2. “…sparked by just the right
combination of physical events
& chemical processes…”
AIM:
Where did life originate from?
3. Bacteria Archae- Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
0 Cenozoic bacteria
Mesozoic Colonization of land
Paleozoic by animals
500
Appearance of animals
and land plants
1000 First multicellular
PROTEROZOIC
organisms
1500 Oldest definite fossils
Millions of years ago
of eukaryotes
PRECAMBRIAN
2000 Appearance of oxygen
in atmosphere
2500 Oldest definite fossils
of prokaryotes
ARCHEAN
3000
3500
Molten-hot surface of
4000 earth becomes cooler
4500 Formation of earth
4. Bacteria Archae- Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
0 Cenozoic bacteria
Mesozoic Colonization of land
Paleozoic by animals
500
Appearance of animals
and land plants
1000 First multicellular
PROTEROZOIC
organisms
1500 Oldest definite fossils
Millions of years ago
of eukaryotes
PRECAMBRIAN
2000 Appearance of oxygen
in atmosphere
2500 Oldest definite fossils
of prokaryotes
ARCHEAN
3000
The evolutionary tree of
3500 life can be documented
Molten-hot surface of
earth becomes cooler
with evidence.
4000
The Origin of Life on
4500 Formation of earth Earth is another story…
7. What is Life?
§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
8. What is Life?
§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
u respond to stimuli
9. What is Life?
§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
u respond to stimuli
u regulate internal processes
10. What is Life?
§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
u respond to stimuli
u regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
11. What is Life?
§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
u respond to stimuli
u regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow
12. What is Life?
§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
u respond to stimuli
u regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow
§ metabolism
13. What is Life?
§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
u respond to stimuli
u regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow
§ metabolism
u develop
14. What is Life?
§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
u respond to stimuli
u regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow
§ metabolism
u develop
§ change & mature
within lifetime
15. What is Life?
§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
u respond to stimuli
u regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow
§ metabolism
u develop
§ change & mature
within lifetime
u reproduce
16. What is Life?
§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
u respond to stimuli
u regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow
§ metabolism
u develop
§ change & mature
within lifetime
u reproduce
§ heredity
17. What is Life?
§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
u respond to stimuli
u regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow
§ metabolism
u develop
§ change & mature
within lifetime
u reproduce
§ heredity
w DNA / RNA
18. What is Life?
§ First we have to define LIFE…
u organized as cells
u respond to stimuli
u regulate internal processes
§ homeostasis
u use energy to grow
§ metabolism
u develop
§ change & mature
within lifetime
u reproduce
§ heredity
w DNA / RNA
§ adaptation & evolution
22. The Origin of Life is Hypothesis
§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a
supernatural or divine force?
23. The Origin of Life is Hypothesis
§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a
supernatural or divine force?
u not testable
24. The Origin of Life is Hypothesis
§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a
supernatural or divine force?
u not testable
§ Extraterrestrial Origin
25. The Origin of Life is Hypothesis
§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a
supernatural or divine force?
u not testable
§ Extraterrestrial Origin
u Was the original source of
organic (carbon) materials
comets & meteorites striking
early Earth?
26. The Origin of Life is Hypothesis
§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a
supernatural or divine force?
u not testable
§ Extraterrestrial Origin
u Was the original source of
organic (carbon) materials
comets & meteorites striking
early Earth?
u Heavy bombardment 4bya
may have delivered organic
compound and water to Earth
27. The Origin of Life is Hypothesis
§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a
supernatural or divine force?
u not testable
§ Extraterrestrial Origin
u Was the original source of
organic (carbon) materials
comets & meteorites striking
early Earth?
u Heavy bombardment 4bya
may have delivered organic
compound and water to Earth
u testable
28. The Origin of Life is Hypothesis
§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a
supernatural or divine force?
u not testable
§ Extraterrestrial Origin
u Was the original source of
organic (carbon) materials
comets & meteorites striking
early Earth?
u Heavy bombardment 4bya
may have delivered organic
compound and water to Earth
u testable
§ Spontaneous Abiotic Origin
29. The Origin of Life is Hypothesis
§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a
supernatural or divine force?
u not testable
§ Extraterrestrial Origin
u Was the original source of
organic (carbon) materials
comets & meteorites striking
early Earth?
u Heavy bombardment 4bya
may have delivered organic
compound and water to Earth
u testable
§ Spontaneous Abiotic Origin
u Did life evolve spontaneously
from inorganic molecules?
