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Algoritmo EM
Manuel Ramón Vargas Avila
Introdução
Algoritmo EM definição:
Trata-se de um método geral para encontrar o estimador de
máxima verossimilhança dos parâmetros de uma distribuição
de probabilidades. A situação em que o algoritmo EM prova
sua potência é nos problemas de dados incompletos, onde a
estimação de máxima verossimilhança resulta difícil devido a
ausência de alguma parte dos dados.
É usado em problemas de: clustering, reconhecimento de
padrões, modelos ocultos de Markov, entre outros. Aplicações
em quase todos os contextos estatísticos e em quase todos os
campos onde técnicas estatísticas foram aplicadas: imagens
médicas, exames de correção, a epidemiologia, e treinamento
de redes neurais artificiais, entre outros.
O algoritmo EM consiste em duas etapas: etapa-
E e etapa-M. A etapa-E é para gerar dados para
conseguir um problema de dados completos,
usando o conjunto de dados observados do
problema de dados incompletos e o valor atual
dos parâmetros, de modo que o cálculo da
etapa-M seja mais simples ao poder ser aplicado
a este conjunto de dados completo e retangular.
Derivação do algoritmo EM
Para isto é utilizado o logaritmo da
equação de verossimilhança
X vetor aleatório de uma
família parametrizada.
Derivação do algoritmo EM
Derivação do algoritmo EM
• Supõe-se que o conhecimento das
variáveis ​​ocultas fará que a maximização da
função é mais fácil.
• Z vetor aleatório oculto e elementos z, a
probabilidade total em termos de z é:
• Equação 3
Derivação do algoritmo EM
• Equação 3 em 2: equação 4
• Desigualdade de jensens
Derivação do algoritmo EM
• Analogamente aplicando para equação 3
Derivação do algoritmo EM
Por conveniência
Interpretação de uma iteração do
algoritmo
delimitada por
Expectation
Maximization
Processo
• Inicialização:
• Execução:
Etapa E:
Etapa M:
Iterar ate a convergência ou condição de
terminação (não garantia de máximo global)
Exemplo #1
Queremos classificar um grupo de
pessoas em dois grupos alta ou
baixa
Para isso contamos com o modelo estatístico
Misturas finitas.
Misturas finitas
Para avaliar plenamente
este modelo deve-se
determinar os cinco
parâmetros
Media
Equa: 1
Varianza
Equa: 2
Probabilidade
Do Grupo A
Equa: 3
Função Normal
Xi= dado
Wai= Probabilidade que o
dado i pertence ao grupo
A
PG1 é sorteado aleatoriamente
INICIALIZAÇÃO
• Passo M:
Calculamos os 5 parâmetros com as equações 1,
2, 3 onde 1 e 2 podem ser aplicadas para o
grupo B.
Passo E
Calcula-se para cada dado e grupo
Normalizando
Condição de terminação
Iterar ate que a diferencia de log
probabilidade global seja menor a
0,01 para 3 iterações sucessivas.
Resultado Final
Exemplo #2: Mistura de gaussianas
Suma ponderada de K gaussianas
Onde
Parâmetros a estimar
Exemplo #2: Mistura de gaussianas
Se X é um conjunto de n mostras I.I.D
Então
Dadas n mostras i.i.d
Tomadas de uma mistura
De gaussianas com
parâmetros:
Definimos a probabilidade de que a i-ésima mostra faz parte da j-ésima gaussiana como
Satisfaze
probabilidad de que la i-ésima
muestra pertenezca a la j-ésima
gaussiana
• Considere uma mistura de gaussianas 2D com
parametros
Solução
Depois da terça iteração
Obrigado!!

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Algoritmo EM explicado