Good overview of acute renal failure but this was written before the most recent ATN data which negates one of the premises of the lectuer that higher doses of dialysis are beneficial in patients in ARF.
3. Dr. Haas invented the first dialysis machine designed
for humans and in 1928 he treated 6 patients.
All of them died.
4. In 1943, Willem Kolff’s, working in the
Nazi occupied Netherlands created
the second human dialysis machine.
In 1943 he dialyzed his first patient, a
young man with acute nephritis.
Dr. Haas
In 1945, a 67-year-old woman in
uremic coma presented to Dr Kolff.
Regained consciousness after 11
hours of hemodialysis.
5. Commonly quoted
mortality of 70% is
for dialysis requiring
ICU patients
For hospital acquired
ARF: 20%
6.
7.
8. 37 year old AA female
Multiple GSW
Prolonged hypotension
Aorta was cross
clamped during
exploratory laparotomy
Anuric x 18 hours
Cr from 0.8 to 2.2
9. 36 y.o. African American
women with menorrhagia.
Has prolonged bleeding
following fibroidectomy
Contrasted CT scan used to
determine source of
bleeding.
Cr rises from 0.8 to 2.2
Patient is non-oliguric
10. Two women.
Same age.
Same race.
Same rise in creatinine.
Same diagnosis: acute renal failure.
Two completely different diseases.
11. definition of acute renal failure
“Acute and sustained reduction in renal function.”
35 definitions
12. biochemical
definitions
Contrast nephropathy
ARF is defined by a 0.5
mg/dL or 25% increase
in serum creatinine
17. R isk
Increase in Cr of 1.5-2.0 X baseline or
urine output < 0.5 mL/kg/hr for more than 6 hours.
I njury
F ailure
L oss of function
E nd-Stage Renal disease
18. R isk: Inc Cr 50-100% or U.O. < 0.5 mL/kg/hr for > 6 hrs
I njury
increase in Cr 2-3 X baseline (loss of 50% of GFR) or
urine output < 0.5 mL/kg/hr for more than 12 hours.
F ailure
L oss of function
E nd-Stage Renal disease
19. R isk: Inc Cr 50-100% or U.O. < 0.5 mL/kg/hr for > 6 hrs
I njury: Inc Cr 100-200% or U.O. < 0.5 mL/kg/hr > 12 hrs
F ailure
increase in Cr rises > 3X baseline Cr (loss of 75% of GFR) or
an increase in serum creatinine greater than 4 mg/dL, or
urine output < 0.3 mL/kg/hr for more than 24 hours or
anuria for more than 12 hours.
L oss of function
E nd-Stage Renal disease
20. R isk: Inc Cr 50-100% or U.O. < 0.5 mL/kg/hr for > 6 hrs
I njury: Inc Cr 100-200% or U.O. < 0.5 mL/kg/hr > 12 hrs
F ailure: Inc Cr > 200% or > 4 mg/dL or U.O. < 0.3 mL/kg/hr >
24 hrs or anuria for more than 12 hours
L oss of function
persistent renal failure (i.e. need for dialysis) for more than 4
weeks.
E nd-Stage Renal disease
21. R isk: Inc Cr 50-100% or U.O. < 0.5 mL/kg/hr for > 6 hrs
I njury: Inc Cr 100-200% or U.O. < 0.5 mL/kg/hr > 12 hrs
F ailure: Inc Cr > 200% or > 4 mg/dL or U.O. < 0.3 mL/kg/hr >
24 hrs or anuria for more than 12 hours
L oss of function: Need for dialysis for more than 4 weeks
E nd-Stage Renal disease
persistent renal failure (i.e. need for dialysis) for more than 3
months.
22. R isk: Inc Cr 50-100% or U.O. < 0.5 mL/kg/hr for > 6 hrs
I njury: Inc Cr 100-200% or U.O. < 0.5 mL/kg/hr > 12 hrs
F ailure: Inc Cr > 200% or > 4 mg/dL or U.O. < 0.3 mL/kg/hr >
24 hrs or anuria for more than 12 hours
L oss of function: Need for dialysis for more than 4 weeks
E nd-Stage Renal disease : Need for dialysis for more than 3
months
23. nice criteria. do they work?
