Antifragile Teams
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Presentation delivered at NVISIA Digital Platform Conference 2018 by: CHARLIE SWEET Application Development Lead Baird
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Antifragile Teams
- 1. 1 Antifragile Teams Charlie SweetHas been endorsed on LinkedIn for nunchucks and humility (neither of which are skills he actually possesses) charlie.sweet@gmail.com +1 414.687.4814 @mkeCharlie
- 2. 2Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams Our Path
- 3. Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams Antifragile
- 4. Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 7. Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams March on Washington
- 8. Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams Jazz
- 9. Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams Chaos Monkey
- 10. Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams The Boss
- 11. Procrustean Bed Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 13. Via Negativa Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 14. 14 Teams A team is a group of people linked in a common purpose Two or more draft animals harnessed to the same vehicle or implement A group of players forming one side in a competitive game or sport A Scrum Team is a collection of individuals working together to deliver the requested and committed product increments. Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 15. 15 Working Groups and Teams A team has a small number of members, with shared leadership, who perform interdependent jobs with individual and group accountability, evaluation, and rewards. A group has two or more members with a clear leader who perform independent jobs with individual accountability, evaluation, and rewards. Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 16. 16 Working Groups and Teams Working Group Team Strong, clearly focused leader Shared leadership roles Individual accountability Individual and mutual accountability Individual work-products Collective work-products Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 17. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 18. Psychological Safety Amy Edmondson Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 19. Love/Belonging Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams Brendan O’Byrne
- 20. Self-Actualization Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi: Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 21. Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 22. What Can We Do?What Can We Do? Stop Doing? • Premature over-standardization • Metrics for managers • Support teams • Long-lived teams Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 24. Metrics for Managers Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 25. Support Teams Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 26. …it is recommended that teams be as long-lived as possible. https://www.scrumalliance.org/community/articles/2015/february/agile-expedition-of-a-scrum-team …the longer a team stays together, the better its velocity becomes, and the better team members work together. Broken Agile: Stories From the Trenches, Second Edition, by Tim Brizard Long-Lived Teams Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 27. Really! What Can We Do? • Embrace volatility • Make it safe • Power to the edges • Ensure appropriate amount of stressors Antifragile Teams Antifragile Teams
- 28. 28 Charlie SweetHas been endorsed on LinkedIn for nunchucks and humility (neither of which are skills he actually possesses) charlie.sweet@gmail.com +1 414.687.4814 @mkeCharlie
Editor's Notes
- Slide backgrounds from: www.subtlepatterns.com Twitter logo: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATwitter.svg By User:ZyMOS [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
- نسيم نقولا طالب “TAWH-lehb” https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATaleb_mug.JPG By Sarah Josephine Taleb (http://www.fooledbyrandomness.com/pictures.htm) [Attribution], via Wikimedia Commons
- So what is antifragile? Taleb coined the word… Classic examples of antifragility: the human body, and the human psyche https://www.flickr.com/photos/jennylouisejohnson/5511630377
- Beneficial stressors (literally, “Good Stress”) Physical stress; mental stress…but the correct amount. vs. Distress PTSD vs post-traumatic growth acute vs. chronic https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWeightlifting_pictogram.svg Weightlifting Image By Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image) (Own work) [Public domain or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Brain image (CC0 Creative Commons Free for commercial use. No attribution required.) from: https://pixabay.com/en/brain-growth-learning-mindset-1295128/
- Things that are antifragile love volatility. The income of a taxi driver – the income of an employee The restaurant industry – the banking industry Limited external control – Overly controlled process Our instinct is to put controls in place over our processes. Taleb calls this “Modernity,” which he defines as humans’ large-scale domination of the environment, the systematic smoothing of the world’s jaggedness, and the stifling of volatility and stressors.
