Prostate
cancer
Mohammed niyas
Group- 4

The Function of the Prostate
• The prostate is a walnut-sized
gland located behind the base of
the penis, in front of the rectum
and below the bladder
• It surrounds the urethra, the tube-
like channel that carries urine and
semen through the penis
• The primary function of the
prostate is to produce seminal
fluid, the liquid in semen that
protects, supports, and helps
transport sperm

What is Prostate Cancer?
• The most common type of cancer in men
and second most frequent cause of cancer-
related death in men
• A malignant (cancerous) tumor that
begins in the prostate gland
• Some prostate cancers grow very slowly
and may not cause problems for years
• Prostate cancer is somewhat unusual in
that many men with advanced cancer
respond to treatment
• The region of prostate gland where the
adenocarcinoma is most common is the
peripheral zone.
• Initially, small clumps of cancer cells
remain confined to otherwise normal
prostate glands, a condition known as
carcinoma in situ or prostatic
intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN).

Epidemiology
• More than 1.1 million cases of prostate cancer were
recorded in 2012, accounting for around 8 per cent of all
new cancer cases and 15 per cent in men.
• Martinique had the highest rate of prostate cancer,
followed by Norway and France.
• About 68 per cent of prostate cancer cases occurred in
more developed countries.
• The highest incidence of prostate cancer was in Oceania
and Northern America; and the lowest incidence in Asia
and Africa.

Risk FactorsRisk Factors
•Older age: Your risk of prostate cancer increases as you age.
•Race & ethnicity : black men have a greater risk of prostate cancer
than do men of other races. In black men, prostate cancer is also more
likely to be aggressive or advanced. It's not clear why this is.
•Family history of prostate or breast cancer : If men in your
family have had prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. Also, if you
have a family history of genes that increase the risk of breast cancer
(BRCA1 or BRCA2) or a very strong family history of breast cancer, your
risk of prostate cancer may be higher.
•Obesity : Obese men diagnosed with prostate cancer may be more
likely to have advanced disease that's more difficult to treat.
•Dietary: lower blood levels of vitamin D may increase the risk of
developing prostate cancer.
•Hormonal: elevated blood levels of testosterone may increase the risk
for prostate cancer

Prostate Cancer and
Early Detection
• Prostate-specific
antigen (PSA) test
• Digital rectal
examination (DRE)
• Discuss screening
with your doctor

Symptoms of Prostate
Cancer• Frequent urination, or weak or interrupted urine flow
• Pain or burning during urination or blood in the urine
• The urge to urinate frequently during the night
• Different symptoms if the cancer has spread: pain in the back, weight loss,
fatigue
• Sometimes, people with prostate cancer do not show any of these
symptoms, or these symptoms may be similar to symptoms of other
medical conditions

Prostate Cancer
Evaluation
• PSA test
• DRE
• Diagnosis is confirmed with a biopsy
• Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
• Imaging tests can determine if the cancer has spread

Prostate Cancer
Staging• Staging is a way of describing a cancer, such as the depth of the tumor and
where it has spread
• Staging is the most important tool doctors have to determine a patient’s
prognosis
• Staging is described by the TNM system: the size of the Tumor, whether
cancer has spread to nearby lymph Nodes, and whether the cancer has
Metastasized (spread to organs such as the liver or lungs)
• Another staging system assigns letters (A,B,C,D) to describe the cancer
• The type of treatment a person receives depends on the stage of the cancer

Prostate Cancer
Grading
• Grade describes how much cancer cells look like
normal cells (for example, do the cells look
almost normal or very abnormal?)
• The grade of the cancer can help the doctor
predict how quickly the cancer will spread
• The Gleason System is the most common
grading system and describes the cell patterns
seen under the microscope

Stage I or Stage A
Prostate Cancer
• Stage I cancer is found only in
the prostate and usually grows
slowly

Stage II or Stage B
Prostate Cancer
• Stage II cancer has not spread
beyond the prostate gland, but
involves more than one part of
the prostate, and may tend to
grow more quickly

Stage III or Stage CStage III or Stage C
Prostate CancerProstate Cancer
• Stage III cancer has spread
beyond the outer layer of the
prostate into nearby tissues or
to the seminal vesicles, the
glands that help produce
semen

Stage IV or Stage D
Prostate Cancer
• Stage IV cancer has spread to other areas of the body
such as the bladder, rectum, bone, liver, lungs, or lymph
nodes

Treatment
• Treatment depends on stage of cancer
• More than one treatment may be used
• Surveillance (watchful waiting) for some early stage cancers
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Hormone therapy
• Chemotherapy

Cancer Treatment: Watchful
Waiting
• A way to monitor early stage, slow-growing, prostate cancer
• Appropriate when treating cancer would cause more discomfort
than the disease itself
• Mostly used in older men or men who are unwell from other
illnesses
• Treatment begins when the tumor shows signs of growing or
spreading

Cancer Treatment:Cancer Treatment:
SurgerySurgery
• Used to try to cure cancer before it
spreads outside the prostate
• Usually the prostate and nearby
lymph nodes are removed
• Urinary incontinence and sexual
side effects may result from
surgery. These side effects are
treatable
• Cryosurgery (destroying cancer
cells by freezing) is still
experimental

Cancer Treatment: Radiation
Therapy• The use of high-energy x-rays or other
particles to destroy cancer cells
• Used to try to cure disease or control
symptoms
• External-beam: outside the body
• Brachytherapy: the insertion of radioactive
pellets into the prostate
• Intensity-modulated radiation therapy
(IMRT): small beams of radiation are aimed
at a tumor from many angles
• Side effects may include rash and dry,
reddened, or discolored skin

Cancer Treatment: Hormone
Therapy
• Reduces level of male sex
hormones to slow growth of
cancer
• Used to treat prostate cancer
that has grown after surgery
and radiation therapy or to
shrink large tumors before
surgery and radiation therapy
• Can be done surgically or
through medication
• Hormone therapy may cause a
variety of side effects

Cancer Treatment:
Chemotherapy• Drugs used to kill cancer cells
• No standard chemotherapy for
prostate cancer
• Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) and
docetaxel (Taxotere) are both
used in men with prostate cancer
that is resistant to hormone
therapy
• Paclitaxel (Taxol), estramustine
(Estracyte), doxorubicin
(Adriamycin), and
cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan,
Neosar) have shown promise in
treating advanced prostate cancer

References:
• http://www.mayoclinic.org/
• http://www.asco.org/
• http://www.europeanurology.com/article/S0302-2838(12)00305-
3/fulltext/international-variation-in-prostate-cancer-incidence-and-
mortality-rates-img-src-manager-uploads-europeanurology-com-eur-
articles-s0302-2838-12-00305-3-assets-eulogo1-jpg-alt-eulogo1

Thank youThank you !!