20,126 consecutive
admissions to a
university hospital
Excluded kids
Kidney transplant and
dialysis patients
Patients admitted for <
24 hours
Using RIFLE:
Risk 9.1%
Injury 5.2%
Failure 3.7%
Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D. Crit Care Med 2006 Vol 34 1913-1917.
25. nice criteria. do they work in the icu?
University of Pittsburgh
has 7 ICUs
5,383 patients
Excluded dialysis
Subsequent admissions
Frequency of acute
Kidney failure:
No AKD 1,766
Risk 670
Injury 1,436
Failure 1,511
Hoste E, Clermont G, Kersten A. Crit Care 2006 Vol 310
26.
27. when Hoste looked at markers of
severity of illness excluding the renal
system:
No survival difference between the
4 groups:
• Lack of renal failure
• Risk
• Injury
• Failure
28. RIFLE is dependent on creatinine.
creatine is a functional marker of
organ damage
Functional
markers: old
and busted
31. functional versus biomarkers
Functional
Marker Biomarker
SGOT
Hypoalbuminemia
Liver damage Coagulopathy
SGPT
GGT
Troponin I
Hypotension
Heart damage Arrhythmia
Troponin T
CK-MB
32. functional versus biomarkers
Functional
Marker Biomarker
SGOT
Hypoalbuminemia
Liver damage Coagulopathy
SGPT
GGT
Troponin I
Hypotension
Heart damage Arrhythmia
Troponin T
CK-MB
Creatinine
KIM-1
Kidney damage BUN
NGAL
Cystatin C
33. creatinine as a lagging indicator
4,118 Cardiac surgery patients
Prospectively looked at changes of creatinine
48 hours post-op on 30-day mortality
All odds ratios were controlled for 26
variables found to be significant predictors of
mortality in univariate analysis
36. candidates for a renal troponin:
kidney injury molecule-1 (kim-1)
Transmembrane
protein expressed 2.00
in the proximal
tubule. 0.69
Expression is 0.34
increased 0.13
following ischemic
damage
Can be found 12
hours after renal
insult
Han WH, Bailly V, Abichandani. Kidney Int 2002 62, 237–244.
Liangos O, Han WK, Wald R. Abstract J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 318A, 2005.
37. candidates for a renal troponin:
kidney injury molecule-1 (kim-1)
Transmembrane Time starts at aorta cross
protein expressed clamp. Cr rose to 2.1.
in the proximal
tubule.
Expression is inc-
reased following
ischemic damage
Can be found 12
hours after renal
insult
Han WH, Bailly V, Abichandani. Kidney Int 2002 62, 237–244.
Liangos O, Han WK, Wald R. Abstract J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 318A, 2005.
38. urinary neutrophil gelatinase-
associated lipocalin (ngal)
Protein that is secreted Prospective
by the kidney in res- observational trial
ponse to ischemic injury 81 adults going for
Early data in children Cardiac surgery
showed nearly perfect 65 No AKI
sensitivity and 1 died of MOF
specificity 16 AKI (Risk or higher)
5 required CVVH
False positives with UTI
5 died of MOF
Mishra J, Ma Q, Prada A. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2534-43.
Wagener G, Jan M, K M. Anesthesia 2006; 105: 485-91.
41. etiologies of arf
Seventy percent have concurrent oliguria
< 400 mL/day
< 0.5 mL/kg/hr in children
< 1 mL/kg/hr in infants
Complicates 5-7% of hospitalizations
42. Hou SH, Bushinsky DA, Wish JB. Am J Med 1983; 74: 243-8.
Nash K, Hafeez A, Hou S. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 39: 930-6.
Kaufman J, Dhakal M, Patel B, Et al. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 17: 191-8.
