SCHOOLS
OF
PSYCHOLOGY

=SCHOOLS
OF
PSYCHOLOGY
SYSTEMS
OF
THOUGHT

Group of psychologists who became
associated with the leader ofa movement.
Theyshared the same ideasabout what
psychology is andhow it is to be studied.
SCHOOL

Structuralism
(Introspective
Psychology or
Elementarism, 1879)

WilhelmWundt
LeaderandFounder

Edward B. Titchener
Follower

Purposes of Study
To discover all elementsof which
consciousness be composed (structure of the
mind). Its mainconcern was the study of what
made up consciousness.

Purposes of Study
Structuralismattempted to break down
conscious experience intoobjective sensations
such as sightor taste,and subjectivefeelings,
such as emotionalresponses, will, and mental
images like memories or dreams.

INTROSPECTION
Method used in Structuralism

INTROSPECTION
It refers to theobservation and recording of the
natureof one’s own perception,thoughtsand
feelings;looking into one’s mind; a mentalself-
analysis.

INTROSPECTION
Using the methodof introspection involves
reflectingto one’s own feeling,thenthe subject
report sensations, feelingsand imagesthrough
his own sensory experiences.

INTROSPECTION
Controversies arose as to the fallibility of
introspection due to thefact“it is not
immediate”but is “an observational inferential
process thattakes timeand is subject to errors
of observation”.

INTROSPECTION
By 1940, introspection disappeared from
scientificpsychology.

Functionalism
(1898)

William James

Harvey Carr

John Dewey

James Rowland Angell

G. Stanley Hall

James McKeenCattell

Purpose of Study
Functionof the mind

Purpose of Study
Studyhow the mindworks so
thatan organism can adapt to
and functionin its
environment

Purpose of Study
Functionalism,was a protest against
structuralism. It wasnotinterested in
the elements of consciousness butin
the purpose whichconsciousness
serves in life.

Purpose of Study
The most importantcontribution of
functionalismwas changingthefocus of
psychology to learning,motivation and
thinkingand veered away from the
structuralists emphasison individual
sensationand perception.

Observation
Method used

Purpose of Study
Functionalists believein the objective
method of observing behavior rather
than theintrospectivemethod of
observing awareness.

COMMON WITHSTRUCTURALIST &
FUNCTIONALIST
Bothstructuralists and functionalists
still regarded psychologyas the
science of conscious experience.

Psychoanalysis (1900)
Bothstructuralists and functionalists
still regarded psychologyas the
science of conscious experience.

Psychoanalysis (1900)

Sigmund Freud
Leader

Alfred Adler

Carl Jung

Psychoanalytic theory proposesthat
most of the mindis unconscious–
a seething cauldronof conflicting
impulses,urges, andwishes.

Freud asserted thatthe sex urgesin
the unconscious constitute the main
humandrive. This is knownas the
“libido”theory.

Peopleare motivated to satisfy this
impulses,ugly as some of them are.
But at the same time, peopleare
motivated to see themselves as
decent,and hencemay delude
themselves about their true motives.

Asatheoryofpersonality,
psychoanalysis wasbasedonthe
ideathatmuchofourlivesis
governedbyunconsciousmotives
andimpulsesthatoriginatein
childhoodconflicts.

Many humandesires are directedand
complicated byunconsciousmotives
whichwe are not directly aware of
because they lie inthe substrata of our
consciousness butwhich are
nevertheless powerfuldrives thatmay
dominateour lives.

Basic to Freud’s theory is the
conceptionthat the unacceptable
(forbidden,punished}wishes/desires
of childhoodprincipallylibidinal
(sexual) are repressed in our
consciousness orget drivenout of
awareness.

Repressed drives press to find
expression indreams, slips of
speech, and in unconscious
mannerisms. They are the reasons for
many of our innerconflicts inlife.

Repressed drives press to find
expression indreams, slips of
speech, and in unconscious
mannerisms. They are the reasons for
many of our innerconflicts inlife.

