1. Susan Pietrzyk, PhD
MEASURE Evaluation
ICF International
Email: susan.pietrzyk@icfi.com
Twitter: @susanpietrzyk
October 29, 2015
Measuring Impact Qualitatively

2. Aim of the webinar
To elicit discussion and share insights
regarding evaluative efforts to understand
and measure impact and the role of
qualitative methods in these efforts

3. Common ground
Impact evaluations are trendy
Qualitative work important to how impact
is examined and measured
USAID evaluations have long been
qualitative oriented
Manuals and toolkits about qualitative
research are plentiful
Interest is in reflection, the trend

4. About the team
ICF International
Research and Evaluation Staff
Susan Pietrzyk, PhD
Reeti Hobson, MPH
Lwendo Moonzwe, PhD
Debra Prosnitz, MPH

5. Set-up of the study
Observation & Investigation
• Projects, articles, social media, RfPs, webinars,
reports, proposals, presentations, etc.
Document Review & Bearings
• USAID HIV/AIDS-related evaluation reports
• Development Experience Clearinghouse (DEC)
• 2003-present, selected 32 documents
• USAID policy statements
• 3ie impact evaluation repository
Conversations & Mapping
• Within ICF, MEASURE partners, friends
• Talks, networking, meeting new people
• Who’s conducted USAID HIV/AIDS evaluations

6. Overview of the webinar
Why
Take a step back and assess the trend
Reflection, both critical and practical
Context
Shifts over time and the evaluation landscape
Understand the past to plan for the future
Document Review
Insights and concrete ideas, not a singular method
Tips for impact and qualitative evaluative work
Questions
Your ideas and thoughts
Develop some momentum

7. Why
The motivation for the Measuring Impact
Qualitatively study has been twofold:
• Impact evaluations are increasingly of interest
among international development policymakers and
practitioners
• Although the term “impact evaluation” signifies to
many a specifically rigorous quantitative exercise
and use of a counterfactual, impact is also both an
old and a subjective concept

8. Of interest ≠ existent
Document review selection
224 Impact
Evaluation
(inclusive of
counter factual)
Qualitative
Evaluation
(performance
evaluation)
168
144
104 23 81
32 15 17

9. Impact = an old concept
It is now recognized that social progress is essential to economic
development, and that without improvements in education, both
general and technical, health, sanitation, land utilization, tax
structures, and social justice, foreign development assistance
programs would be extremely limited in their impact on the economic
development of underdeveloped countries
It is striking in fact that, while the United States has engaged in
assistance programs of various types for decades, no systematic
analysis of this type has been made on such problems as, for
example, the impact of certain technological developments on the
economies of nations, or the transfer of technology from one society
to another

10. Impact = an old concept
It is now recognized that social progress is essential to economic development, and
that without improvements in education, both general and technical, health, sanitation,
land utilization, tax structures, and social justice, foreign development assistance
programs would be extremely limited in their impact on the economic development of
underdeveloped countries
-Wallace J. Campbell and David D. Lloyd, Report on the
Eighth Annual National Conference on International
Economic and Social Development June 1961
It is striking in fact that, while the United States has engaged in assistance programs of
various types for decades, no systematic analysis of this type has been made on such
problems as, for example, the impact of certain technological developments on the
economies of nations, or the transfer of technology from one society to another
-Henry R. Labouisse, Director, President’s Task Force on
Foreign Economic Assistance. The Act for International
Development: A Program for the Decade of Development
June 1961

11. Impact = subjective concept
32 HIV/AIDS-related evaluation reports reviewed
Total Average
Number of pages 3,383 106
Uses of the word impact 765 24
Uses of impact-related words
Specifically: achievements, effectiveness,
outcome, performance, success, sustainability
6,105 191

12. Impact = subjective concept
765 + 6,105 = 6,870 words (32 reports)
These are all words that work as part of
understanding and assessing impact

13. Impact = subjective concept
765 + 6,105 = 6,870 words (32 reports)
These are all words that work as part of
understanding and assessing impact
• Is the meaning always the same?
• Does location change the meaning?
• Might women and men understand
the words differently?
• Can we know if the experience was
always the same?