30. The Origin of Life is Hypothesis
§ Special Creation
u Was life created by a
supernatural or divine force?
u not testable
§ Extraterrestrial Origin
u Was the original source of
organic (carbon) materials
comets & meteorites striking
early Earth?
u Heavy bombardment 4bya
may have delivered organic
compound and water to Earth
u testable
§ Spontaneous Abiotic Origin
u Did life evolve spontaneously
from inorganic molecules?
u testable
32. Origin of Organic Compounds
Possible locations that would have allowed
the synthesis of organic compounds:
33. Origin of Organic Compounds
Possible locations that would have allowed
the synthesis of organic compounds:
§ Hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean
release chemicals, creating unusual
chemical conditions
34. Origin of Organic Compounds
Possible locations that would have allowed
the synthesis of organic compounds:
§ Hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean
release chemicals, creating unusual
chemical conditions
§ Extraterrestrial origin: Scientists have
shown that organic compounds could have
formed in cold interstellar space and then
delivered to Earth by meteors or comets
35. Origin of Organic Compounds
Possible locations that would have allowed
the synthesis of organic compounds:
§ Hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean
release chemicals, creating unusual
chemical conditions
§ Extraterrestrial origin: Scientists have
shown that organic compounds could have
formed in cold interstellar space and then
delivered to Earth by meteors or comets
§ Chemical reactions in the atmosphere and in
water, on the surface of the Earth
39. Spontaneous Origin of Life
Pasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
40. Spontaneous Origin of Life
Pasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
41. Spontaneous Origin of Life
Pasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed for
42. Spontaneous Origin of Life
Pasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed for
the first cells to form include:
43. Spontaneous Origin of Life
Pasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed for
the first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic
molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
44. Spontaneous Origin of Life
Pasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed for
the first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic
molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
45. Spontaneous Origin of Life
Pasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed for
the first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic
molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
2. Assembly of these organic molecules into polymers
(ex. polypeptides)
46. Spontaneous Origin of Life
Pasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed for
the first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic
molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
2. Assembly of these organic molecules into polymers
(ex. polypeptides)
47. Spontaneous Origin of Life
Pasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed for
the first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic
molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
2. Assembly of these organic molecules into polymers
(ex. polypeptides)
3. Formation of polymers that can self replicate to
allow for the inheritance of characteristics
48. Spontaneous Origin of Life
Pasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed for
the first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic
molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
2. Assembly of these organic molecules into polymers
(ex. polypeptides)
3. Formation of polymers that can self replicate to
allow for the inheritance of characteristics
49. Spontaneous Origin of Life
Pasteur disproved “spontaneous generation”
Oldest bacterial fossil date back to 1.9 bya
Processes that would have been needed for
the first cells to form include:
1. Chemical reactions to produce simple organic
molecules (ex. amino acids) from inorganic
molecules (ex. water, carbon dioxide)
2. Assembly of these organic molecules into polymers
(ex. polypeptides)
3. Formation of polymers that can self replicate to
allow for the inheritance of characteristics
4. Packaging of these molecules into membranes with
an internal chemistry different from the
52. Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphere
u water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
53. Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphere
u water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
What’s missing
from that
atmosphere?
54. Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphere
u water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
u lots of available H & its electron
What’s missing
from that
atmosphere?
55. Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphere
u water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
u lots of available H & its electron
low O2 =
organic molecules
do not breakdown
as quickly
What’s missing
from that
atmosphere?
56. Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphere
u water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
u lots of available H & its electron
u no free oxygen low O2 =
organic molecules
do not breakdown
as quickly
What’s missing
from that
atmosphere?
57. Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphere
u water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
u lots of available H & its electron
u no free oxygen low O2 =
organic molecules
§ Energy source do not breakdown
as quickly
What’s missing
from that
atmosphere?