Dream Analysis, Clinical
Investigation, Free
Association
Methods Used

A method in which the patient learns to discuss
embarrassing or painful thoughts simply by
reporting whatever comes to mind; letting the
patient freely associate on his thoughts and
experiences, and with the helpof the psychiatrist,
analyze that causes of his difficulty.
Free Association

The disturbed subject may find
catharsis (release, cleansing
thru verbal expressions).
Free Association

Behaviorism
(S-R Psychology)
(1912)

John B. Watson
Leader& Founder

Ivan Pavlov

Edward Thorndike

B. F. Skinner

Gordon Allport

Purpose of Study
JOHNB.WATSONlaunched
behaviorism,a philosophyof
psychological studywhichholds thatonly
observablebehavioristheproper
subjectforpsychologicalinvestigation.

Purpose of Study
Holdsthatthe subject matter of
psychology shouldbe the “objective
observable actionsof organisms”. The
only things whichcouldbe objectively
analyzedand quantitativelymeasured are
overt responses emitted by organisms.

Purpose of Study
The key assumptionof behavioral
psychology is that- if psychology is tobe
science, it must study only that which is
observable namely behavior.

Purpose of Study
Its roots can be traced back tothe work of
Ivan Pavlov. He focused his study on
CONDITIONED REFLEX- by association
withthe originalSTIMULUS which states
thatother stimuliacquiredthe process to
elicitthe behavior.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
It is a type of learning that had a
major influenceon the schoolof
thought inpsychologyknownas
behaviorism.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Discovered by Russianphysiologist,
Pavlov, classical conditioningis a
learningprocessthat occursthrough
associationsbetween an
environmentalstimulus and a
naturally occurringstimulus.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Behaviorism is based onthe
assumption that learning occurs
through interactions with the
environment.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Behaviorism is based onthe
assumption that learning occurs
through interactions with the
environment.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Two other assumptionsofthis theory are
thatthe environment shapes behavior
and thattaking internalmental statessuch
as thoughts, feelings, and emotions into
considerationis useless inexplaining
behavior.

PAVLOV’S ORIGINAL EXPERIMENT
It's importantto note thatclassical
conditioninginvolves placinga neutral
stimulus before a naturally occurring
reflex (conditionedresponse).

PAVLOV’S ORIGINAL EXPERIMENT
In Pavlov's classic experimentwithdogs, the
neutralsignal was the sound of a tone and
thenaturallyoccurring reflex was salivating
in response to food. By associating theneutral
stimulus with theenvironmentalstimulus (the
presentationof food), the sound of thetone
alone could produce thesalivation response.

OPERANT CONDITIONING
B. F. Skinnercoined the term “operant
conditioning”and startedthiswhole
schoolby inventing the first operant
conditioningchamber, otherwiseknown
as theSkinner Box.

OPERANT CONDITIONING
Skinnerused the termoperantto
refer to any"activebehaviorthat
operatesupontheenvironmentto
generateconsequences"

OPERANT CONDITIONING
Operant conditioning(sometimes
referred to as instrumental
conditioning) is a methodof learning
that occurs through rewards and
punishmentsfor behavior.

OPERANT CONDITIONING
Throughoperant conditioning,an
association is made between a
behavior and a consequencefor that
behavior.

Basic Principlesof
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Reinforcement: Any event that
increasestheprobabilitythat a
response willrecur.It strengthens
a response.

Basic Principlesof
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Positive Reinforcement:
Adding(or presenting) a stimulus,
whichstrengthensa response &
makes it more likelyto recur

Basic Principlesof
OPERANT CONDITIONING
When a responseis followedby
a rewardorother positiveevent

Basic Principlesof
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Negative Reinforcement
Takingaway(or removing)a
stimulus, which strengthensa
response & makesit morelikelyto
recur

Basic Principlesof
OPERANT CONDITIONING
When a response is followedby
the removal of an unpleasant
event; ends discomfort

Basic Principlesof
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Punishment:
weakeninga response

Basic Principlesof
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Positive Punishment:
adding(or presenting) a stimulus
that weakensa response & makes it
less likely to recur

Basic Principlesof
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Negative Punishment or Omission
Training:
takingaway(or removing)a stimulus
that weakensa response& makesit
less likelyto recur

Basic Principlesof
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Negative Punishment or Omission
Training:
takingaway(or removing)a stimulus
that weakensa response& makesit
less likelyto recur