15. Document review
Objectives
Undertake a practical and critical reflection of the details
surrounding the use of qualitative methods in USAID
HIV/AIDS-related evaluations
Productively use this critical reflection to establish
insights, ideas, and promising practices around ways to
understand and assess impact in qualitative terms

16. Document review
• Search for impact evaluations (inclusive of a
counterfactual) and impact-oriented qualitative
evaluations (often, performance evaluations)
• Development Experiences Clearinghouse (DEC)
• Keyword search on evaluation, impact evaluation,
assessment, HIV, AIDS
o Three people searching
o 2003-2008, 2009-2013, 2014- present
• Yield in the 1,000s, narrow based on document title
o Exclude mid-term evaluations, conference proceedings, trip
reports, project quarterly reports
Methodology

17. Document review
• Down to 224 evaluation reports
o Read the abstract, scan the report
o Specifically looking for impact evaluations
o In reality, found more impact oriented qualitative evaluations
o Check-in going from 224 to 168 to 144 to 104
• At 104 divide between impact evaluation (23) and
impact oriented qualitative evaluation (81)
• From 104 to 32, HIV/AIDS focus, strive for balance
• Map the selected documents, maintain anonymity
o 21 countries, 25 evaluating organizations, 26 implementers
o Years: 2004, 2005, 2006 (2), 2007, 2008 (3), 2009 (2), 2010,
2011 (3), 2012 (9), 2013 (4), 2014 (4), 2015
• Read all 32, use ATLAS.ti to code
Methodology (cont.)

18. Instances(n = 32)
Evaluation / Data Type Type of Primary Data Collection (Qualitative)
Mixed Methods Evaluation 23
Key Informant
Interview
FocusGroup
Discussion
In-Depth
Interview
Primarily Qualitative Evaluation 9
EvaluationsInclusive of a Control Group 13
Primary Data Collection (Quantitative) 15
Primary Data Collection (Qualitative) 31 23 19 8
Total Average Median Range
Characteristicsof the Evaluation Reports(including annexes)
Pages 3,383 106 93 21 - 339
Uses of the Word Impact 765 24 22 3 - 91
Uses of Impact Related Words 6,105 191 146 14 - 794
Uses of the Word Gender 1,027 32 10 1 - 369
CountriesRepresented Acrossthe Sample (21)
Cote D'Ivoire (2), Ethiopia(3), Ghana, Honduras, India (3), Kenya (2), Malawi (2), Multiple Country Evaluations (3),
Namibia, Nepal, Rwanda, South Africa(4), Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda(3), Zambia(2) and Zimbabwe
Year of the Evaluation Report Acrossthe Sample
2004, 2005, 2006 (2), 2007, 2008 (3), 2009 (2), 2010, 2011 (3), 2012 (9), 2013 (4), 2014 (4) and 2015
Evaluating OrganizationsRepresented Acrossthe Sample (25)
Business Enterprise, University of Pretoria, CAMRIS, Care India, CHANGES2, Clacherty & Associates Education and
Social Developments (Pty) Ltd, Development & TrainingServices (dTS) (3), Engender Health, FARST Africa, Feedback
Research and Analytics, Inc., HORIZONS(2), Impact Consulting, John Snow International (JSI), Management Sciences
for Health (MSH), Management Systems International (MSI) (2), MEASUREEvaluation (2), MELA PLC, Mendez England
& Associates (ME&A), MIDEGO, Inc., The Mitchell Group (2), QED Group, LLC (3), Save the Children, Social Impact,
Inc., Social Scientific Systems, Synergy and USAID
Project ImplementersRepresented Acrossthe Sample (26)
Care India, CHANGES2, Chemonics, Childline Mpumalanga, Children in Distress Network, Development
Alternatives, Inc. (DAI), Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDSFoundation (EGPAF) (2), Engender Health (2), FHI360,
GOAL, HORIZONS(2), HumanaPeople to People, IntraHealth, John Snow International (JSI) (2), John Snow
International Research & TrainingInstitute, Inc., Johns Hopkins University Center for Communications Programs,
Management Sciences for Health (MSH), National Association of Child Care Workers, Government of Ghana
National HIV Prevention Program, Pact, Pathfinder, Population Services International (PSI), Save the Children (2),
USAID and Zambia VCT Partnership

19. Insights and ideas
Document Review
What struck me. What I discovered
Choosing not to use terms such as findings or results
The goal with these insights and ideas is not to produce a
manual about the use of qualitative methods. There are of
these enough already
There is no single qualitative method or approach. There
are many methods, many families of methods
Embrace the diversity. Own it. Say what you mean

20. Method specificity
Capacity assessment tool
Case story
Case study
Case study documentations
Client interaction
Client interviews
Community-level group discussion
Comprehensive analysis session
Detailed discussions
Detailed narratives
Direct observations
Discussions
Email survey
Facility checklist
Facility-level group discussion
Field visits
Fieldwork
Focus group discussion
Focus group interview
Guided group discussion
Held discussions
In-depth discussion
In-depth interview
Insightful occurrences
Interactions with stakeholders
Interpretive phenomenology
Key actor interview
Key informant interview
Observational checklists
Observations
Open-ended interviews
Opportunistic group discussion
Organization interviews
Plenary group dialogue meetings
Regular group analysis
Site visits
Structured group discussions
Structured interviews
Success story
Telephone discussions
Triangulation
41 qualitative data collection methods terms