58. Conditions on early Earth
§ Reducing atmosphere
u water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3,
CH4, H2S
u lots of available H & its electron
u no free oxygen low O2 =
organic molecules
§ Energy source do not breakdown
u lightning, UV radiation, as quickly
volcanic
What’s missing
from that
atmosphere?
59. Electrodes discharge
sparks
Origin of Organic Molecules (lightning simulation)
CH4
Water vapor
H2
NH3
Mixture of gases
(quot;primitive Condenser
atmospherequot;)
Water
Condensed
liquid with
complex,
organic
Heated water molecules
(quot;oceanquot;)
60. Electrodes discharge
sparks
Origin of Organic Molecules (lightning simulation)
§ Abiotic synthesis
CH4
Water vapor
H2
NH3
Mixture of gases
(quot;primitive Condenser
atmospherequot;)
Water
Condensed
liquid with
complex,
organic
Heated water molecules
(quot;oceanquot;)
61. Electrodes discharge
sparks
Origin of Organic Molecules (lightning simulation)
§ Abiotic synthesis
u 1920 Water vapor
CH4
Oparin & Haldane H2
propose reducing NH3
Mixture of gases
atmosphere (quot;primitive Condenser
hypothesis atmospherequot;)
Water
Condensed
liquid with
complex,
organic
Heated water molecules
(quot;oceanquot;)
62. Electrodes discharge
sparks
Origin of Organic Molecules (lightning simulation)
§ Abiotic synthesis
u 1920 Water vapor
CH4
Oparin & Haldane H2
propose reducing NH3
Mixture of gases
atmosphere (quot;primitive Condenser
hypothesis atmospherequot;)
u 1953 Water
Miller & Urey
test hypothesis
Condensed
liquid with
complex,
organic
Heated water molecules
(quot;oceanquot;)
63. Electrodes discharge
sparks
Origin of Organic Molecules (lightning simulation)
§ Abiotic synthesis
u 1920 Water vapor
CH4
Oparin & Haldane H2
propose reducing NH3
Mixture of gases
atmosphere (quot;primitive Condenser
hypothesis atmospherequot;)
u 1953 Water
Miller & Urey
test hypothesis
§ formed organic
compounds Condensed
liquid with
complex,
organic
Heated water molecules
(quot;oceanquot;)
64. Electrodes discharge
sparks
Origin of Organic Molecules (lightning simulation)
§ Abiotic synthesis
u 1920 Water vapor
CH4
Oparin & Haldane H2
propose reducing NH3
Mixture of gases
atmosphere (quot;primitive Condenser
hypothesis atmospherequot;)
u 1953 Water
Miller & Urey
test hypothesis
§ formed organic
compounds Condensed
w amino acids liquid with
complex,
organic
Heated water molecules
(quot;oceanquot;)
65. Electrodes discharge
sparks
Origin of Organic Molecules (lightning simulation)
§ Abiotic synthesis
u 1920 Water vapor
CH4
Oparin & Haldane H2
propose reducing NH3
Mixture of gases
atmosphere (quot;primitive Condenser
hypothesis atmospherequot;)
u 1953 Water
Miller & Urey
test hypothesis
§ formed organic
compounds Condensed
w amino acids liquid with
complex,
w adenine Heated water
organic
molecules
(quot;oceanquot;)
66. Stanley Miller
University of Chicago
produced
-amino acids
-hydrocarbons
-nitrogen bases
-other organics
It’s ALIVE!
68. Phospholipids
§ Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
u fatty acid tails = hydrophobic
u PO4 = hydrophilic head
u dual “personality”
69. Phospholipids
§ Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
u fatty acid tails = hydrophobic
u PO4 = hydrophilic head
u dual “personality”
interaction with H2O
is complex & very
important!
70. Phospholipids
§ Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
u fatty acid tails = hydrophobic
u PO4 = hydrophilic head
u dual “personality”
It likes water
& also pushes
it away!
interaction with H2O
is complex & very
important!
