Vocabulary

1. Universidad Técnica de Ambato
Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y de La
Educación
Carrea de Idiomas
TKT Glossary
Mónica Moreta
9th “B”
Element 1

2. WORD:
ACCURACY
DEFINITION: The use of correct forms of
grammar, vocabulary, spelling and
pronunciation.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ӕˈkjurət/
EXAMPLE: Teachers and learners focus on using and producing
language correctly
HOW TO TEACH: I will provide students a short paragraph in
order to identify accuracy. It means the correct use of grammar,
vocabulary and spelling.

3. WORD:
AFFIX
DEFINITION: A meaningful group of letters
added to the beginning or end of a word to
make a new word, which can be a different
part of speech from the original word.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /əˈfɪks/
EXAMPLE: Affixation is a grammatical part
HOW TO TEACH: I will write on the board a list of adjectives and
students have to write affixes in the adjectives. In this way they can
identify how to add letters to make affixes

4. WORD:
APPROPIACY
DEFINITION: Language which is suitable in
a particular situation
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /əˈproʊ·pri·əsi/
EXAMPLE: Teacher uses an appropiacy language in the classroom
HOW TO TEACH: I will use a short conversation about daily
routines. After, I will teach them transition words. Then, I will ask
them to talk about their daily routines. Students have to use
appropiacy vocabulary and transition words

5. WORD:
CHUNK
DEFINITION: Any pair or group of words
commonly found together or near one another
as phrasal verbs, idioms, collocations, and
fixed expressions
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /tʃʌŋk/
EXAMPLE: Have a good trip, I´d like to , how about are examples
of chunk
HOW TO TEACH: I will provide students some examples about
chunks and after I will provide them a short reading in where they
can underline chunks.

6. WORD:
COHERENCE
DEFINITION: When ideas in a spoken or
written text fit together clearly and smoothly,
and so are logical and make sense to the
listener or reader
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /koʊˈhɪər·əns/
EXAMPLE: You have to be carefully to use coherence in your
essays
HOW TO TEACH: I will make a brainstorming in which students
can write their ideas about family. Then, students can write
sentences using the words that they wrote before.

7. WORD:
COHESION
DEFINITION: The way spoken or written
texts are joined together with logical grammar
or lexis, e.g. conjunctions (Firstly, secondly),
lexical sets, referring words (it, them, this)
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /koʊˈhi·ʒən/
EXAMPLE: You need to improve cohesion in your writings
HOW TO TEACH: I will give students an oral presentation in
which they can analyze the use transition words and the connections
of ideas

8. WORD:
COLLOCATION
DEFINITION: Words which are regularly
used together. The relation between the words
may be grammatical, for example when
certain verbs/adjectives collocate with
particular prepositions
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˌkɒl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/
EXAMPLE: Depend on, make photocophies, take a holiday, are
examples of collocations
HOW TO TEACH: I will use some sheet of paper in which
students can find examples of collocation. Then, I will write
sentences using collocation.

9. WORD:
COMPLEX
DEFINITION: Complicated, not simple
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /kəmˈpleks/
EXAMPLE: Reading is one complex skill for me
HOW TO TEACH: I will work on websites in order to practice
and improve complex vocabulary

10. WORD:
COMPOUND
DEFINITION: Nouns, verbs, adjectives or
prepositions that are made up of two or more
words and have one unit of meaning.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈkɑm·pɑʊnd/
EXAMPLE: I have some problems with compounds
HOW TO TEACH: I will use hot chair in where students can talk
about compound

11. WORD:
COMPOUND
NOUNS
DEFINITION: Compound noun is a
combination of two or more words, which are
used as a single word, e.g. a flower shop, a
headache
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈkɑm·pɑʊnd/
/nɑʊn/
EXAMPLE: Compund nouns can be really necessary and important
to use in the classroom
HOW TO TEACH: I will write on the board different compound
nouns and explain how to make and use in complete sentences

12. WORD:
CONFIDENCE
DEFINITION: The feeling someone has
when they are sure of their ability to do
something well.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈkɑm·pɑʊnd/
EXAMPLE: Teachers must find activities in order to have
confidence in students because they are so shy
HOW TO TEACH: I will teach students the most important values
as responsibility, respect, and confidence in themselves.

