1. 3G and 4G Wireless
– Advances and Challenges
Suresh R. Borkar
Adjunct Faculty, Dept of ECE, Ill Instt. of Tech.
sureshbo@hotmail.com
Apr 14, 2006
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2. 3G and 4G Wireless – Advances and Challenges
Where are we?
3G Wireless Summary
Where do we Want to go?
Evolution to Seamless Networking
4G Wireless
Challenges
The one who stays still is left behind
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3. Where are We?
Classic Wireline MaBell Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
– US Universal coverage achieved early 1980’s
“Wireless” First Generation Analog Systems
– Speech
– AMPS, TACS
Second Generation Digital Systems
– Enhanced Capacity
– CDMA, D-AMPS, TDMA, GSM, DECT, PDC
2.5 Generation Systems
– Low Speed Data
– GPRS, EDGE
Third Generation Systems
– “INTERNET” on Wireless
– WiFi/HyperLAN <-> WiMAX/HyperWAN <-> CDMA2000/WCDMA
– Evolution to All IP Network including VoIP
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4. Representative Wireless Standards
GSM/TDMA
– Time Division Multiplexing based access
CDMA
– Code Division Multiplexing based access
OFDM
– Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Many toys to play with
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5. TDMA/FDMA
slot 1 slot 2 ... Slot n
Frequency 1 Circuit Circuit Circuit
Frequency 2 Circuit Circuit Circuit
.
. Downlink Path
.
Frequency Frequency n Circuit Circuit Circuit
Domain
Frequency 1 Circuit Circuit Circuit
Frequency 2 Circuit Circuit Circuit
.
. Uplink Path
.
Frequency n Circuit Circuit Circuit
Give the same air to all
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6. CDMA
t
Freq:
Chips
X user 1
user 2
usern
Separated by PN codes
t
Message
III Channelization code: Separate xmissions
from a single source from each other
Scrambling code: separate different sources
t from each other
Spreading Code = Channelization code x
Resulting Signal
Scrambling code
All persons are created equal
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7. Multipath Arrival of Signals
Y Y
Transmitted
symbol
received signal Modified with the combined
at each time delay channel estimate symbol
finger #1
finger #2
finger #3
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8. CDMA Rake Receiver
Input signal
(from RF)
I
correlator phase rotator delay SUM I
equalizer
Q
I
SUM Q
code channel
generator estimator
Q
Finger 1 Combiner
Finger 2
Finger 3
Timing (Finger allocation)
Matched filter
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9. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Successor to Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence CDMA
Capability to cancel multipath distortion in a spectrally
efficient manner without requiring multiple local oscillators
(802.11a and 802.16)
Based on use of IFFT and FFT
Frequency orthogonality as compared to code orthogonality in
CDMA using Walsh Code
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10. 3G Services
2MHz video telemedicine
conferencing Video on Mobile
demand TV
electronic
Internet radio newspaper
Bandwidth paging
audio
conferencing messaging Mobile
radio
Fax
voice
1KHz
bi-directional unidirectional Broadcast/
multicast
Who is first? – the customer; who is second? - No one
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11. Key Mobility Services
Multimedia Messaging Services (MMS)
– Text, sounds, images, and video
– Transition from Short Message Service (SMS)
– Open Internet standards for messaging
Web Applications
– Information portals
– Wireless Markup Language (WML) with signals using
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
Location Communications Services
– Location Awareness Based
Personalization of information presentation format
– Service capability negotiations (MExE environment)
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12. Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