73. Phospholipids in water
§ Hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O
§ Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2O
74. Phospholipids in water
§ Hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O
§ Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2O
u can self-assemble into “bubbles”
75. Phospholipids in water
§ Hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O
§ Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2O
u can self-assemble into “bubbles”
§ can also form bilayer
76. Phospholipids in water
§ Hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O
§ Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2O
u can self-assemble into “bubbles”
§ can also form bilayer
bilayer
77. Phospholipids in water
§ Hydrophilic heads attracted to H2O
§ Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2O
u can self-assemble into “bubbles”
§ can also form bilayer
§ early evolutionary stage of cell?
bilayer
78. Origin of Cells (Protobionts)
§ Bubbles → separate inside from outside
→ metabolism & reproduction
79. Origin of Cells (Protobionts)
§ Bubbles → separate inside from outside
→ metabolism & reproduction
Bubbles…
Tiny bubbles…
81. Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic material
82. Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic material
u multi-functional
83. Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic material
u multi-functional
u codes information
84. Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic material
u multi-functional
u codes information
§ self-replicating molecule
85. Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic material
u multi-functional
u codes information
§ self-replicating molecule
§ makes inheritance possible
86. Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic material
u multi-functional
u codes information
§ self-replicating molecule
§ makes inheritance possible
§ natural selection & evolution
87. Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic material
u multi-functional
u codes information
§ self-replicating molecule
§ makes inheritance possible
§ natural selection & evolution
u enzyme functions
88. Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic material
u multi-functional
u codes information
§ self-replicating molecule
§ makes inheritance possible
§ natural selection & evolution
u enzyme functions
u transport molecule
89. Dawn of natural selection
Origin of Genetics
§ RNA is likely first genetic material
u multi-functional
u codes information
§ self-replicating molecule
§ makes inheritance possible
§ natural selection & evolution
u enzyme functions
u transport molecule
§ tRNA & mRNA
96. Prokaryotes
§ Prokaryotes dominated life
on Earth from 3.5–2.0 bya
3.5 billion year old
fossil of bacteria modern bacteria
chains of one-celled
cyanobacteria
104. Oxygen atmosphere
§ Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 bya
u reducing → oxidizing atmosphere
105. Oxygen atmosphere
§ Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 bya
u reducing → oxidizing atmosphere
§ evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting
106. Oxygen atmosphere
§ Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 bya
u reducing → oxidizing atmosphere
§ evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting
§ makes aerobic respiration possible
107. Oxygen atmosphere
§ Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 bya
u reducing → oxidizing atmosphere
§ evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting
§ makes aerobic respiration possible
u photosynthetic
108. Oxygen atmosphere
§ Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 bya
u reducing → oxidizing atmosphere
§ evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting
§ makes aerobic respiration possible
u photosynthetic
u algae)
109. ~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
nuclear envelope
plasma
membrane
DNA
cell wall plasma
membrane
110. ~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
nuclear envelope
plasma
membrane
DNA
cell wall plasma
membrane
Prokaryotic
cell
111. ~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
nuclear envelope
infolding of the plasma
plasma membrane membrane
DNA
cell wall plasma
membrane
Prokaryotic
cell
112. ~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
nuclear envelope
infolding of the plasma
plasma membrane membrane
DNA
cell wall plasma
Prokaryotic membrane
Prokaryotic
cell ancestor of
eukaryotic
cells
113. ~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic
infolding of the plasma reticulum (ER)
plasma membrane membrane
DNA
cell wall plasma
Prokaryotic membrane
Prokaryotic
cell ancestor of
eukaryotic
cells
114. ~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic
infolding of the plasma reticulum (ER)
plasma membrane membrane
nucleus
DNA
cell wall plasma
Prokaryotic membrane
Prokaryotic
cell ancestor of
eukaryotic
cells
115. ~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic
infolding of the plasma reticulum (ER)
plasma membrane membrane
nucleus
DNA
cell wall plasma
Prokaryotic membrane
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
cell ancestor of cell
eukaryotic
cells
116. ~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
§ Development of internal membranes
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic
infolding of the plasma reticulum (ER)
plasma membrane membrane
nucleus
DNA
cell wall plasma
Prokaryotic membrane
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
cell ancestor of cell
eukaryotic
cells