13. WORD:
CONSOLIDATE
DEFINITION: To return to something in
order to allow learners to understand and
remember it more completely.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /kənˈsɑl·əˌdeɪt/
EXAMPLE: Students can consolidate grammar part practicing
extra exercises
HOW TO TEACH: I will provide exercises about simple present in
order to help students to consolidate their knowledge about it

14. WORD:
CONJUNCTION
DEFINITION: A conjunction (or connector)
is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or
sentences
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /kənˈdʒʌŋk·ʃən/
EXAMPLE: My mother and my father are very happy
HOW TO TEACH: I will provide students a power point
presentation in which they can learn conjunction and how to use it in
paragraphs or essays

15. WORD:
CONSTRACTIVE
STRESS
DEFINITION: Is used to express an unusual
or emphatic meaning in a sentence. It involves
stressing the important word according to the
different meanings
PHONEMIC SCRIPT:
/kənˈtrɑː.stɪv/ /stres/
EXAMPLE: Constractive stress is a fundamental part to study
phonlogy
HOW TO TEACH: I will develop listening skill in where I can
provide a short script to analyze constractive stress of some words
and at the same time practice pronunciation

16. WORD:
CONTEXT
DEFINITION: The situation in which
language is used or presented.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈkɑn·tekst/
EXAMPLE: We have to write sentences using a vocabulary
according to the context
HOW TO TEACH: I can use a reading comprehension in which I
will teach vocabulary according to the context of the reading

17. WORD:
DETERMINER
DEFINITION: Determiner is used to make
clear which noun is referred to, or to give
information about quantity, and includes
words such as the, a, this, that, my, some
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /dɪˈtɜr·mə·nər/
EXAMPLE: “The computer is mine” is an example of how to use
determiner
HOW TO TEACH: I will use extra examples about how to use
determiners and ask students to write sentences with determiners

18. WORD:
DIPHTHONG
DEFINITION: A vowel combination which
is pronounced by moving from one vowel to
another
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈdɪf.θɒŋ/
EXAMPLE: Diphthong is a combination of vowels
HOW TO TEACH: I will give students a list of diphthongs on the
board and ask students to come to the front and write sentences
using the list of diphthongs

19. WORD:
DISCOURSE
DEFINITION: Spoken or written language
in texts or groups of sentences.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈdɪs·kɔr/
EXAMPLE: Discourse can be used in written and oral language
HOW TO TEACH: I will teach how to make sentences and I will
ask students to write a paragraph in which they can analyze
discourse in their paragraph

20. WORD:
DRAFT
DEFINITION: A draft is a piece of writing
that is not yet finished, and may be changed.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /dræft/
EXAMPLE: Draft is when students write for the first time and it
could be edited and changed
HOW TO TEACH: I will provide some models of draft using
recycled paper.

21. WORD:
DRILL
DEFINITION: A technique teachers use for
encouraging learners to practice language. It
involves guided repetition or practice.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /drɪl/
EXAMPLE: Drill is a technique which helps to improve our
pronunciation, especially when we have problems with some words
HOW TO TEACH: I will use a radio program that students have to
listen and take important verbs. After, I will use drills to improve
their pronunciation.

22. WORD:
ENCOURAGE
DEFINITION: When a teacher helps
learners to succeed by giving them confidence
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ɪnˈkɜr·ɪdʒ/
EXAMPLE: Teacher can have find some activities to encourage
students
HOW TO TEACH: I will do “ABC” activity to encourage
students.

23. WORD:
ERROR
DEFINITION: A mistake that a learner
makes when trying to say something above
their level of language or language processing
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈer·ər/
EXAMPLE: Students have some errors in their compositions.
HOW TO TEACH: : I will ask students to talk about their family in
front of the class. Students have to pay attention to the errors after I
will give them feedback

24. WORD:
EXPONENT
DEFINITION: An example of a grammar
point, function or lexical set
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ɪkˈspoʊ·nənt/
EXAMPLE: Exponent can express different functions at the same
time.
HOW TO TEACH: I will ask students personal information about
their lives and then, we will analyze how to use exponent in real life

25. WORD:
FALSE FRIENDS
DEFINITION: Word in the target language
which looks or sounds as if it has the same
meaning as a similar word in the learners’ first
language but does not
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /fɔls/ /frend/
EXAMPLE: False friends are very useful and important in
language teaching and learning
HOW TO TEACH: I will use a web page in where students find
examples of false friends. I will give a short explanation about how
to use it

26. WORD:
FEATURE
DEFINITION: A feature of something is an
interesting or important part or characteristic
of it
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈfi·tʃər/
EXAMPLE: English has different features that can be very
interesting
HOW TO TEACH: Students can have the opportunity to learn
some functions about English language through role plays