CAMEL = IN + Service portability (incl mobility and roaming)
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• Mobile user <-> ISP <-> corporate server
• Mobility, Security, Capacity and quality
Prepaid, Usage Limitations, Advanced Routing Services
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
• Subscriber profile, charging information, Service
information, numbering information
• Integration of array of services, content conversion to
heterogeneous services, network user profile, location
aware services
Take the claims with a grain of salt
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13. GSM Network
SCP
gsm
PSTN/ISDN SSP SCF
STP
ISUP IN
HLR
AuC
C
Gw-MSC
Billing
E, I
C, D Center
Call
S
UP
VLR SMS-GW
MSC
GSM
04.08 A
BSS
UE
Circuit domain 13
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14. GSM & GPRS
SCP
gsm
PSTN/ISDN SSP IP Services PDN
SCF
STP
ISUP IN Gi
HLR
AuC Gc
C
Gw-MSC GGSN
Billing Ga Data,
CGw
E, I
C, D
Center voice,
Call
S
Gn video
UP
Ga
call
SMS-GW Gr
VLR
MSC SGSN
GSM
GSM
04.08+ A Gb 04.08+
BSS
UE
Circuit domain Packet domain 14
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15. WCDMA/UMTS
SCP
gsm
PSTN/ISDN SSP IP Services PDN
SCF
STP IN, CAMEL
ISUP Gi+
HLR+
AuC Gc+
C
Gw-MSC GGSN
Billing Ga+ Data,
C+, D+ CGw
E+,
Center voice,
Call
Gn+
I
video
SU P
Ga+
call
VLR SMS-GW Gr+
3G-MSC 3G-SGSN
GSM
GSM
04.08++ Iu-cs Iu-ps 04.08++
UTRAN
UE
Circuit domain Packet domain 15
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16. GSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and Services
High
(Car / Train)
GSM
HSCSD
GPRS
Mobility
Text Messaging
EDGE
Voice
CS Data
Fax
UMTS
Low
(stationary)
Bit Rate, Kbps
9.6 14.4 76.0 GPRS 384.0 EDGE UMTS 2 Mb/s
HSCSD
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18. Some Representative Current Wireless Options
3G Cellular (WCDMA)
– Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): Uplink and Downlink are
separated in frequency – (“symmetric”)
– Time Division Duplex (TDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in
time – allows “asymmetric” traffic (adjust time slots in uplink and
downlink)
3G Cellular (CDMA2000)
Wi Fi
– 802.11a and 802.11b; HyperLAN2
– 2.4 GHz band
WiMAX
– 802.16d (fixed); 802.16e (“portable”)
– 5.8 GHz band; 10 – 20 Mbps symmetrical BW
Blue Tooth
– RF based LAN technology; 20-30 feet coverage
– 2.4 GHz band
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Survival of the fittest 18
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19. 3G WCDMA
Release 99
Release 4
Release 5
Domains, Protocols, and Channels
Radio Resource Management
Network Dimensioning and Optimization
Quality of Service (QoS0 and Location Services
The favored twin sister of CDMA2000
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20. Release 99
Radio Bearer Negotiations
Traffic Classes
Complex Scrambling
Speech Codec – (eight) Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR)
Battery Life
Transmission “spatial/antenna” diversity
Compressed Mode
– Measurements in multiple frequency
– Use of transmission time reduction techniques
# PDP Contexts per IP Address
QPSK; coherent detection; Rake receiver
Short and Long Spreading Codes
Multicall – several simultaneous CS calls with dedicated bearers of
independent traffic and performance characteristics
Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
Phase 3
A lot to gobble
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21. Release 4
Bearer Independent Core Network
Tandem Free Operation (TFO), Transcoder Free Operation
(TrFO), and Out of Band Transcoder Control (OoBTC)
Low Chip Rate TDD Operation
Network Assisted Cell Change
FDD Repeater
NodeB Synchronization for TDD
IPv6 packet switched network supporting both real time and
non-real time traffic
– Session Initiated Protocol (SIP) replacing SS7
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
MSC/VLR -> MSC server (mobility management) and MGW
