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1. Clinical chemistry is a quantitative
science that is concerned with
measurement of amounts of
biologically
important substances
(called analytes) in body
fluids.

2. The methods to measure these
substances are carefully
designed to provide accurate
assessments of their
concentration

3. The results of clinical chemistry tests
are compared to
reference intervals or a medical
decision level (MDL)
to provide diagnostic and
clinical meaning for the values.

4. COMMON ANALYTES
Clinical chemistry is the branch of
laboratory medicine that focuses
primarily on
molecules

5. The tests in a
clinical chemistry laboratory measure
concentrations of biologically important ions
(salts and minerals)
• Potassium
• Sodium
• Calcium
• Chloride
• Magnesium
• Phosphorus
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Lead
• Iron

6. SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES
Metabolites
• Glucose
• Cholesterol
• Urea
• Lactic Acid
• Bilirubin
• Creatinine
• Triglycerides
• Ammonia
• Cystatin C

7. Therapeutic Drugs
• Vancomycin
• Theophylline
• Digoxin
• Phenytoin
• Valproic acid

8. Toxicology
• Alcohol (ethanol)
• Salicylate (aspirin)
• Acetaminophen

9. Drugs of Abuse (DOA)
• Cocaine
• Barbiturates
• Amphetamines
• Opiates
• Cannabinoids

10. LARGE MACROMOLECULES
Transport Proteins
• Albumin
• Transferrin
• Haptoglobin
• Ferritin
• Total Protein

11. Enzymes
• Lipase
• Amylase
• Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
• Aspartate Aminotransferase
(AST)
• Alkaline Phosphatase (AlkP)
• Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD)
• Creatine Kinase (CK)

12. Specific Proteins
• Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG,
IgM)
• Complement C3
• Complement C4
• C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

13. Lipoproteins
• High Density Lipoprotein
(HDL)
• Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
• Lipoprotein (a)

14. Diabetes Marker
• Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)

15. COMBINATIONS OF TESTS
(PANELS)
When an individual test alone is not
sufficient to assess a medical
condition, a combination of several
tests may be used. The pattern of
results from the combination of
tests may provide better insight into
the status of the patient than any
single test result. Such tests, done
on the same sample, are often
ordered as a group called a panel or
profile.

16. The types of panels and the specific
tests included in panels reflect
local, regional or national practices.
Even
for panels with the same name, the
individual tests included may differ
from institution to institution.

17. EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL
PANELS OF TESTS
ELECTROLYTE PANEL
• Sodium (Na)
• Potassium (K)
• Chloride (Cl)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

18. HEPATIC PANEL
(LIVER PROFILE)
• Albumin
• Total Protein
• Alkaline Phosphatase
• Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
• Aspartate Aminotransferase
(AST)
• Total Bilirubin
• Direct Bilirubin

19. COMPREHENSIVE
METABOLIC PROFILE
• Sodium (Na)
• Potassium (K)
• Chloride (Cl)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Glucose
• Creatinine
• Urea
• Calcium
• Total Protein
• Albumin
• Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
• Aspartate Aminotransferase
(AST)
• Alkaline Phosphatase (AlkP)
• Total Bilirubin

20. • BASIC METABOLIC PANEL
LIPID PROFILE
• Sodium (Na)
• Potassium (K)
• Chloride (Cl)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Glucose
• Creatinine
• Urea (blood urea nitrogen; BUN)

21. LIPID PROFILE
• Total Cholesterol
• LDL Cholesterol
• HDL Cholesterol
• Triglycerides