- August 28, 1963 Toward the end of its delivery, noted African American gospel singer Mahalia Jackson shouted to King from the crowd, "Tell them about the dream, Martin." Photo By Rowland Scherman; restored by Adam Cuerden (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration) [CC0 or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACivil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._(Dr._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._and_Mathew_Ahmann_in_a_crowd.)_-_NARA_-_542015_-_Restoration.jpg
- Keith Jarrett 1975 Long drive from Zurich, Switzerland to Cologne Germany Back problems, wearing a brace 17 year old organizer, Vera Brandes Bösendorfer 290 Imperial concert grand piano Bösendorfer baby grand Tinny upper register, weak bass, pedals didn’t work Best-selling solo album in jazz history Jazz is antifragile. Lots of volatility in the 1975 Cologne Concert. By Olivier Bruchez (Flickr) [CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keith_Jarrett-commons.jpg
- Chaos Monkey is a tool invented in 2011 by Netflix to test the resilience of its IT infrastructure. The tool works by intentionally disabling computers in Netflix's production network to test how remaining systems respond to the outage This proposal changed the assumptions in software development from a model where there would be no breakdowns to a model where breakdowns were certain
- Colbert: I heard that you will occasionally spontaneously call out a song that the band has never played together before. What do you say to your band as they’re trying to learn a song they’ve never played before with a 10 second notice before 50,000 people. Springsteen: First of all, all, the entire band are bar band veterans. So, they’ve played hundreds of nights before we ever stood out in front of an audience after we had a record deal. So there’s a common well we all draw from. If someone calls out “Wild Thing,” you’ll be fired from the E Street Band if you don’t know how to play that, you know? Playing hundreds of gigs in bars exposes you to a lot of stressors, so that when Bruce calls out a song, you can cope. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8CsEqYCg68 (Colbert & Springsteen, September 24, 2016) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ABruce_Springsteen_(7479341180).jpg Photo By Takahiro Kyono from Tokyo, Japan (Bruce Springsteen) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
- Procrustes was an innkeeper welcomed weary travelers into his bed, which fit guests of all sizes: he chopped off the heads and feet of those who were too tall, and stretched those who were too small. Theseus killed Procrustes in his bed Denying systems stressors and randomness puts them in the Procrustean bed of cushy and comfortable—but ultimately harmful—modernity. Treating an organism like a simple machine is a kind of simplification or approximation or reduction that is exactly like a Procrustean bed. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theseus_Minotaur_BM_Vase_E84_n3.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theseus_Prokroustes_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2325.jpg
- Definition: Causing harm when trying to help. “Naïve interventionism” has costs. The need to do something, in medicine: In the 1930s, 389 children were presented to New York City doctors; 174 of them were recommended tonsillectomies. (45%) The remaining 215 children were again presented to doctors, and 99 were said to need the surgery. (46%) When the remaining 116 children were shown to yet a third set of doctors, 52 were recommended the surgery. (45%) A death occurs in about every 15,000 such operations Other examples Resistance to washing hands before germ theory was accepted Leeches and bloodletting Cancer drugs Micromanaging forest fires vs allowing brush to burn out naturally causes massive destructive fires https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Leeching-large.jpeg By Bossche, Guillaume van den [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Bloodletting_from_the_head_Wellcome_L0008235.jpg See page for author [CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
- The focus on what something is not, an indirect definition. The avoidance of a direct description. Theological tradition, especially in the Eastern Orthodox Church, of listing what God is not and then proceeding by the process of elimination. Knowledge grows by subtraction more than by addition. In action, via negativa is a recipe for what to avoid, not what to do. Because we know a lot more about what is wrong than by what is right, what can we eliminate? What behaviors can we stop doing to avoid iatrogenics and embrace volatility? https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChrist_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg By Dianelos Georgoudis (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
- Definitions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team https://www.google.com/search?q=define%3Ateam http://www.scrum-institute.org/Scrum_Roles_The_Scrum_Team.php Picture By User:Gwinva [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMedieval_horse_team.jpg Photo By Philly Gryphons RFC' [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASevens_scrum.jpg
- Leadership Accountability Independence vs. Interdependence Work products Definitions from Management Fundamentals: Concepts, Applications, and Skill Development By Robert N. Lussier as found here: https://www.slideshare.net/hitesh447/team-vs-group-presentation and here: https://books.google.com/books?id=qzhwCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT474&ots=eeIk4n5UY6&dq=%22Two%20or%20more%20members%20with%20a%20clear%20leader%20who%20perform%20independent%20jobs%20with%20individual%20accountability%2C%20evaluation%2C%20and%20rewards%22&pg=PT474#v=onepage&q=%22Two%20or%20more%20members%20with%20a%20clear%20leader%20who%20perform%20independent%20jobs%20with%20individual%20accountability,%20evaluation,%20and%20rewards%22&f=false
- Working groups are not good or bad. Different structure. Teamwork != Team Which one? “In any situation requiring the real-time combination of multiple skills, experiences, and judgments, a team inevitably gets better results than a collection of individuals operating within confined job roles and responsibilities.” (The Wisdom of Teams, p.15) Choose a working group when there is no significant incremental performance need or opportunity that would require it to become a team. When: The members interact primarily to share information, best practices, or perspectives And to make decisions to help each individual perform within his or her area of responsibility Beyond that, there is no realistic or truly desired “small group” common purpose, incremental performance goals, or joint work-products that call for a team approach or mutual accountability (The Wisdom of Teams, p.91) This may make sense in short term engagements with very few unknowns, or at executive levels. (Chart from The Wisdom of Teams, p.214) Gestalt concept Assuming you want a team, what does a team need?