27. WORD:
FORMAL
LANGUAGE
DEFINITION: Language used in formal
conversations or writing
PHONEMIC SCRIPT:
/ˈfɔr·məl//ˈlæŋ·ɡwɪdʒ/
EXAMPLE: When we have to talk with important authorities we
must use formal language
HOW TO TEACH: I will use flashcards to use some expressions
about formal language

28. WORD:
FUNCTION
DEFINITION: The reason or purpose for
communication
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈfʌŋk·ʃən/
EXAMPLE: Asking for clarification and making suggestion are
examples of fucntion
HOW TO TEACH: I will use commands in the classroom and ask
students some functions and importance to use commands in the
classroom

29. WORD:
HESITATE
DEFINITION: A pause before or while
doing or saying something.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈhez·ɪˌteɪt/
EXAMPLE: Students always hesitate because they do not have the
ideas or they need more time to think before to answer a question
HOW TO TEACH: To teach the word hesitate I will give students
a conversation and ask some questions about it. Also, students
analyze how hesitations involve in the language learning

30. WORD:
HIGHLIGHT
DEFINITION: To mark words on paper, on
the board or on a computer screen using a
colour or underlining so that they are easier to
notice
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈhɑɪˌlɑɪt/
EXAMPLE: During a reading process you can highlight some
important information using different colors in order to have a better
idea about it
HOW TO TEACH: Students have to read a short paragraph and
they must highlight the main verbs that contain the paragraph

31. WORD:
HOMONYMS
DEFINITION: A word with the same
spelling and pronunciation as another word,
but which has a different meaning
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈhɑm·əˌnɪm/
EXAMPLE: (embarazado) and embarrassed are examples of
homonys
HOW TO TEACH: I will make jigsaw reading it can be very
useful for students because they can identify homonyms and use in
sentences

32. WORD:
HOMOPHONES
DEFINITION: A word which sounds the
same as another word, but has a different
meaning or spelling
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈhɑm·əˌfoʊn/
EXAMPLE: We use homophones to refer the words that have the
same pronunciation, but different spelling and meaning
HOW TO TEACH: I will use write sentences using homophones.
Then, I will use short role play in where they can identify
homophones

33. WORD:
INFORMAL
LANGUAGE
DEFINITION: Informal language. Language
used in informal conversations or writing
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ɪnˈfɔr·məl/
/ˈlæŋ·ɡwɪdʒ/
EXAMPLE: When we are with our closed friend we usually use
informal language
HOW TO TEACH: I will use some expression that are used in
informal situations so students can know how to use informal
language between them

34. WORD:
INTERACTION
DEFINITION: The different ways learners
and the teacher work together in class
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˌɪn·tərˈækt/
EXAMPLE: Interaction is a useful tool to practice speaking skill
HOW TO TEACH: I will use a short conversation and ask students
to discuss about the conversation in pairs

35. WORD:
INTONATION
DEFINITION: The way the level of a
speaker’s voice changes to show meaning
such as how they feel about something.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˌɪn·təˈneɪ·ʃən/
EXAMPLE: In a conversation we can find rising and falling
Intonation according to the situations
HOW TO TEACH: I will use a radio program where they have to
practice the correct intonation of some information questions

36. WORD:
LAYOUT
DEFINITION: The way in which a text is
organized and presented on a page.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈleɪˌɑʊt/
EXAMPLE: There are texts that have special layouts as magazines,
and letters
HOW TO TEACH: I will bring some magazines to let students the
different layouts that the magazines have

37. WORD:
LEAD- IN
DEFINITION: A lead-in is activities that
includes an introduction to the topic of the text
or main task
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /lid/ /ɪn/
EXAMPLE: Teachers need to do lead-in activities in order to
introduce a topic and encourage students attention
HOW TO TEACH: I will use different activities about colors in
order to practice it.

38. WORD:
LEARN BY HEART
DEFINITION: To learn something so that
you can remember it perfectly
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /lɜrn/ /bɑɪ/ /hɑrt/
EXAMPLE: Learn by heart is a strategy or activity that help to
remember something you learned before
HOW TO TEACH: I will give students a continuously feedback
about animals that they have been studying during all week

39. WORD:
LEXICAL SET
DEFINITION: A group of words or phrases
that are about the same content topic or
subject.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈlek.sɪ.kəl/ /set/
EXAMPLE: Lexical set is a group of words or phrases that share a
similar feature
HOW TO TEACH: I will give a reading in which students have to
practice and match lexical sets. After, students have to write
examples using lexical sets from the reading

40. WORD:
LEXIS
DEFINITION: Individual words or sets of
words
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈlek.sɪs/
EXAMPLE: Homework, study, whiteboard, get dressed, be on time
are example of lexis
HOW TO TEACH: I will used a warm up “the alphabet”. Students
have to write nouns using 10 letters of the alphabet

41. WORD:
LINKING
DEFINITION: The way different sounds can
link into each other in connected speech
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈlɪŋ·kɪŋ/
EXAMPLE: Linking is a strategy that helps to connect your ideas
HOW TO TEACH: I will ask students to write a short paragraph
about their family using transition words. Then, students have to
share their paragraph with their classmates

42. WORD:
MEANINGFUL
DEFINITION: Something which shows the
meaning of language
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈmi·nɪŋ·fəl/
EXAMPLE: An activity can be very meaningful if it is useful for
students in real life
HOW TO TEACH: I will give students sheet of paper in order to
practice some exercises about can and can´t. This activity can be
very meaningful for students

43. WORD:
MEMORIZE
DEFINITION: To learn something so that
you can remember it later; something which is
easy to remember
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈmem.ə.raɪz/
EXAMPLE: Memorize is a process in which information is
encoded. It could be in a short or long memory
HOW TO TEACH: I will write numbers on the board and ask
students to memorize the numbers from the board. Students come to
the front and tell all numbers

44. WORD:
MINIMAL PAIRS
DEFINITION: Two words which differ from
each other by only one meaningful sound (or
phoneme)
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈmɪn·ə·məl/
/peər/
EXAMPLE: In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or
phrases in a particular language as e.g. hit / hˆt / ; heat / hˆÄt /.
HOW TO TEACH: I will use flashcard. Students have to repeat
minimal pairs. Then they have to come to the front and write extra
examples on the board

45. WORD:
MOTIVATION
DEFINITION: Motivation is the thoughts
and feelings which make us want to do
something and help us continue doing it.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈmoʊ·t̬ɪv/
EXAMPLE: Motivation is very important in language learning
HOW TO TEACH: : I will use an article about fashion style in
order to motivate students to learn about it, because they enjoy
reading about styles of clothes.

46. WORD:
NEUTRAL
DEFINITION: A style of speaking or writing
that is neither formal nor informal, but in
between.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈnu·trəl/
EXAMPLE: There are neutral exponents that we use when we
want to show a great respect.
HOW TO TEACH: I will develop a debate about wild animals and
ask students who are against, favor or neutral about reason to protect
wild animals

47. WORD:
PARAPHRASE
DEFINITION: To state something written or
spoken in different words, esp. in a shorter and
simpler form to make the meaning clearer
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈpær·əˌfreɪz/
EXAMPLE: Paraphrase is a restatement of the meaning of a text
or passage using own words
HOW TO TEACH: I will tell students some quotes about
education and ask students to paraphrase the quotes.

48. WORD:
PHONEME
DEFINITION: The smallest sound unit
which can make a difference to meaning e.g.
/p/ in pan, /b/ in ban.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈfəʊ.niːm/
EXAMPLE:Words can have different phoneme script
HOW TO TEACH: I will use examples of phonemes and ask
students to write words with their phonemes

49. WORD:
PREFIX
DEFINITION: A prefix is a letter or group of
letters added to the beginning of a word to
make a new word
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈpri·fɪks/
EXAMPLE: Prefixes and other affixes, can change the syntactic
category. For example, it can change positive to negative or formal
to informal
HOW TO TEACH: I will use prefixes worksheet in where
students write correct prefix next to the root word to match the
meaning

50. WORD:
PROCESS
DEFINITION: To actively think about new
information in order to understand it
completely and be able to use it in future.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈprɑs·es/
EXAMPLE: Writing process includes different stages as planning,
drafting, re-drafting, editing and proofreading
HOW TO TEACH: I will explain the writing process and ask
students to write a short paragraph

51. WORD:
PHONOLOGY
DEFINITION: The study of sounds in a
language or languages.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /fəˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/
EXAMPLE: Phonology is a field of linguistics that study the
system of sounds
HOW TO TEACH: I will use a short dialogue in which they can
write the phonology of some words

52. WORD:
READING
DEFINITION: The skill or activity of getting
information from written words
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈri·dɪŋ/
EXAMPLE: Reading has some stages in order to help learners and
people
HOW TO TEACH: I will provide a reading about animals and
students have to answer some questions about it

53. WORD:
REGISTER
DEFINITION: The formality or informality
of the language used in a particular situation
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈredʒ·ɪ·stər/
EXAMPLE: There different kind of registers according to each
situations
HOW TO TEACH: I will use some examples of register and ask
students to write sentences with each register and after work in pairs
to compare their sentences

54. WORD:
RHYTHM
DEFINITION: The rhythm of speech is the
way that some words in a sentence are
emphasised or stressed to produce a regular
pattern.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈrɪð·əm/
EXAMPLE: Rhythm is the stress, way or emphasis that we put of
some words
HOW TO TEACH: I will do a short activity in which students have
to practice falling and rising intonation and identify different rhythm
of some adjectives

55. WORD:
SCAN
DEFINITION: To read a text quickly to pick
out specific information, e.g. finding a phone
number in a phone book
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /skæn/
EXAMPLE: Scan is a strategy for reading
HOW TO TEACH: Teacher ask students to scan the text and after
answer some questions about the reading

56. WORD:
SILENT PERIOD
DEFINITION: The time when learners who
are beginning to learn a first (or second)
language prefer to listen (or read) before
producing the language
PHONEMIC SCRIPT:
/ˈsɑɪ·lənt/ /ˈpɪər·i·əd/
EXAMPLE: Silent period is very necessary and useful during
reading process
HOW TO TEACH: I will ask students to read an article in silent
and understand the text.

57. WORD:
SKIM
DEFINITION: To read a text quickly to get a
general idea of what it is about.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /skɪm/
EXAMPLE: We use skim strategy to read a text quickly to get a
general idea
HOW TO TEACH: Students have to skim a reading in order to get
a general idea. Then, ask students to share their knowledge about the
reading

58. WORD:
SIMPLIFY
DEFINITION: To make something easier.
Simplifying language or tasks is a common
scaffolding strategy
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈsɪm·pləˌfɑɪ/
EXAMPLE: Simplified texts can help students to get confidence to
learn eg: “close the window”
HOW TO TEACH: I will use a poem in which students have to
identify all main verbs

59. WORD:
SUBSKILL
DEFINITION: Each of the four language
skills can be divided into smaller subskills that
are all part of the main skill
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /sʌb/ /skɪl/
EXAMPLE: Reading, writing, speaking and listening have
different subskills
HOW TO TEACH: I will use a power point presentation to teach
students the subskills for each skill as reading, writing, listening and
writing.

60. WORD:
SUFFIX
DEFINITION: A suffix is a letter or group of
letters added at the end of a word to make a
new word
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈsʌf·ɪks/
EXAMPLE: Suffix is a small part, or letters that must added at the
end of a word
HOW TO TEACH: I will use a chart in where students have to
write suffixes and they have to write sentences with each suffix.

61. WORD:
UTTERANCE
DEFINITION: A complete unit of speech in
spoken language. An utterance can be shorter
than a sentence
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈʌt̬·ər·əns/
EXAMPLE: Conversations can have utterances, general
vocabulary, simple grammar to lead students to understand better
HOW TO TEACH: I will write on the board some questions about
technology and ask students to answer the questions

62. WORD:
WORD
BOUNDARY
DEFINITION: Where one word ends and the
next one begins, especially in connected
speech.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /wɜrd/
/ˈbɑʊn·dri/
EXAMPLE: Word boundaries are supported by most regular
expression flavors
HOW TO TEACH: I will use an e-mail in order to identify the use
of word boundary

63. WORD:
WORD FAMILY
DEFINITION: A group of words that come
from the same root or base word
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /wɜrd/ /ˈfæm·ə·li/
EXAMPLE: Real, really, realistic and unreal are examples which
refer to word family
HOW TO TEACH: I will give students a list of words in which
they can write word family

64. WORD:
WORD STRESS
DEFINITION: Is the pronunciation of a
syllable with more force or emphasis than the
surrounding syllables which are said to be
unstressed, e.g. umbrella / √m«brelW /.
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /wɜrd/ /stres/
EXAMPLE: Word stress has a relation with the structure of
morphological system
HOW TO TEACH: I will use a role play. Students have to analyze
how the stress can be added in the words

65. WORD:
WRITING
DEFINITION: A person’s style of forming
letters and words with a pen or pencil, or
something written
PHONEMIC SCRIPT: /ˈrɑɪ·t̬ɪŋ/
EXAMPLE: Writing is a skill in which students have some
problems with the punctuation
HOW TO TEACH: I will give them a sheet of paper in which
students have to write a short paragraph about their last vacation