(Connection management subtasks)
Multimedia Message Service (MMS) environment
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22. Release 5
IP Transport in UTRAN
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) (upto 10 Mbps)
Intra Domain Connection to Multiple CN Nodes (Iuflex)
IP Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS)
“Guaranteed” End to End (E2E) QoS in the PS domain
Global Text Telephony
Support for Real Time Services in packet domain
CAMEL Phase 4
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23. HSDPA
Peak Data rate > 10 Mbps
Same spectrum by both voice and data
– Up to 12 spreading codes for High Speed DSCH (HS-DSCH)
– Fast link Adaptation
– Both code and time division for channel sharing
Transmission Time interval 2 ms
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
– Automatic optimizations to Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
QPSK and 16 QAM modulation at 3.84 Mhz symbol; spreading
factor fixed to 16
Incremental Redundancy or chase combining (CH)
New DPCCH2 in uplink primarily for HARQ channel state info
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24. WCDMA Domains
Home
Network
Domain
[Zu]
Cu Uu Iu [Yu]
Serving Transit
Network Network
Domain Domain
USIM Mobile Access Core
Domain Equipment Network Network
Domain Domain Domain
User Equipment Infrastructure
Domain Domain
Standardization of architecture (domains) and standardization of protocols (strata)
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25. WCDMA Protocol Layers
Radio Control Plane User Plane
Network
Layer Application Data
Protocol Stream(s)
Transport Transport Network Transport Network Transport Network
Network User Plane Control Plane User Plane
Layer
ALCAP(s)
Signalling Signalling Data
Bearer(s) Bearer(s) Bearer(s)
Physical Layer
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26. WCDMA L1, L2, and RRC Sublayer
C-plane signalling U-plane information
GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
UuS boundary
L3
control
RRC L3/RRC
PDCP
con con concon PDCP L2/PDCP
trol trol trol trol
BMC L2/BMC
RLC RLC L2/RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC
Logical
Channels
MAC
L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY L1
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27. WCDMA Channels
Logical Channels Control Traffic
BCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH SHCCH DTCH CTCH
Mac -b -c/sh -d
Common Dedicated
Transport Channels BCH PCH FACH RACH UL CPCH DSCH DCH
Physical Channels Mapped to Transport Channels Dedicated
PCCPH SCCPCH PRACH PCPCH PDSCH DPDCH DPCCH SCH
CPICH
AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
Transport Channels: how information transferred over the radio interface
Logical Channels: Type of information transferred over the radio interface
Channels made by soft hats 27
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28. Mapping Between Channels
Uplink Downlink
DCCH DCCH
CCCH DTCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH DTCH
Logical
Channels
Transport
RACH CPCH DCH Channels PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH
Mapped
PRACH PCPCH DPDCH Physical PCCPCH SCCPCH PDSCH DPDCH
DPCCH Channels DPCCH
Dedicated SCH
Physical CPICH
Channels AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
N to M
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29. WCDMA Channel Usage Examples
Dedicated channels Common channels Shared channels
DCH FCH RACH CPCH DSCH USCH
Uplink/ Both Downlink Uplink Uplink Downlink Uplink, only
Downlink in TDD
Code Usage According to maxm Fixed Fixed Fixed Codes Codes
bit rate codes per codes per codes per shared shared
cell cell cell btw users btw users
Fast Power control Yes No No Yes Yes No
Soft handover Yes No No No No No
Suited for Medium or large Small Small Small or Medium Medium
data amounts data data medium or large or large