- Psysiological: salary, stable employment Safety: Psychological safety Love/belonging: Team identity Esteem: Titles, recognition, subject matter expertise Self-actualization: Autonomy, challenging work (mastery) (Daniel Pink) We’ll talk more here about Safety, Love, and Self-Actualization Image By FireflySixtySeven [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AMaslowsHierarchyOfNeeds.svg
- “The belief that you won’t be punished when you make a mistake.” Amy Edmondson’s definition: Represents the extent to which the team views the social climate as conducive to interpersonal risk; it is a measure of people's willingness to trust others not to attempt to gain personal advantage at their expense. Her yes/no statements to ask. Consider your own team: When someone makes a mistake in this team, it is often held against him or her. (R) In this team, it is easy to discuss difficult issues and problems. In this team, people are sometimes rejected for being different. (R) It is completely safe to take a risk on this team. It is difficult to ask other members of this team for help. (R) Members of this team value and respect each others' contributions. Story: Rehearsal stand-up meeting http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=6451
- We usually don’t talk about love at work. Restrepo (“Reh-STRE-po”) documentary by Sebastian Junger (2010) When it comes to teams: Who is “your team?” Sebastian heard that from a lot of soldiers, that combat was addictive, and when soldiers returned home, they missed it. Sebastian became close to one of the soldiers named Brendan O’Byrne. He invited Brendan over to a dinner party. During the party, Brendan was talking with one of Sebastian’s friends, a woman who knew how bad it had been over there. She said, “Brendan, is there anything at all that you miss about being in Afghanistan, in the war?” Brendan thought about it for quite a long time, and then he said, “Ma’am, I miss almost all of it.” And Brendan is one of the most traumatized people I’ve seen from the war. “Ma’am, I miss almost all of it.” What is he talking about? They’re not psychopaths, they don’t miss killing people, or almost getting killed, injured themselves, losing their friends. What they miss is botherhood. They miss being part of a very tightly bonded group where everyone in that group would give their lives for the group. Brotherhood is different from friendship. It’s a mutual agreement that you will put the welfare of the group and the safety of everyone in the group over your own. The worst thing that happened to Brendan was when a bullet hit Kyle Snyder, who was just knocked unconscious, then sat up. Brendan realized he couldn’t protect his men. That was the only time he cried in Afghanistan, when he realized that. That’s brotherhood. Photo: Brendan O’Byrne, film still from Restrepo documentary (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGt9iWZXq_Y) Story from the TED Radio Hour: Maslow’s Human Needs (11/2/2017) 25:30 or so
- In addition to Autonomy, challenging work (mastery)… Abraham Maslow died in 1970 at age 62. He referred to “Self-Actualization” as “Peak Experience.” <slide> Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi & Flow (“Runner’s High” as example) So intense an experience it feels as though you don’t even exist. Our nervous system is incapable of processing more than about 110 bits of information/second. In order to hear me and understand what I’m saying, you need to process 60 bits/second. When you’re really involved in this completely engaging process of creating something new, you don’t have enough attention left over to pay attention to anything else. Challenging, but not threatening! If a situation induces eustress, the person may feel motivated and can experience flow. -------------------------------------------------------- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mihaly_Csikszentmihalyi.jpg By w:User:Oliverbeatson (w:File:Challenge vs skill.jpg) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AChallenge_vs_skill.svg
- Antifragile isn’t always the goal. Teams aren’t always the goal. Okay if one restaurant goes under. Restaurants can go under, and the restaurant industry gets stronger, but the same thing doesn’t hold true with people’s livelihoods. But what if we want teams, and want to make them antifragile?
- You might not always want a team. You might not want that team to be antifragile. But if you do… How can we apply the concept of “Via Negativa” in our companies? Because we know a lot more about what is wrong than by what is right, what can we eliminate? What behaviors can we stop doing to avoid doing unintentional harm and embrace volatility?
- Planning Poker – All teams have points that mean the same thing. OR: All teams must break their stories down into equal sizes. Manager injection attack Not always micro-manage-y: Preventing teams from making small mistakes, or intervening to prevent volatility https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACrispPlanningPokerDeck.jpg By Hkniberg at English Wikipedia (Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
- Inappropriate management attention to velocity metrics Great idea for a team to pay attention You will get more of what you measure. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASampleBurnupChart.png By Davidjcmorris (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://www.flickr.com/photos/browserling/34203061936
- Shielding development teams from doing support work “A Team” vs “B Team” “Project Team” vs “Support Team” Denies teams the volatility (and feedback) they need to improve https://www.flickr.com/photos/browserling/34203061936
- https://www.scrumalliance.org/community/articles/2015/february/agile-expedition-of-a-scrum-team
- Embrace volatility by encouraging teams to take risks and be willing to fail, in small ways. Make it safe to fail fast Story: Junior developer who “failed” – Best 1:1 meeting Avoid manager-injection attacks Story: Me! (And the intern calling me out after transition to team lead role) Avoid “inflicting help” Push the power to the edges. Story: Ownership of support items – team conflict. Avoid fixing things for teams. Allow them the appropriate stressors.
- Slide backgrounds from: www.subtlepatterns.com Twitter logo: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ATwitter.svg By User:ZyMOS [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons