregnant and lactating women including infants and children UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE: Train miners on alternative environmental-friendly technology in the extraction of gold from the ore Integrate cost considerations for health, environment as well as temporary storage and disposal of wastes, clean up and remediation in the issuance of permits by regulatory agencies in allowing continuing mercury use in artisanal small-scale mining Advocacy: People should be made aware of the toxic effects of mercury to human health even at low doses Need to strengthen collaborative linkages with international organizations /non-government organizations UNEP-DENR Global Forum on Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining, December 07-09,2010, Manila
  • 23. Acknowledgement: The health team would like to extend their gratitude for the generous support and assistance of the following; National Institute for Minamata Disease (NIMD, Japan) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Department of Health – Philippines University of the Philippines-Manila, Dr. Komyo Eto, Dr. Borut Smodis, Dr. Hirokatsu Akagi and staff Usec. Antonio Lopez, Dr. Desiree Narvaez and our CHD Directors and staff Provincial Governments of Palawan, Zamboanga del Norte, Davao del Norte and Compostela Valley; Local Governments/Health Units of Tagum and Puerto Princesa Cities, Calaca, Sibutad and Monkayo.