1. VALENCE BOND THEORY &
HYBRIDIZATION

2. VALENCE BOND THEORY
Linus Pauling explain how atoms come
together and form molecules with the Valence
Bond Theory:
– A covalent bond forms when two half-filled
orbitals overlap to produce a new
combined orbital containing two electrons
of opposite spin.
– This overlapping results in a decrease in the
energy of the atoms forming the bond
– The shared electron pair is most likely to be
found in the space between the two nuclei
of the atoms forming the bonds.

3. Ex. H2
H H
1s1s
Overlapping of the
1s orbitals
Covalent Bond
H-H
1s
The newly combined orbital will contain an electron pair with
opposite spin just like a filled atomic orbital
VALENCE BOND THEORY

4. In hydrogen fluoride the 1s orbital of the H will overlap with the
half-filled 2p orbital of the F forming a covalent bond
H F
2p1s
+
Overlapping of the1s and 2p orbitals
+
Covalent Bond
H-F
+
VALENCE BOND THEORY
Ex. HF

5. According to the Valence Bond Theory, how many
bonds can carbon form?
But, how many bonds does carbon really form?
VALENCE BOND THEORY
4

6. Example: Methane (CH4)
C HH
H
H
C
2p
2s
1s
Lewis dot diagram:
Carbon
makes 4
bonds
Energy level diagram of carbon:
How can 3 orbitals
form 4 bonds?
HYBRIDIZATION

7. C
2p
2s
1s
The orbitals can hybridize with each other to form 4 bonds:
2s and 2p orbitals hybridize
Four sp3 hybridized orbitals are formed
sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3
Example: Methane (CH4)
HYBRIDIZATION

8. HYBRIDIZATION THEORY
• The Hybridization Theory provides
a description of the process
involving the combination of
atomic orbitals to create new
bonding orbitals
• A hybrid orbital is created by
combining at least two different
orbitals to produce maximum
bonding opportunities
• Hybrid orbitals are created through
the promotion of electrons
One of carbons 2s electrons is
promoted to the empty 2p orbital
The result produces 4 unpaired
electrons for bonding

9. Recall: Orbital shapes
HYBRIDIZATION

10. Recall: Orbital shapes
S
P
D
F
HYBRIDIZATION

11. Hybridized Orbital shapes
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/hybrv18.swf
HYBRIDIZATION

12. How do orbitals hybridize?
CC
2p
2s
1s
C
2p
2s
1s
Hybridized orbitals
Hybridized orbitals
are wider than
non-hybridized
orbitals
Example: Methane (CH4)
HYBRIDIZATION

13. The 4 bonds fits with the accepted 3D structure of CH4
Example: Methane (CH4)
HYBRIDIZATION

14. What really happens?
The nucleus of a hydrogen atom
attracts one of the lower-energy
valence electrons on carbon.
This causes an excitation, moving a
2s electron into a 2p orbital. This,
however, increases the attraction of
the carbon nucleus on the valence
electrons (since the nucleus is slightly
less shielded)
C
2p
2s
1s
H
nucleus
Example: Methane (CH4)
HYBRIDIZATION

15. What really happens?
C
2p
2s
1s
sp3 hybridized orbitals
4 hydrogen atoms bond, thus filling every orbital to make a stable product
Final product: C
H
H H
H
Example: Methane (CH4)
HYBRIDIZATION

16. These are sigma bonds (σ bonds)
- a sigma bond is a single,
covalent bond
- example:
sigma bond 
Example: Methane (CH4)
Overlapping of the1s and 2p orbitals
+
- results from end-to-end
overlap
HYBRIDIZATION

17. Summary
Example: Methane (CH4)
HYBRIDIZATION

18. Example: Ethene (C2H4)
Structure:
sigma bond
pi bond
-Double bonds are composed of a sigma bond (end-to-end)
and a pi (π) bond (side-by-side overlap)
-pi are covalent bonds, but are weaker than sigma bonds
HYBRIDIZATION

19. Example: Ethene (C2H4)
C
2p
2s
1s
The orbitals will hybridize to make 3 sigma bonds + 1 pi bond:
One 2s and two 2p orbitals hybridize
sp2 sp2 sp2 (not hybridized)
HYBRIDIZATION

