1. Brazil Presentation
Thom Browne
Demand Reduction Program
Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL)
U.S. Department of State
2. Annual Prevalence and Number of Illicit Drug Users
at the Global Level (adults aged 15-64) – 2010
(United Nations World Drug Report 2012)
Prevalence Number
(percentage) (thousands)
Low High Low High
Cannabis 2.6 5.0 111,420 224,490
Opioids 0.6 0.8 26,380 36,120
Opiates 0.3 0.5 12,980 20,990
Cocaine 0.3 0.4 13,200 19,510
Amphetamine-type
0.3 1.2 13,340 52,540
stimulants
“Ecstasy” 0.2 0.6 10,480 28,120
Any illicit drug 3.4 6.6 153,000 300,000
5. Cocaína Processo de Fabrico…
Folhas de Coca
•Óxido de Cálcio
•Querosene
•Ácido Sulfúrico (Água de Bateria)
•Carbonato de Sódio (Barrilha)
Pasta Base de Cocaína
•Ácido Sulfúrico
•Permanganato de Potássio
•Ácido Clorídrico •Ácido Clorídrico
•Hidróxido de Amónio
•Carbonato de Sódio •Carbonato de Sódio
•Aquecimento/Resfria
Cocaína Base
•Ácido Clorídrico
•Carbonato de Sódio
“Merla” “Crack”
•Acetona
•Ácido Clorídrico
“Free-Base”
•Carbonato de Sódio
•Aquecimento/Resfria
•Hidróxido de Amónio
Cloridrato de Cocaína
7. Chemical Profile of Cocaine Samples
in the Southern Cone - 2012
Brazil Chile Paraguay Uruguay
No. Samples Tested: 40 20 20 9
Average Purity (Range) 72.1% 57.3% 53% 56.7%
(29.7%-89.6%) (15.8% - 92.2%) (4.6% – 84.6%) (35.8%-82.4%)
Number (%) with Adulterants 30 (75%) 8 (40%) 17 (85%) 9 (100%)
Phenacetin 26 (65%) 1 (5%) 13 (65%) 2 (22%)
Levamisole 1 (3%) 1 (5%) 2 (22%)
Other 3 (7%) 7 (35%) 3 (15%) 5 (55%)
8. Health Consequences of Cocaine Adulterants
Potential Reason for
Adulterant Licit Use Public Health Risks Health Consequences
use as Adulterant
Phenacetin Analgesic Pain relieving Banned in many countries •Analgesic nephropathy
substance properties; similar die to links with renal •Hemolytic anemia
physical properties to failure and suspected •Kidney Cancer
cocaine carcinogen •Bladder Cancer
Levamisole Medication used Unknown; may give Highly toxic; generally not •Fever
for expelling more intense high used with humans; still •Agranulocytosis
worms used in veterinary
medicine
Lidocaine Local anesthetic Similar, but stronger, Adverse cardiovascular •CNS Problems
anesthetic effects as and CNS reactions at low •Nausea
cocaine; gives dose; Overdose can occur •Vomiting
impression of higher at excessive doses; •Dizziness
quality of cocaine Increases toxicity of •Tremors
cocaine •Convulsions
Benzocaine Local anesthetic Similar anesthetic Overdose can cause rare •Blood disorder
used in dentistry, properties as cocaine but serious blood disorder (Methemoglobinemia)
throat sprays,
ointments and
suntan lotions
Hydroxyzine Sedative, Unknown, but Use in combination with •Dizziness
anxiolytic, used potentially used in sedative drugs can cause •Drowsiness
and an final processing stages unconsciousness; •Gastro-intestinal
antihistamine of cocaine Overdose can result in CNS distress
problems •Headaches