43. Hou SH, Bushinsky DA, Wish JB. Am J Med 1983; 74: 243-8.
Nash K, Hafeez A, Hou S. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 39: 930-6.
Kaufman J, Dhakal M, Patel B, Et al. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 17: 191-8.
44. N=389 N=256 N=103
Pascual J, Liano F. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998, 46: 1-5.
50. no bp, no ARF pee
Pre-renal pee
Properly functioning kidney, properly
responding to a drop in systemic and renal
perfusion
RPF
ulat ion
au toreg
GFR
51. differentiation of prerenal from
intrinsic renal disease
Use of FENa
Fraction of filtered sodium which is excreted in the
urine.
Patients with prerenal azotemia will be sodium
avid and minimize renal excretion of sodium
lowering the FENa below 1%
55. Excreted Na
FENa =
Filtered Na
Urine Na x Urine Volume
FENa =
Serum Na x UrCr x Urine Volume
Serum Cr
Urine Na
FENa =
Serum Na x UrCr
Serum Cr
Urine Na x Serum Cr
FENa =
Serum Na x UrCr
56. FENa the easy way
FENa is a small number 0.1% to 3%
So the calculation will be 0.001-0.03 prior to
converting to percent by X 100
So make the fraction small by putting the small
numbers over the big numbers
Sr Na
Sr Cr Sr Cr x Ur Na
FENa =
Ur Na Sr Na x Ur Cr
Ur Cr
57. FeNa. what is it good for?
The discriminator for differentiating between prerenal azotemia
and ATN is 1%:
FENa < 1 indicates pre-renal FENa > 1 indicates ATN
azotemia
Pre-renal ATN (oliguric and Pre-renal ATN (oliguric and
azotemia non-oliguric) azotemia non-oliguric)
FENa < 1 27 4 FENa > 1 3 51
FENa > 1 3 51 FENa < 1 27 4
Sensitivity: 90% Sensitivity: 93%
Specificity: 93% Specificity: 90%
Miller, Schrier, Et al. Annals Int Med, 1978 Vol 89. p 47-50
58. Low FENa, Not pre-renal
FENa False Positive
Pre-renal Azotemia ATN tested too early
Contrast Nephropathy ATN with CHF
Hemoglobinuric ATN with cirrhosis
nephropathy ATN with severe burns
Myoglobinuric nephropathy Non-oliguric acute renal
Acute rejection failure
Cyclosporin and Tacrolimus Acute Glomerulonephritis
toxicity* ACEi in bilateral RAS or in
Hepatorenal syndrome RAS with solitary kidney
Acute interstitial nephritis NSAID induced ARF
60. Low fractional excretion of sodium in acute
renal failure
Role of timing of the test and ischemia
Patients with a decreased FENa were tested
earlier than those with an elevated FENa
1.7 days for the low FENa group
3.4 days for the high FENa group
70% of patients in the low FENa group had a
subsequent FENa > 1%
61. fractional excretion of urea
Based on the physiologic increase in urea
reabsorption with pre-renal azotemia
Normal FE Urea is 50-65% in well hydrated
individuals
In prerenal azotemia this falls below 35%
Not affected by diuretics
Sr Cr x Ur Urea
Na
FEurea =
FENa =
Sr Na x UrUr Cr
Urea x Cr
Kaplan, Kohn. American J Nephrol, 1992; 12: 49-54.
62.
63. FEurea in the differential diagnosis
of atn
102 patients with ARF
Gold standard was consultants full analysis
and retrospective analysis of response to
treatment.
Divided the cases into:
ATN
Prerenal without diuretic
Prerenal treated with diuretics
Carvounis, Sabeeha, Nisar, Et al. Kidney Int, 2002 Vol 62. p 2223-2229
73. high dose dialysis
High dose
survival
Low dose
Severity of illness (CCARF Score)
74. Ronco’s landmark dialysis dose
study
425 patients with dialysis dependent acute
renal failure were randomized to one of three
doses of CVVH
20 mL/kg/hr of effluent
35 mL/kg/hr
45 mL/kg/hr
76. Schiffl: daily dialysis versus three
days/wk dialysis
160 patients
P=0.01 P=0.001
Schiffl, H. et al. N Engl J Med 2002;346:305-310
77. odds ratio of death
P=0.002
P=0.005
P=0.007
P=0.02
Schiffl, H. et al. N Engl J Med 2002;346:305-310
78. adding dialysis to CVVH
206 dialysis patients randomized to
CVVH 1-2.5 L/hr
CVVH plus 1-1.5 liters of dialysate (CVVHDF)
P=0.03 P=0.008
Saudin P, Niederberger S, De Seigneux S, Et al. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 1312-7.
79. Study n treatment groups
Ronco 425 CVVH 20/h vs. 35-45 ml/kg/h*
Bouman 106 CVVH 20ml/kg/h* vs. 48 ml/kg/h
Schiffl 160 Alternate day vs. daily hemodialysis
Saudan 206 CVVH 25 ml/kg/h vs. CVVHDF 42 ml/kg/h
Total (fixed effects)
Total (random effects)
1 10
Odds ratio
*For purposes of analysis the two high-dose arms in Ronco were combined, as were the two low-dose arms in
Bouman. If these groups are removed the odds ratio is unchanged (1.94; P <0.001).
Kellum J. Nature Clin Practice Nephrol 2007 3: 128-9.
80. future data
US trial: ATN
Primarily veterans hospital
Prospective randomized, multi-center trial
Dose finding study
Conventional daily dialysis
SLED
CVVH
CVVHD
CVVHDF
Australian trial: RENAL
81. furosemide
Decreased activity of the ascending loop of
Henle decreases renal oxygen demand by the
kidney
Better align demand and supply in ischemia
82. Mehta’s trial of furosemide in arf
Retrospective review of
ICU patients
Diuretic responsiveness
determined survival
Mehta, R. L. et al. JAMA 2002;288:2547-2553.
83. furosemide the rct
338 with dialysis dependent ARF
Randomized to high dose furosemide (2,000
mg/day) vs placebo
End-point length of dialysis
No improvement of survival, length of
dialysis, number of dialysis sessions
Shorter time to 2 liters/day of urine output
Cantarovich F, Rangoonwala B, Et al. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44: 402-9.
84. dopamine: still doesn’t work
In healthy volunteers low
dose dopamine increases
renal blood flow and
induces diuresis Increased RBF
Patients in the intensive
care unit do not respond
this way.
Increased urine
85. dopamine: still doesn’t work
In healthy volunteers low
dose dopamine increases
renal blood flow and
induces diuresis
Patients in the intensive
care unit do not respond
this way.
RCT of 380 ICU patients
with early renal failure
ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Lancet 2000;356:2139-47.
Kellum JA, Decker JM.Crit Care 2001; 29:1526-31.
86. dopamine: still doesn’t work
In healthy volunteers low
dose dopamine increases
renal blood flow and
induces diuresis
Patients in the intensive
care unit do not respond
this way.
RCT of 380 ICU patients
with early renal failure
Meta-analysis of 58 studies
and 2,149 patients
ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Lancet 2000;356:2139-47.
Kellum JA, Decker JM.Crit Care 2001; 29:1526-31.
87. dopamine: the randomized
controlled trial
328 ICU patients with SIRS
Early signs of renal failure
< 0.5 cc/kg/hr
Cr > 1.7 mg/dL without a prior history of renal
disease
A rise in serum Cr of 0.9 mg/dL in less than 24
hours
The primary outcome was peak serum
creatinine
ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Lancet 2000;356:2139-47.
88. Secondary end points:
Furosemide dose 192 mg vs 268 mg p=0.39
Duration of mechanical ventilation 10 vs 11 p=0.63
Duration of ICU stay 13 vs 14 p=0.67
Survival to hospital discharge 92 vs 97 p=0.66
89. meta-analysis
Kellum and Decker searched MedLine
(English and non-English literature) for every
article on human trials with dopamine for the
treatment or prevention of ARF from 1966 to
1999.
