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2013 科技領袖營
電子實驗
講師: 張竣凱
1
大綱
• 電子實驗儀器介紹
• 基礎電學知識
• 揚聲器實作
2
3
4
儀器介紹
波形產生器
• 用來產生波形的儀器,又稱訊號產生器
(Function Generator)
• 可調整輸出訊號的頻率、振幅、波形(例如:
弦波、方波、三角波)
5
6
波的複習
時間
振幅
週期=1/頻率
就時間上來看:
在本次實驗中,縱軸為電位,橫軸為時間
波的複習
• 頻率: 波每秒震動的次數(單位: Hz)
• 振幅愈大則訊號愈強(波的能量愈高)
7
8
頻率(Hz) 週期(s) 音名
261.6 0.003823 C
293.7 0.003405 D
329.6 0.003034 E
349.2 0.002864 F
392 0.002551 G
440 0.002273 A
493.9 0.002025 B
523.2 0.001911 C
頻率 VS 音高
•以聲波為例: 頻率愈高,人耳聽起來愈高音,
振幅愈大,聽起來愈大聲
9
波形產生器介紹
電源
(Power)
輸出開關
(Output)
輸出訊號源
波形選擇
10
波形產生器介紹
電源
(Power)
輸出通道1 輸出通道2
波形選擇
通道選擇
通道開關
11
波形產生器介紹
調整工具使用
旋鈕與左右鍵:
1. 用左右鍵決定游標位置
2. 轉動旋鈕來調整數值
鍵盤:
1. 直接輸入所要的數值
12
波形產生器介紹
試著使用看看吧![設定輸出頻率]
1. 按下[Freq/Period]按鍵
使Freq(頻率)秀出藍色框
2. 用鍵盤輸入1.2
3. 選擇單位為kHZ
13
波形產生器介紹
試著使用看看吧![設定輸出振幅]
1.按下[Ampl/HiLevel]按鍵
使Ampl(振幅)秀出藍色框
2. 用鍵盤輸入5
3. 選擇單位為Vpp(伏特)
※Vpp表示峰對峰值,也就是振幅×2
示波器
• 將波的樣子顯示在螢幕上,並且可以測量
波的特性
14
示波器
15
輸入通道
16
示波器
輸入通道
17
示波器介紹
X軸(時間)
Y
軸
(
電
壓
)
各頻道每格的電壓值 每格代表的時間值
18
示波器介紹
19
示波器介紹
試著將波形產生器輸出的訊號連結到示波
器上看看吧!(相同顏色的夾子相接)
改變輸出的波形、振幅、頻率,觀察示波
器螢幕上的訊號是否也跟著改變了呢!?
直流電源供應器
20
開關
電流值 電壓值
電壓調
整旋鈕
負極、接地、正極
21
直流電源供應器
開關 正負極
調整電壓、電流
接地
注意: 切勿以導線直接連接正負極,以免
發生危險!!
輸出開關
22
基礎電學知識
23
電阻
電阻器(Resistor)
電阻就是阻礙電流流動的因素
電阻越大,表示阻礙越大,電流越難流動
在相同電壓的情況下,電阻越大,電流會越小。
V
R
I

+ -V
I
24
47 ×103 ± 5%
電阻
• Q: 如何判斷哪一條是第一條?
• A: 先找到最後一條(金色或銀色),
便可以知道第一條
25
電阻
• 1:紅色 、黑色 、橙色、金色
電阻值??
• 2: 金色、黑色、紅色、 棕色
電阻值??
Ans:20KΩ
Ans:12Ω
26
利用三用電表測量電阻值
27
28
可變電阻
29
可變電阻
選擇接A、B 或 B、C
原理: 調整電阻長度,改變電阻值
• 可以暫時充放電荷的元件
• 常用的兩種電容:
30
電容
陶瓷電容器
(電容值較小
但耐壓較大)
鋁電解電容
(電容值較大
但耐壓較小)
電容器電路符號
31
(A)固定電容器 (B)電解電容器 (C)可變電容器
一般而言,電解電容的長腳為正極、短腳為負極,
切勿接反!!
32
揚聲器實作
項次 品名規格 數量
1 LM386 功率放大器 1
2 3.5立體耳機座 1
3 電容麥克風 1
4 3號4個電池盒 1
5 3.5立體耳機插頭線 1
6 喇叭 0.5W 8Ω (附接線) 1
7 電解質電容 220UF/25V 1
8 電解質電容10UF/35V 3
9 陶瓷電容(503)50000pF(0.05uF) 2
10
1/4W 5%碳質電阻10Ω
1
11
1/4W 5%碳質電阻10kΩ
2
12 16M/M可變電阻10KΩ B-TYPE 1
13 實驗用麵包板 1
33
實作套件材料列表
揚聲器架構
• 電路圖中,常以三角形來表示放大器!
34
實作部分
– 檢查電路所需要的元件是否齊全,檢查儀器
是否能夠使用。
– 規劃元件在麵包板上的配置,以達到最方便
接線的效果。
– 將電路所需各元件以及接線分別在麵包板上
完成。
– 檢查電路後,接上電源、喇叭,測試電路是
否正常運作。
35
實作步驟
Integrated Circuit (IC)
36
Design Fabrication
Wafer
Chip
Layout
Application
Package
類比IC應用電路-揚聲器
麵包板內部接線
37
注意事項:
左圖中以短線相連(橫向) 插孔
表示它們是相連的,也就是
說可以看作是接在同一接點上。
麵包版
38
• 左右兩旁的
洞是縱向相
連的,通常
用來連接電
源的正負極
• 注意電解質
電容(10uF、
220uF)正負
不要接反
接地符號,
用來提供
當作電位
的參考點
• IC腳位由開口(圓孔)左邊
開始,逆時針編號
• 為了使各個腳位之間不相
連,必須將LM386跨接在
麵包版中間的溝槽
39
40
sine wave triangle wave square wave
音源輸入
音源輸出
直流電
6V
第一階段測試
• 利用訊號產生器產生振幅為1Vpp的弦波,
並輸入電路圖中Vin 的位置
• 調整輸入的頻率,聽聽看,喇叭輸出的聲
音是否隨頻率大小改變??
• 注意: 務必仔細檢查電路後再接上電源,以
免LM386過熱而發生危險!!(接上電源後,
避免觸碰LM386)
41
42
• LM386的功效包含了前級電壓
放大和後級電流放大,是一個低
功耗的功率放大器。
• LM386的輸入電壓通常為 6~9V
,因此第6隻腳要輸入6~9V
• 在1和8之間加入10µF的電容,
可使放大效果提升至200倍。
• 第7隻腳加上電容(Bypass
capacitor)能使放大效果更好。
43
大聲公/MP3擴大機
用開關控
制
6V
6V
44
L R
GND
45
MP3線路
輸入訊號
MP3音源線
46
我們所使用的是電容式麥克風
47
麥克風偏壓與訊號處理
麥克風需要一個 3~5V
的跨壓才能驅動。
VDD請接到電源的正極。
6V
0.05uF
48
MIC/MP3切換線路
輸入訊號
MP3音源線
輸出訊號
6V
0.05uF
第二階段測試
• 對著麥克風說話,喇叭是否將我們的聲音也放
大了呢?
• 將音源線接上手機上頭的耳機插槽,並播放音
樂,喇叭是否也能播出音樂呢?
• 注意:
1.若雜音很多,請把線接得更深入麵包版,或在
正負極之間跨接一個10uF的電容
2.播放音樂時,可將麥克風斷開以減少雜音
49
50
51
我們來看看成果吧!

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[科科營]電子實驗