amounts amounts data data data
amounts amounts amounts
Suited for bursty No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
data
Flexibility comes with responsibility
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30. Radio Resource Management
Power Control
Handover
Access Control
Load and Congestion Control
Packet Scheduling
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31. WCDMA Power Control (near = far)
Keep received power
levels P1 and P2 equal
Y Y Power control commands
to the UEs
UE1
NodeB
UE2
Uplink and downlink (1500 Hz)
Open Loop Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control
Equal Opportunity Administration (EOA)
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32. WCDMA Handovers
sector 1
The same signal is sent
from both sectors to UE
Softer
Y Y
RNC
sector 2
Y Y
Soft
The same signal is sent from
both NodeB's to UE, except for the
RNC NodeB1 power control commands
macro diversity Y Y
combining in uplink
NodeB2
Hard and Inter-frequency handovers
Intersystem cell-reselection
“Equivalent PLMN mode” (autonomous cell re-selection (packet) idle mode)
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33. Handover Algorithm
T T T
Pilot Ec/IO of cell 1 Reporting_range
+ Hysteresis_event 1B
Reporting_range
- Hysteresis_event 1A
Hysteresis_event 1C
Pilot Ec/IO of cell 2
Pilot Ec/IO of cell 3
Connected to cell 1
Event 1A Event 1C Event 1B
- add cell2 = replace cell1 = remove cell3
with cell3
A relay race with multiple batons
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34. Network Dimensioning and Optimization
Dimensioning Criteria
– Coverage, Capacity, Quality of Service
Dimensioning
– Link budget, capacity (hard and soft) and load factor
– Estimation of average interference power
– Coverage end Outage probabilities
Optimization
– Performance Requirements
– Antenna adjustments, neighbor lists, scrambling codes
Don’t force a round peg in a square hole
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35. WCDMA Quality of Service (Qos)
Dynamic Negotiations of properties / Services of radio bearer
– Thruput, transfer delay, data error rate
– Authentications
Traffic class Conversational class Streaming class Interactive class Background
Fundamental Preserve time relation Preserve time Request response Destination is not
characteristics (variation) between relation (variation) pattern expecting the data
information entities of between information Preserve data within a certain time
the stream entities of the integrity Preserve data
Conversational pattern stream integrity
(stringent and low
delay)
Examples of the voice, Streaming Web browsing, Background
application videotelephony multimedia network games download of emails
video games
One way communications is no communications
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36. Location Services (LCS)
UTRAN
Node B Iub SRNC HLR
Uu
LMU SMLC Iu
type B
Lh
UE Le
Lg External
MSC Gateway
Um A/ (Gb)/ LCS client
MLC
(Iu)
BTS Abis
BSC
LMU
Ls Lc
LMU <- alternative -> type B
Lb alternative ->
<-
type A (R98 and 99)
GERAN SMLC
Lp gsmSCF
SMLC
Cell ID based
Observed Time Difference Arrival – Idle Period Downlink (OTDOA-IPDL)
Network Assisted GPS
You can run but you cannot hide 36
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37. Why Move Towards 4G?
Limitation to meet expectations of applications like
multimedia, full motion video, wireless teleconferencing
– Wider Bandwidth
Difficult to move and interoperate due to different standards
hampering global mobility and service portability
Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs’; need a new
integrated network
Limitations in applying recent advances in spectrally more
efficient modulation schemes
Need all all digital network to fully utilize IP and converged
video and data
Incessant human desire to reach the sky
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38. Where Do We Want to Go?
