1. Numerical Methods
Ordinary Differential Equations - 2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Department of Mathematics,
Atmiya Institute of Tech. and Science,
Rajkot (Gujarat) - INDIA
niravbvyas@gmail.com
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
2. Ordinary Differential Equations
Euler’s Method:
Consider the differential Equation
dy
dx
= f(x, y), y(x0) = y0
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
3. Ordinary Differential Equations
Euler’s Method:
Consider the differential Equation
dy
dx
= f(x, y), y(x0) = y0
The Taylor’s series is
y(x) = y(x0) +
(x − x0)
1!
y (x0) +
(x − x0)2
2!
y (x0) + . . . - - - (1)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
4. Ordinary Differential Equations
Euler’s Method:
Consider the differential Equation
dy
dx
= f(x, y), y(x0) = y0
The Taylor’s series is
y(x) = y(x0) +
(x − x0)
1!
y (x0) +
(x − x0)2
2!
y (x0) + . . . - - - (1)
Now substituting h = x1 − x0 in eq (1), we get
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
5. Ordinary Differential Equations
Euler’s Method:
Consider the differential Equation
dy
dx
= f(x, y), y(x0) = y0
The Taylor’s series is
y(x) = y(x0) +
(x − x0)
1!
y (x0) +
(x − x0)2
2!
y (x0) + . . . - - - (1)
Now substituting h = x1 − x0 in eq (1), we get
y(x1) = y(x0) + hy (x0) +
h2
2!
y (x0) + . . .
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
6. Euler’s Method
If h is chosen small enough then we may neglect the second and
higher order term of h.
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
7. Euler’s Method
If h is chosen small enough then we may neglect the second and
higher order term of h.
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
8. Euler’s Method
If h is chosen small enough then we may neglect the second and
higher order term of h.
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
Which is Euler’s first approximation.
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
9. Euler’s Method
If h is chosen small enough then we may neglect the second and
higher order term of h.
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
Which is Euler’s first approximation.
The general step for Euler method is
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
10. Euler’s Method
If h is chosen small enough then we may neglect the second and
higher order term of h.
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
Which is Euler’s first approximation.
The general step for Euler method is
yi+1 = yi + hf(xi, yi) where i = 0, 1, 2....
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
11. Euler’s Method
Ex.: Use Euler’s method to find y(1.6) given that
dy
dx
= xy
1
2 , y(1) = 1
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
12. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = xy
1
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
13. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = xy
1
2
we take h = 0.2
1st approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
14. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = xy
1
2
we take h = 0.2
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
15. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = xy
1
2
we take h = 0.2
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.2)(1)(1)
1
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
16. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = xy
1
2
we take h = 0.2
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.2)(1)(1)
1
2
= 1.2
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
17. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = xy
1
2
we take h = 0.2
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.2)(1)(1)
1
2
= 1.2
x1 = x0 + h = 1 + 0.2 = 1.2
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
28. Euler’s Method
Ex.: Using Euler’s method, find y(0.2), given
dy
dx
= y −
2x
y
, y(0) = 1. (Take h = 0.1)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
29. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = y −
2x
y
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
30. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = y −
2x
y
we take h = 0.1
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
31. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = y −
2x
y
we take h = 0.1
1st approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
32. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = y −
2x
y
we take h = 0.1
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
33. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = y −
2x
y
we take h = 0.1
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.1)(1 − 0)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
34. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = y −
2x
y
we take h = 0.1
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.1)(1 − 0)
= 1.1
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
35. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = y −
2x
y
we take h = 0.1
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.1)(1 − 0)
= 1.1
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
43. Euler’s Method
Ex.: Use Euler’s method to obtain an approx value
of y(0.4) for the equation
dy
dx
= x + y, y(0) = 1 with
h = 0.1.
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
44. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = x + y
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
45. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = x + y
1st approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
46. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = x + y
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
47. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = x + y
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.1)(0 + 1)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
48. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = x + y
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.1)(0 + 1)
= 1.1
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
49. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = x + y
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.1)(0 + 1)
= 1.1
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
69. Euler’s Method
Ex.: Given
dy
dx
=
y − x
y + x
, y(0) = 1.
Find y(0.1) by Euler’s method in 5 steps.
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
70. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.02 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) =
y − x
y + x
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
71. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.02 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) =
y − x
y + x
1st approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
72. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.02 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) =
y − x
y + x
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
73. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.02 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) =
y − x
y + x
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.02)
1 − 0
1 + 0
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
74. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.02 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) =
y − x
y + x
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.02)
1 − 0
1 + 0
= 1.02
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
75. Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.02 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) =
y − x
y + x
1st approximation:
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.02)
1 − 0
1 + 0
= 1.02
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.02 = 0.02
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
97. Euler’s Method
Ex.: Find y(2) for
dy
dx
=
y
x
, y(1) = 1.
using Euler’s method, take h = 0.2.