They included 58 studies with 2149 patients
Kellum JA, Decker JM.Crit Care 2001; 29:1526-31.
90. A. Exclude radiocontrast
studies
B. Limited to heart studies
C. Excludes studies in
which had abnormal
control groups or
increased variance
91. Dopamine increases cortical blood flow more
than medullary blood flow
Cortical blood flow increases GFR
Cortical blood flow increases renal oxygen demand
92. complications of low-dose
dopamine
Increase arrhythmias
Increased myocardial oxygen demand
Gut ischemia
Suppressed respiratory drive
Increased sensitivity to radiocontrast agents
Decreases in T-cell activity
93. dopamine 2.0: fenoldapam
Isolated DA-1 activity
Licensed as an IV anti-hypertensive
Increases medullary blood flow more than
cortical blood flow
Improved oxygenation
Does not increase renal work
94. RCT of fenoldapam
155 patients randomized within 24 hours of
50% increase in Cr
Primary end-point incidence of need-for-
dialysis and/or survival at 21 days
Fenoldapam or half normal saline for 72
hours
Protocolized definition of need-for-dialysis
Tumlin JA, Finkel KW, Murray PT, Et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005; 46:26-34.
96. Tumlin JA, Finkel KW, Murray PT, Et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005; 46:26-34.
97. prophylactic fenoldapam in sepsis
300 patients with sepsis and no signs of AKI
Non-oliguric
Cr < 1.7
Randomized to prophylactic fenoldapam vs
placebo
99. atrial natriuretic peptide
Recombinant Anaritide is therapeutic form
Dilates afferent arterioles
Improves GFR and urine output in animal
models of ATN
Three high profile studies looked at using
ANP in human AKI.
100. radiocontrast nephropathy
30 minutes of ANP
before contrast
30 minutes of ANP after
contrast
Cr > 1.8
Randomized to placebo
or 1 of 3 doses of
anaritide
Creatinine increase of
0.5 or 25% defined RCN
Kurnik B, Allgren RL, Genter FC. Am J Kid Dis 1998; 31: 674-80.
101. 504 critically ill patients
Creatinine at randomization
was 4.6
75% had a normal BL
creatinine
24-hour infusion of Anaritide
p=0.008
Allgren R, Manbury T, Rahman SN. N Eng J Med 1997; 336: 828-34.
102. oliguric follow-up. strict EBM.
222 oliguric patients 24-hour infusion of ANP
P=0.51 P<0.001
P=0.22
Lewis J, Salem M, Chertow G. Am J Kid Dis 2000; 36: 767-74.
103. fixing everything that was wrong
Early treatment
50% increase in creatinine
Low dose anaritide
50 ng/kg/min vs 200 ng/kg/min
Anaritide run continuously until renal recovery or
dialysis.
Previous studies used 24 hour infusion
Protocol defined indication for dialysis
UO < 0.5 cc/kg/hr Pulmonary edema and
for 3 hours FiO2 >0.8
Cr > 4.5 K>6.0
Swärd K, Valsson F, Odencrants P, Et al. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1310-5.
104. N=61
Average Cr 2.3
Swärd K, Valsson F, Odencrants P, Et al. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1310-5.
105. summary
Prognosis is grim
We now have a validated, consensus definition
R isk
I njury
F ailure
L oss of function
E srd
Outpatient and inpatient acquired ARF differ in
etiology
Hospital acquired disease is your fault
106. summary
FE of Urea is a validated way to separate pre-renal
from AKI even in the presence of diuretics
Use of high dose dialysis regardless of methodology
offers a survival benefit
There is no proven benefit of one modality over
another
Except peritoneal dialysis which has been proven to be
inferior to CVVH
Dopamine doesn’t work
Fenoldapam and anaritide may have a role in
reducing mortality from ARF.