Seamless Roaming
Integrated “standard” Networks
Mobile Intelligent Internet
Onwards to (Ultra) Wideband Wireless IP Networks
We are no longer in Kansas, Toto
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39. Upcoming
3.5 G
– Evolved radio Interface
– IP based core network
4G
– New Air Interface
– Very high bit rate services
– Convergence of Wireline, Wireless, and IP worlds
And Now for Something Completely Different
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40. 3G All-IP Reference Architecture
Applications Legacy mobile
& Services signaling
Network
SCP
Multimedia
Alternative CSCF
R-SGW IP Networks
Access Mw
Network Mh Ms
Mm
CAP HSS
HLR CSCF
Cx Mg
Mr Gi
Gr
Gc Gi MRF
SGSN Gi MGCF T-SGW
Gn
GGSN Mc
Iu Gi
PSTN/
TE MT UTRAN MGW MGW
Iu Legacy/External
R Uu Nb
Mc Mc
MSC Server GMSC Server T-SGW
Gp Nc
GGSN Signalling Interface
Gn Signalling and Data Transfer Interface
SGSN Other PLMN
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41. WCDMA 3G Evolution to All-IP Network
Ap
p lic
at
PSTN/ISDN io Internet/Intranet/ISP
Wireless www, n
se
Data email rv
er
Server s
IP
IP
PSTN/ISDN
Firewall
GGSN CSCF MGCF SGW
HLR
HSS
AuC
3G-MSC (G)MSC MGW
PCM Server IP MGW
SS7
SGSN
MRF
ATM GGSN
GTP+/IP
RNC
RNC Iur Iub
Iub
N_B
N_B UTRAN
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42. 3.5G Radio Network Evolution
High Data rate, low latency, packet optimized radio access
Support flexible bandwidth upto 20 MHz, new transmission
schemes, advanced multi-antenna technologies, and signaling
optimization
Instantaneous peak DL 100 Mb/s and UP 50 Mb/S within 20
MHz spectrum
Control plane latency of < 100 ms (camped to active) and < 50
ms (dormant to active)
> 200 users per cell within 5 MHz spectrum
Spectrum flexibility from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz
Eliminate “dedicated” channels; avoid macro diversity in DL
Migrate towards OFDM in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
Support voice services in the packet domain
Adaptive Modulation and Coding using Channel Quality
Indicator (CQI) measurements
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43. 3.5G WCDMA Evolved System Architecture
GERAN Gb
Iu GPRS Core PCRF
UTRAN Rx+
S7
S3 S4
HSS Op.
S6 IP
S1 MME S5 Inter AS Gi Serv.
Evolved RAN Anchor (IMS,
UPE
PSS,
Evolved Packet Core
etc…)
S2 S2
non 3GPP WLAN
IP Access 3GPP IP Access
* Color coding: red indicates new functional element / interface
Source: www.3gpp.org 43
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44. Key 3G and 4G Parameters
Attribute 3G 4G
Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- data as Converged data and VoIP
add-on
Network Architecture Wide area Cell based Hybrid – integration of
Wireless Lan (WiFi), Blue
Tooth, Wide Area
Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz
Component Design Optimized antenna; multi- Smart antennas; SW multi-
band adapters band; wideband radios
Bandwidth 5 – 20 MHz 100+ MHz
Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20 – 100 Mbps
Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM
Forward Error Correction Convolution code 1/2, 1/3; Concatenated Coding
turbo
Switching Circuit/Packet Packet
Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph
IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)
Operational ~2003 ~2010 44
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45. Key 4G Mobility Concepts
Mobile IP
– VoIP
– Ability to move around with the same IP address
– IP tunnels
– Intelligent Internet
Presence Awareness Technology
– Knowing who is on line and where
Radio Router
– Bringing IP to the base station
Smart Antennas
– Unique spatial metric for each transmission
Wireless IP <---> IP Wireless
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46. 4G Networks Advances
Seamless mobility (roaming)
– Roam freely from one standard to another
– Integrate different modes of wireless communications – indoor
networks (e.g., wireless LANs and Bluetooth); cellular signals;
radio and TV; satellite communications
100 Mb/se full mobility (wide area); 1 Gbit/s low mobility (local area)
IP-based communications systems for integrated voice, data, and
video
– IP RAN
Open unified standards
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
– Successor to “SS7”; replacement for TCP
– Maintain several data streams within a single connection
Service Location Protocol (SLP)
– Automatic resource discovery
– Make all networked resources dynamically configurable through
IP-based service and directory agents
The demise of SS7
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47. 4G Networks Advances – cont’d
Diameter
– Successor to “Radius”
– Unified authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)
Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs)
HSS
– Unified Subscriber Information
Application developers, Service providers, and content
creators
Expand beyond the circle
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48. Key Challenges
Spectral Efficiencies
– Challenge Shannon’s fundamental law of data communications
(BW, Sig/No)
– Hardware Frequency Synthesis techniques esp. for Frequency
Hop (FH) systems
– Traffic characteristics management (burstiness, directionality)
Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)
– Baseband process using parallel equal bandwidth subchannels
– MC-CDMA; OFDM
– Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK); Multilevel Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM); Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
– Add cyclic extension or guard band to data
– Challenges of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Peak to
Average Ratio (PAVR)
No pain, no gain 48
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49. Key Challenges - cont’d - 1
Signal Processing and optimizations
– Handling extremely large number of users
– Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions
– Orthogonality / correlation of large number of codes
– Spectrum Pollution
– Multi path re-enforcement / interference
– Multi User Detection (MUD) and Adaptive Interference
suppression techniques (ISI and MAI)
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50. Key Challenges - cont’d - 2
Extremely Fast Arithmetic (esp. multiplication)
– N Dimensional vector spaces
– IFFT, FFT
– Advanced DSP’s for parsing and processing data
Smart / Intelligent Antennas
– Dynamically adjust beam pattern based on CQI
– Switched beam Antennas; adaptive arrays
– Coverage limitations due to high frequencies (> 5 GHz)
Manage Entropy
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51. Key Challenges - cont’d - 3
More Efficient and Sensitive Transreceiver Designs
– Noise figure, gain, group delay, bandwidth, sensitivity,
tunable filters, spurious rejection, power consumption
– Frequency Reuse; linearity techniques
– Tight closed Loop power control
– Dynamic Frequency selection and packet assignments
– Multi band, wide band, and flexible radios
– Error Correction Coding
– “Perfect” Synchronization / phase alignment between
Xmitter and Receiver
• Clock recovery algorithms (e.g., as times-two, zero
crossing)
– Adaptive digitization of speech and multi media signals
• A/D and D/A transformations
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54. Key Challenges - cont’d - 4
All IP Network
– Tunneling and Firewalls
– Fast Handoff control, authentication, realtime location
tracking, distributed policy management
– Media Gateways for handling packet switched traffic
• Trasnscoders, echo cancellations, media conversions
Planetary Interoperability
Integration across different topologies
– Multi Disciplinary Cooperation
WPAN WLAN
+ IP
WWAN WMAN
There is packet at the end of the tunnel 54
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55. Key Challenges - cont’d - 5
Distribute intelligence to the edges
– Very Smart User equipment; away from “network Centric”
architecture
– Access routers
– Miniaturization esp User Equipment
Security and Levels of Quality of Service (QoS)
– Encryption Protocols; Security and “trust of information”
– Different rates, error profiles, latencies, burstiness
– Dynamic optimization of scarce resources
Advanced Used interactions / presentation
– Improved User interfaces
– advanced Speech recognition and synthesis
– Flexible displays
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56. Key Challenges - cont’d - 6
Web AI service / Interactive Intelligent Programs
– Smart applications in the web; intelligent agents
– Web Adaptiveness – global database schemes, global error
corrective feedback, logic layer protocol, learning
algorithms
– Symbolic manipulation
– Derive specifically targeted knowledge from diverse
information sources
Standardizations and Regulatory
– Modulation techniques, switching schemes, roaming
– Spectrum
– Cooperation/coordination among global Spectrum
Regulators
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57. 4G Forums
Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in Europe
Next-Generation Internet (NGI)
– Led by and focused on US Fed Agencies (DoD, DoE, NASA,
NIH etc.)