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
98. Ordinary Differential Equations
Modified Euler’s Method:
By Euler’s method
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
99. Ordinary Differential Equations
Modified Euler’s Method:
By Euler’s method
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
For better approximation y
(1)
1 of y1, we take
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
100. Ordinary Differential Equations
Modified Euler’s Method:
By Euler’s method
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
For better approximation y
(1)
1 of y1, we take
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
101. Ordinary Differential Equations
Modified Euler’s Method:
By Euler’s method
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
For better approximation y
(1)
1 of y1, we take
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
where x1 = x0 + h
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
102. Ordinary Differential Equations
Modified Euler’s Method:
By Euler’s method
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
For better approximation y
(1)
1 of y1, we take
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
where x1 = x0 + h
For still better approximation y
(2)
1 of y1,
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
103. Ordinary Differential Equations
Modified Euler’s Method:
By Euler’s method
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
For better approximation y
(1)
1 of y1, we take
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
where x1 = x0 + h
For still better approximation y
(2)
1 of y1,
y
(2)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(2)
1 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
104. Ordinary Differential Equations
Modified Euler’s Method:
By Euler’s method
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
For better approximation y
(1)
1 of y1, we take
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
where x1 = x0 + h
For still better approximation y
(2)
1 of y1,
y
(2)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(2)
1 )
we repeat this process till two consecutive values
of y agree.
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
105. Modified Euler’s Method
Once y1 is obtained to desired degree of accuracy,
we find y2
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
106. Modified Euler’s Method
Once y1 is obtained to desired degree of accuracy,
we find y2
y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
107. Modified Euler’s Method
Once y1 is obtained to desired degree of accuracy,
we find y2
y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1)
For better approximation y
(1)
2 of y2, we take
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
108. Modified Euler’s Method
Once y1 is obtained to desired degree of accuracy,
we find y2
y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1)
For better approximation y
(1)
2 of y2, we take
y
(1)
2 = y1 +
h
2
[f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y2)]
where x2 = x1 + h
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
109. Modified Euler’s Method
Once y1 is obtained to desired degree of accuracy,
we find y2
y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1)
For better approximation y
(1)
2 of y2, we take
y
(1)
2 = y1 +
h
2
[f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y2)]
where x2 = x1 + h
For still better approximation y
(2)
2 of y2,
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
110. Modified Euler’s Method
Once y1 is obtained to desired degree of accuracy,
we find y2
y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1)
For better approximation y
(1)
2 of y2, we take
y
(1)
2 = y1 +
h
2
[f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y2)]
where x2 = x1 + h
For still better approximation y
(2)
2 of y2,
y
(2)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(2)
2 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
111. Modified Euler’s Method
Once y1 is obtained to desired degree of accuracy,
we find y2
y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1)
For better approximation y
(1)
2 of y2, we take
y
(1)
2 = y1 +
h
2
[f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y2)]
where x2 = x1 + h
For still better approximation y
(2)
2 of y2,
y
(2)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(2)
2 )
we repeat this step until y2 becomes stationary.
Then we proceed to calculate y3 in the same way
as above.
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
112. Modified Euler’s Method
Ex.: Solve
dy
dx
= x + y , y(0) = 1.
by Euler’s modified method for x = 0.1
correct upto four decimal places by taking h = 0.05.
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
113. Modified Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.05 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = x + y
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
114. Modified Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.05 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = x + y
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.05 = 0.05
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
115. Modified Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.05 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = x + y
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.05 = 0.05
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
116. Modified Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.05 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = x + y
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.05 = 0.05
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.05)(1)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
117. Modified Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.05 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = x + y
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.05 = 0.05
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 1 + (0.05)(1)
= 1.05
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
118. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
119. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
120. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
= 1 + 0.05
2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.05)] =
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
121. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
= 1 + 0.05
2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.05)] = 1.0525
2nd approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
122. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
= 1 + 0.05
2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.05)] = 1.0525
2nd approximation:
y
(2)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) +
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
123. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
= 1 + 0.05
2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.05)] = 1.0525
2nd approximation:
y
(2)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(1)
1 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
124. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
= 1 + 0.05
2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.05)] = 1.0525
2nd approximation:
y
(2)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(1)
1 )
= 1 + 0.05
2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.0525)] =
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
125. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
= 1 + 0.05
2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.05)] = 1.0525
2nd approximation:
y
(2)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(1)
1 )
= 1 + 0.05
2 [(0 + 1) + (0.05 + 1.0525)] = 1.05256
∴ y1 = 1.05256 correct up to 4 decimal places.
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
126. Modified Euler’s Method
x2 = x1 + h = 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
127. Modified Euler’s Method
x2 = x1 + h = 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1
y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
128. Modified Euler’s Method
x2 = x1 + h = 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1
y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1)
= 1.05256 + (0.05)(0.1 + 1.05256)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
129. Modified Euler’s Method
x2 = x1 + h = 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1
y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1)
= 1.05256 + (0.05)(0.1 + 1.05256)
= 1.10769
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
130. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
2 = y1 +
h
2
[f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y2)]
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
131. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
2 = y1 +
h
2
[f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y2)]
=
1.05256 + 0.05
2 [(0.05 + 1.05256) + (0.1 + 1.10769)]
=
2nd approximation:
y
(2)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(1)
2 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
132. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
2 = y1 +
h
2
[f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y2)]
=
1.05256 + 0.05
2 [(0.05 + 1.05256) + (0.1 + 1.10769)]
=
2nd approximation:
y
(2)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(1)
2 )
∴ y2 = .... correct up to 4 decimal places.
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
133. Modified Euler’s Method
Ex.: Using modified Euler’s method , find y(0.2)
and y(0.4) given that
dy
dx
= y + ex
, y(0) = 0
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
134. Modified Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 0, h = 0.2 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = y + ex
x1 = x0 + h = 0.2
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
135. Modified Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 0, h = 0.2 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = y + ex
x1 = x0 + h = 0.2
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
136. Modified Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 0, h = 0.2 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = y + ex
x1 = x0 + h = 0.2
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 0 + (0.2)(0 + e0
)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
137. Modified Euler’s Method
Sol.:
Here x0 = 0, y0 = 0, h = 0.2 and
dy
dx
= f(x, y) = y + ex
x1 = x0 + h = 0.2
y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0)
= 0 + (0.2)(0 + e0
)
= 0.2
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
138. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
139. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
140. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.2)] =
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
141. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.2)] = 0.24214
2nd approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
142. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.2)] = 0.24214
2nd approximation:
y
(2)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(1)
1 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
143. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.2)] = 0.24214
2nd approximation:
y
(2)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(1)
1 )
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.24214)] =
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
144. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
1 = y0 +
h
2
[f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y1)]
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.2)] = 0.24214
2nd approximation:
y
(2)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(1)
1 )
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.24214)] = 0.24635
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
145. Modified Euler’s Method
3rd approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
146. Modified Euler’s Method
3rd approximation:
y
(3)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(2)
1 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
147. Modified Euler’s Method
3rd approximation:
y
(3)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(2)
1 )
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.24635)] =
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
148. Modified Euler’s Method
3rd approximation:
y
(3)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(2)
1 )
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.24635)] = 0.24678
4th approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
149. Modified Euler’s Method
3rd approximation:
y
(3)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(2)
1 )
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.24635)] = 0.24678
4th approximation:
y
(4)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(3)
1 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
150. Modified Euler’s Method
3rd approximation:
y
(3)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(2)
1 )
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.24635)] = 0.24678
4th approximation:
y
(4)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(3)
1 )
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.24678)] =
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
151. Modified Euler’s Method
3rd approximation:
y
(3)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(2)
1 )
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.24635)] = 0.24678
4th approximation:
y
(4)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(3)
1 )
= 0 + 0.2
2 [f(0, 0) + f(0.2, 0.24678)] = 0.24681
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
152. Modified Euler’s Method
5th approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
153. Modified Euler’s Method
5th approximation:
y
(5)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(4)
1 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
154. Modified Euler’s Method
5th approximation:
y
(5)
1 = y0 +
h
2
f(x0, y0) + f(x1, y
(4)
1 )
= 0.24682
∴ y1 = 0.24682 correct up to 4 decimal places.
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
155. Modified Euler’s Method
x2 = x1 + h = 0.4
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
156. Modified Euler’s Method
x2 = x1 + h = 0.4
y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
157. Modified Euler’s Method
x2 = x1 + h = 0.4
y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1)
= 0.24682 + (0.2)f(0.2, 0.24682)
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
158. Modified Euler’s Method
x2 = x1 + h = 0.4
y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1)
= 0.24682 + (0.2)f(0.2, 0.24682)
= 0.54046
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
159. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
160. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
2 = y1 +
h
2
[f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y2)]
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
161. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
2 = y1 +
h
2
[f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y2)]
= 0.59687
2nd approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
162. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
2 = y1 +
h
2
[f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y2)]
= 0.59687
2nd approximation:
y
(2)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(1)
2 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
163. Modified Euler’s Method
1st approximation:
y
(1)
2 = y1 +
h
2
[f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y2)]
= 0.59687
2nd approximation:
y
(2)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(1)
2 )
=0.60251
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
164. Modified Euler’s Method
3rd approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
165. Modified Euler’s Method
3rd approximation:
y
(3)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(2)
2 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
166. Modified Euler’s Method
3rd approximation:
y
(3)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(2)
2 )
= 0.60308
4th approximation:
y
(4)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(3)
2 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
167. Modified Euler’s Method
3rd approximation:
y
(3)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(2)
2 )
= 0.60308
4th approximation:
y
(4)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(3)
2 )
= 0.60313
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
168. Modified Euler’s Method
5th approximation:
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
169. Modified Euler’s Method
5th approximation:
y
(5)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(4)
2 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -
170. Modified Euler’s Method
5th approximation:
y
(5)
2 = y1 +
h
2
f(x1, y1) + f(x2, y
(4)
2 )
= 0.60314
∴ y2 = 0.60314 correct up to 4 decimal places.
Dr. N. B. Vyas Numerical Methods Ordinary Differential Equations -