21. The limits of listing
The Team performed an intensive desk review of the documents,
including those provided by USAID, and data encountered through
Internet searches, site visits and discussions with local counterparts
(Appendix B). A Team Planning Meeting was held on XXXX to draft
the evaluation framework, followed by an orientation meeting with
USAID on XXXX. The framework was subsequently approved by
USAID in an email dated XXXX. Following that meeting, the Team
met in XXXX with the implementing agencies and other stakeholders
as identified by USAID (Appendix B). The Team finalized the
evaluation framework in accordance with USAID feedback and
guidance, and further tested and refined the discussion guides
(Appendix D). (P24)

22. Activities ≠ method
1) a team planning meeting between the team and USAID/XXXX;
2) extensive desk review of all project-related documents;
3) interviews with key informants;
4) field visits to three of the seven XXXX districts in XXXX, one XXXX
district, and one XXXX district (control districts), where team members
met select NGOs and community members and visited XXXX Clinics;
5) meetings with the XXXX and XXXX in XXXX and XXXX;
6) client briefings with XXXX and USAID through in-person meetings and
teleconferences; and
7) presentations and discussion of findings with members of the XXXX
team, USAID and XXXX.
To enhance the quantitative rigor of the evaluation, the team undertook a
separate epidemiological study to analyze health outcomes. The evaluation
team conducted field visits to verify data collection and to inform subsequent
findings qualitatively. Key informant interviews further enhanced the findings
of the XXXX Documentation team and provided additional insight (P4)
The methodology included

23. Method
Two overall method statements
The evaluation team used both qualitative and
quantitative methods to collect and analyze information
relevant to the objectives, the four outcomes of the
development hypothesis, and the research questions
outlined in the Scope of Work. (P3)
A sequential mixed methods design was used to combine
quantitative (survey design) and interpretive qualitative
aspects. (P2)

24. Method
A subtle but telling variation
The evaluation team used both qualitative and
quantitative methods to collect and analyze information
relevant to the objectives, the four outcomes of the
development hypothesis, and the research questions
outlined in the Scope of Work. (P3)
A sequential mixed methods design was used to
combine quantitative (survey design) and interpretive
qualitative aspects. (P2)

25. Mixed method
Denzin, Norman (2010) Qualitative Inquiry
Analysis traces history surrounding rise mixed method.
Persons who are less familiar with the rich traditions of
qualitative inquiry are telling others with the same lack of
experience how to do qualitative work (2010: 420)
This type of instruction exists, Denzin suggests, because the
call for mixed method work has largely come from those with
quantitative expertise not those with qualitative expertise.

26. Mapping
Evidence for Denzin’s assertion
Article: Tracing publications, tracing history, a compelling
analysis of paradigms and when, why, how they shift
Document review: Very rare that the bios of the
evaluators are included; thus, we can’t know the expertise
of the evaluation team members
Observationally: Often an approach to qualitative
evaluations relies on mapping quantitative methods and
words onto a qualitative study. Potentially an indication of
quantitative experts trying to map their expertise onto an
area (qualitative work) where they have less expertise

27. Unit of analysis
Conceptually, the team chose to focus on both the
provision of services, the “supply side” or referred to in
the PMP as “Access”, as well as the “demand side”,
mainly the utilization of those services by beneficiaries.
Three main units of analysis were: first, national level
leaders who had received training and other inputs from
XXXX; second, the district level, including the XX country
unit of local government and local level civil society
organizations, and third, HIV/AIDS affected Households,
as identified from People with HIV/AIDS (PHA)
registration lists. (P17)

28. Impact
Key informant interview = 23
What is the unit of analysis for a key informant interview?
Focus group discussion = 19
What is the unit of analysis for a focus group discussion?
In-depth interview = 8
What is the unit of analysis for an in-depth interview?

29. Impact
Key informant interview = 23
Did the key informant experience the impact?
Focus group discussion = 19
Did the focus group experience the impact?
In-depth interview = 8
Did the in-depth interviewee experience the impact?

30. Summary & tips
Impact & Qualitative Evaluative Work
Consider that impact is a subjective concept
Tailor the methods, descriptively title interview types
Say what you mean, state method specifically and in detail
Think before you list, methods deserve full sentences
Flush things out, activities are not methods
Both and mixed are not synonyms
Mixed method requires quantitative and qualitative expertise
When to / when not to map quantitative onto qualitative
Unit of analysis and its relevance to understanding impact
Experience and its relevance to feeling impact

31. MEASURE Evaluation is funded by the U.S. Agency
for International Development (USAID) under terms
of Cooperative Agreement AID-OAA-L-14-00004 and
implemented by the Carolina Population Center, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partnership with ICF
International, John Snow, Inc., Management Sciences for
Health, Palladium Group, and Tulane University. The views
expressed in this presentation do not necessarily reflect
the views of USAID or the United States government.
www.measureevaluation.org