20. Example: Ethene (C2H4)
How do orbitals hybridize?
CC
2p
2s
1s
C
2p
2s
1s
Hybridized orbitals
HYBRIDIZATION

21. Example: Ethene (C2H4)
How do the carbons bond in ethene?
C C
H
H
H
H
Two lobes form one π bond
The π bond is symmetrical and above the plane and prevents
rotation around the axis between the carbon atoms
HYBRIDIZATION

22. Example: Ethene (C2H4)
To draw it more simply…
C C
H
H
H
H
HYBRIDIZATION

23. Example: Ethene (C2H4)
Summary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsfCPPl13So&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=C2W-yDPcpl4&NR=1
HYBRIDIZATION

24. Example: Ethyne (C2H2)
π bond
σ bond
π bond
Triple bonds are composed of a sigma bond (end-to-end)
and two pi (π) bonds (side-by-side)
HYBRIDIZATION

25. Example: Ethyne (C2H2)
C
2p
2s
1s
The orbitals will hybridize to make 2 sigma bonds + 2 pi bonds:
One 2s and one 2p orbital hybridizes
sp sp (non-hybridized p orbitals)
HYBRIDIZATION

26. Example: Ethyne (C2H2)
C CH H
π bond
π bond
σ bond
HYBRIDIZATION

27. Example: Ethyne (C2H2)
C CH H
1s
sp sp sp sp
p p
p p
HYBRIDIZATION

28. Example: Ethyne (C2H2)
Summary
HYBRIDIZATION

29. Example: Benzene (C6H6)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EFEfVDUp6M&feature=related
HYBRIDIZATION

30. Bond Type Hybrids Pure Bond
Distribution
Single 4 sp3 0 Hybrids make 4 σ
bonds
Double 3 sp2 1 p π bond is made
from pure
orbital, σ is
made from a
hybrid
Triple 2 sp 2 p π bonds are
made from both
pure orbitals, σ
is made from a
hybrid
http://pages.towson.edu/ladon/carbon.html
HYBRIDIZATION
Summary: Hybridization of Carbon to Make Multiple Bonds

31. HYBRIDIZATION
Hybridization theory explains how boron can make 3 bonds (ex. BCl3)
B
2p
2s
1s
One 2s and two 2p orbital hybridizes
sp2 sp2 (non-hybridized p orbital)sp2

32. HYBRIDIZATION
Hybridization theory explains how boron can make 3 bonds (ex. BCl3)

33. HYBRIDIZATION
Hybridization theory explains how beryllium can make 2 bonds even
though its 2s orbital is full (ex. BeCl2)
One electron from 2s is promoted to 2p to form two new hybridized
orbitals

34. HYBRIDIZATION
Hybridization theory explains how beryllium can make 2 bonds even
though its 2s orbital is full (ex. BeCl2)

35. HYBRIDIZATION
Hybridization theory explains how sulfur can make 6 bonds (ex. SF6)
1 electron from 3s is promoted to 3p, and 2 electrons from 3p are
promoted to 3d
6 sp3d2 hybridized
orbitals are formed

36. HYBRIDIZATION
1 electron from 3s is promoted to 3p, and 2 electrons from 3p are
promoted to 3d

37. HYBRIDIZATION
Hybridization theory explains how sulfur can make 6 bonds (ex. SF6)

38. HYBRIDIZATION
Hybridization theory explains how phosphorus can have a valence of +5
(ex. PCl5)
One 3s electron is promoted to 3d, forming 5 hybridized orbitals

39. HYBRIDIZATION
Hybridization theory explains how phosphorus can have a valence of +5
(ex. PCl5)
One 3s electron is promoted to 3d, forming 5 hybridized orbitals

40. HYBRIDIZATION
Hybridization theory explains how phosphorus can have a valence of +5
(ex. PCl5)

41. HYBRIDIZATION
Summary
Number of groups
attached to central
atom
Hybridization Example
Two groups sp BeCl2
Three groups sp2 BCl3
Four groups sp3 CH4
Five groups sp3d PCl5
Six groups sp3d2 SF6

42. Homework
1. Use the valence bond model or hybridization
theory to show the bonding in the following
molecules: BeH2, BH3, CCl4, PCl5, SF6
2. Page 238 # 1 – 5, 7, 8, 10
HYBRIDIZATION