– High Performance networks: vBNS (NSF), NREN (NASA),
DREN (DoD), ESnet (DoE),
Internet2
– US Universities Initiated
– Focus on Gigabit/sec Points of Presence (gigaPoPs)
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58. Summary
Mobile Intelligent Internet and multi media applications
Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user
bandwidth, customized QoS, Intelligent and responsive user
interface
Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas
Continued advances and challenges from 1G -> 4G
– Modulation techniques, transreceiver advances, fast
manipulations, user interfaces, IP tunelling and firewalls
– Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, “one” standard,
authentication and security, multi disciplinary co-operation
Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical
space, esp. User Equipment (UE)
IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G
IP in the sky with diamonds
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60. 1st Generation Analog Cellular Systems
Standard Region Frequency Channel No. of Modulation Data Rate
(MHz) Spacing Channels (kbps)
(kHz)
AMPS USA 824-849 30 832 FM 10
869-894
TACS Europe 890-915 25 1000 FM 8
935-980
ETACS UK 872-915 25 1240 FM 8
917-950
NMT 450 Europe 453-457.5 25 180 FM 1.2
463-467.5
NMT 900 Europe 890-915 12.5 1999 FM 1.2
935-960
C-450 Germany 450-455.74 10 573 FM 5.28
Portugal 460-465.74
RTMS Italy 450-455 25 200 FM -
460-465
Radiocom France 414.8-418 12.5 250 FM -
2000 424.8-428
NTT Japan 870-885 25 600 FM 0.3
JTACS / Japan 860-870 25 400 FM 8.0
NTACS 915-925
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61. 2nd Generation Cellular and Cordless Systems
System IS-54 GSM IS-95 CT-2 CT-3 DECT
Country USA Europe USA Europe, DCT-90 Europe
Asia Sweden
Access TDMA / TDMA / CDMA / FDMA TDMA / TDMA /
Technology FDMA FDMA FDMA FDMA FDMA
(DS)
Frequency
Band
BS(MHz) 869-894 935-960 869-894 864-868 862-866 1800-1900
MS(MHz) 824-849 890-915 824-849
Duplexing FDD FDD FDD TDD TDD TDD
RF Channel 30 200 1250 100 1000 1728
Spacing
(kHz)
Modulation Pi/4 GMSK BPSK / GFSK GFSK GFSK
DQPSK QPSK
Frequency Fixed Fixed Fixed Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic
Assignment
Power
Control
MS Y Y Y N N N
BS Y Y Y N N N
Speech VSELP RPE-LTP QCELP ADPCM ADPCM ADPCM
Coding
Speech rate 8
(kbps) (variable
7.95 13 rate) 32 32 32
Channel Bit
Rate (kbps) 48.6 270.833 1228.8 72 640 1152
Channel 1/2 rate 1/2 rate 1/2 rate None CRC CRC
Coding convolution convolution forward,
1/3 rate
reverse,
CRC
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62. 3G WCDMA and CDMA2000 Standards
UMTS-WCDMA CDMA2000
"No' Backward Compatibility Backward compatibility with CDMAOne
Cell Sites not synchronized Cell sites synchronized thru' GPS timing
Each cell site with different scrambling Adjacent cell sites use diffferent time offset
code for spreading of same scrambling code for spreading
Complex soft Hand Over Simple Soft Hand Over
Scrambling code 38,400 chips; frame Preudo Random (PN) sequence of length
15
of 10 ms 2 - 1 chips; period of 26.67 ms; different
site offset of 64 chips
OVSF Codes Walsh Codes
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63. Cdma2000 Layered Structure
Packet Data Packet Data Packet Data
Application Application Application
Upper
Layers Signaling TCP UDP High Speed
(OSI 3-7) Services
Circuit Network
Layer Services
IP
PPP
LAC LAC Protocol Null LAC
Link
Layer
(OSI 2) MAC
Control Best Effort Delivery RLP
State
MAC
Multiplexing QoS Control
Physical
layer
(OSI 1) Physical Layer
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64. UMTS Spectrum Allocation
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
TDD TDD
GSM 1800 IMT-2000 MSS IMT-2000 MSS
DL DECT UL UL DL DL
Europe
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
PHS UL DL
Japan
IS-95 IMT-2000 IMT-2000
DL UL DL
Korea
PCS/UL PCS/DL
USA
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200