117. ~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
§ Development of internal membranes
u create internal micro-environments
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic
infolding of the plasma reticulum (ER)
plasma membrane membrane
nucleus
DNA
cell wall plasma
Prokaryotic membrane
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
cell ancestor of cell
eukaryotic
cells
118. ~2 bya
First Eukaryotes
§ Development of internal membranes
u create internal micro-environments
u advantage: specialization = increase efficiency
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic
infolding of the plasma reticulum (ER)
plasma membrane membrane
nucleus
DNA
cell wall plasma
Prokaryotic membrane
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
cell ancestor of cell
eukaryotic
cells
122. Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
internal membrane
system
Endosymbiosis
Ancestral
eukaryotic cell
123. Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
u origin of mitochondria
internal membrane
system
Endosymbiosis
Ancestral
eukaryotic cell
124. Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
u origin of mitochondria
internal membrane
aerobic bacterium
system
Endosymbiosis
Ancestral
eukaryotic cell
125. Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
u origin of mitochondria
u engulfed aerobic bacteria,
but did not digest them
internal membrane
aerobic bacterium
system
Endosymbiosis
Ancestral
eukaryotic cell
126. Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
u origin of mitochondria
u engulfed aerobic bacteria,
but did not digest them
u mutually beneficial relationship
internal membrane
aerobic bacterium
system
Endosymbiosis
Ancestral
eukaryotic cell
127. Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
u origin of mitochondria
u engulfed aerobic bacteria,
but did not digest them
u mutually beneficial relationship
internal membrane
aerobic bacterium mitochondrion
system
Endosymbiosis
Ancestral
eukaryotic cell
128. Endosymbiosis
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
u origin of mitochondria
u engulfed aerobic bacteria,
but did not digest them
u mutually beneficial relationship
internal membrane
aerobic bacterium mitochondrion
system
Endosymbiosis
Ancestral Eukaryotic cell
eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion
131. Eukaryotic
Endosymbiosis cell with
mitochondrion
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
Endosymbiosis mitochondrion
132. Eukaryotic
Endosymbiosis cell with
mitochondrion
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
u origin of chloroplasts
Endosymbiosis mitochondrion
133. Eukaryotic
Endosymbiosis cell with
mitochondrion
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
u origin of chloroplasts
photosynthetic
bacterium
Endosymbiosis mitochondrion
134. Eukaryotic
Endosymbiosis cell with
mitochondrion
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
u origin of chloroplasts
u engulfed photosynthetic bacteria,
but did not digest them
photosynthetic
bacterium
Endosymbiosis mitochondrion
135. Eukaryotic
Endosymbiosis cell with
mitochondrion
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
u origin of chloroplasts
u engulfed photosynthetic bacteria,
but did not digest them
u mutually beneficial relationship
photosynthetic
bacterium
Endosymbiosis mitochondrion
136. Eukaryotic
Endosymbiosis cell with
mitochondrion
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
u origin of chloroplasts
u engulfed photosynthetic bacteria,
but did not digest them
u mutually beneficial relationship
photosynthetic
bacterium
chloroplast
Endosymbiosis mitochondrion
137. Eukaryotic
Endosymbiosis cell with
mitochondrion
§ Evolution of eukaryotes
u origin of chloroplasts
u engulfed photosynthetic bacteria,
but did not digest them
u mutually beneficial relationship
photosynthetic
bacterium
chloroplast
Endosymbiosis mitochondrion
Eukaryotic cell with
chloroplast & mitochondrion
142. Theory of Endosymbiosis
§ Evidence
u structural
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
resemble bacterial structure
Lynn Margulis
143. Theory of Endosymbiosis
§ Evidence
u structural
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
resemble bacterial structure
u genetic Lynn Margulis
144. Theory of Endosymbiosis
§ Evidence
u structural
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
resemble bacterial structure
u genetic Lynn Margulis
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
have their own circular DNA, like bacteria
145. Theory of Endosymbiosis
§ Evidence
u structural
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
resemble bacterial structure
u genetic Lynn Margulis
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
have their own circular DNA, like bacteria
u functional
146. Theory of Endosymbiosis
§ Evidence
u structural
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
resemble bacterial structure
u genetic Lynn Margulis
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
have their own circular DNA, like bacteria
u functional
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
move freely within the cell
147. Theory of Endosymbiosis
§ Evidence
u structural
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
resemble bacterial structure
u genetic Lynn Margulis
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
have their own circular DNA, like bacteria
u functional
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
move freely within the cell
§ mitochondria & chloroplasts
reproduce independently
from the cell