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65. WCDMA Circuit Switched Protocols
CM CM
MM MM
RRC RRC
CODEC RLC RLC
RANAP RANAP
MAC MAC
Q.2630.1 Q.2630.1
Phy-up Phy-up
Q.2150.1 SCCP SCCP Q.2150.1
Iu
UP Iu
ALCAP NBAP NBAP ALCAP MTP3b MTP3B MTP3B MTP3b
UP
FP SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI FP SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI
SSCOP SSCOP SSCOP SSCOP SSCOP SSCOP SSCOP SSCOP
PHY PHY
AAL2 AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL2 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
ATM ATM ATM ATM
PHY PHY PHY PHY
UE Node B RNC Core
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70. Standards
IEEE 802.11a and b: Wireless LAN (WiFi)
IEEE 802.15: Wireless PAN (Bluetooth)
IEEE 802.16d and e: Wireless MAN (WiMAX)
IS-41: Inter-systems operation (TIA/EIA-41)
IS-54: 1st Gen (US) TDMA; 6 users per 30 KHz
channel
IS-88: CDMA
IS-91: Analog Callular air interface
IS-93: Wireless to PSTN Interface
IS-95: TIA for CDMA (US) (Cdmaone)
IS-124: Call detail and billing record
IS-136: 2nd Genr TDMA (TDMA control channel)
IS-637: CDMA Short Message Service (SMS)
IS-756: TIA for Wireless Network Portability
(WNP)
IS-2000: cdma2000 air interface (follow on to
TIA/EIA 95-B)
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71. Glossary
3GPP:3G Partnership Project IMT:International Mobile Telecommunications
AAA:Authentication, Authorization, Accounting ITU:International Telecommunications Union
AMR:Adaptive Multi Rate (Speech Codec) OVSF:Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
ANSI:American National Standards Institute PDN:Public Data Network
ARIB:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses PLMN:Public Land Mobile Network
(Japan) PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network
BRAN:Broadband Radio Access Network (HYPERLAN QoS:Quality of Service
2) 2.5 Mbps RAB:Radio Access Bearer
CAMEL:Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced RNC:Radio Network Controller
Logic RRC:Radio Resource Control
CDMA:Code Division Multiple Access SGSN:Servicing GPRS Support Node
CWTS: China Wireless Telecommunications Standards SIM:Subscriber Identity Module
group (China) TDD:Time Division Duplex
ECMA:European Computer Manufacturers Association TDMA:Time Division Multiple Access
EDGE:Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution TTA:Telecommunications Technology Association
ETSI:European Telecommunications Standards Institute (Korea)
FDD:Frequency Division Duplex TTC:Telecommunications Technology
FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access Commission (Japan)
GGSN:Gateway GPRS Support Node UMTS:Universal Mobile Telecommunications
GMSC:Gateway MSC System
GPRS:General Packet Radio Service UTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
GSM:Global System for Mobile communication VoIP:Voice over Internet Protocol
GTP:GPRS Tunneling Protocol WCDMA:Wideband Code Division Multiple
HIPERLAN:High Performance Radio Local Area Access
Network WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
HLR:Home Location Register WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data WWAN: Wireless Wide Area Network
HYPERLAN: High Performance Radio Access network
IMSI:International Mobile Subscriber Identity 71
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72. References
1. www.3gpp.org
2. WCDMA for UMTS, Ed.: H. Holma and A. Toskala, John Wiley, 2001
3. UMTS - Mobile Communications for the Future, Ed. F.Muratore, John Wiley, 2001
4. WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Eds E.Djanpera and R.Prasad,
Artech House, 2001
5. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000, V.K.Garg, Publishing House of Electronics Industry,
Beijing, 2002
6. IP Telephony, O. Hersent, D. Gurle Et, and J-P Petit, Addison-Wesley, 2000
7. www.mobileinfo.com
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