1. Immune System,
Vaccines, and
Antibiotics Part 1
Biology EOC Review
SC.912.L14.52
By M. Donohue

2. •Think Fast!
Copy the chart onto your paper…You have two minutes to write
down everything you know and have heard about the 4 following
terms
Bacteria Viruses Antibiotics Vaccines

3. •What is a disease?
Any change, other than an injury, that can interfere
•
with the life processes of an organism
• Causes:
Germ Theory of Disease
• Infections (from pathogenic
Observations of Louis Pasteur
agents) and Robert Koch led them to
• Genes believe that infectious diseases
• Behavior were caused by microorganisms
• Exposure to chemicals in the of different types (germs)
environment

4. •Public Health
Science that deals with protecting and improving
•
the health of the people in a community
• Focuses on the health of the whole population
• Ways to improve public health:
• Education about diseases and
causes
• Provide clean drinking water
• Promote healthy living habits
• Ex. Farmers markets and hand
sanitizers in schools and hospitals
• Research causes and treatments
of various diseases
• Vaccination Campaigns
• Food and Drug Safety regulations

5. •Types of Disease
INFECTIOUS DISEASE NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• Those diseases that can spread Disease that is not spread
•
from one organism to another from one organism to
• Caused by PATHOGENS another
• Organisms and agents that • Causes include:
cause infectious disease
• exposure to
• Describe something that can
environmental factors
be passed from one organism
to another
such as chemicals or
• Examples
radiation
• Bacteria, fungi, and • Genetics
protists, viruses • Poor health habits
• PARASITES-
• Smoking, poor eating
• An organism that lives in
habits, lack of physical
or on another organism
and obtains nutrients
activity, drug/alcohol
from the hosts’ body abuse
tissues • Examples
• Spread easily through
• Cancer, diabetes,
direct physical contact
or indirect contact, allergies, heart disease,
such as contaminated mental illness
food, water, and waste

6. •Noninfectious Disease
NOT spread from one organism to another
• Environmental Factors ENVIRONMENTAL
• Radiation FACTORS
• Toxins/chemicals • Air pollution
• Natural (plants animals and fungi) • respiratory
• Unnatural (pollution) disease
• Genetics (asthma)
• Passed down from one generation to its offspring and lung
• Not always “ALL-OR-NOTHING” cancer
• You may get the gene but outside factors can • Water and Soil
influence the expression of disease Pollution
Ex: Gene for heart disease influenced by diet
• Heavy
•
and exercise
• Mutations
metals
taken in by
• Changes in an organisms DNA plants and
• A mutation is passed down to every cell that eaten by us
develops from that mutated cell
• Heavy
• If a REPRODUCTIVE CELL or GAMETE mutates
mutation can be passed from parent to offspring metals
• If SOMATIC or NORMAL cell mutates mutation runoff into
CANNOT be passed to offspring lakes and
• Poor health habits
rivers and
get into our
Drugs
•
water
• Alcohol supply
• Tobacco

7. GENETIC DISEASES CAUSED BY
MUTATIONS
• Cystic fibrosis
• Too many Cl- ions outside cell
• Extra Cl- ions make the mucus around
cells thicker than normal=person has
trouble breathing
• Huntington’s disease
• Degeneration of nervous system
• Mental deterioration
• Uncontrollable movements
• Premature death
• Sickle cell anemia
• Changes protein hemoglobin on RBC
and distorts the shape of RBCs.
• RBCs have “sickle” shape and clog
vessels and cannot carry oxygen
efficiently=weakness
• Hemophilia
• Inability to produce the protein that is
important in blood clotting
• Bruise easily
• Person can die from minor cuts because
they can bleed to death

8. •Infectious Disease
• Can EASILY spread from one organism to another
• Caused by pathogens
• Bacteria
• Viruses

9. •Bacteria and disease
• Reproduce rapidly
• Spread easily
• Break down cells in the host’s
body for food=tissue damage
• Release toxins into hosts’
body
• Toxin- a poison that acts on a
particular body system
• Ex. Bacteria that causes
strep throat releases toxin
that can cause scarlet
fever
• Tetnus-disease caused by
bacteria that also release
toxin that affects nervous
system
• Diseases caused by bacteria
• Strep throat
• Pneumonia
• Anthrax
• Lyme disease

10. •Viral Infections
• What is a Virus?
• Tiny particles of genetic info (RNA or DNA)
surrounded by a protein coat
• Diseases caused by a virus:
• Common cold or influenza (flu)
• Rabies
• Small pox
• Rabies
• AIDS (Autoimmune deficiency syndrome)
• Viruses can only replicate or make more viruses
when they are in a living cell (the HOST)
• They must HIJACK the cells machinery (Organelles)
• Most Viruses attack only one kind of organism
• Example: bacteriophage is a virus that only attacks
bacteria (phage means “to eat”)

12. •How a Virus Infects A Cell
• Virus attaches to bacterial cell
wall
• injects DNA into bacterial cell
• Virus directs cell to make viral
nucleic acid
• Virus DNA and proteins assemble
into new virus
• Bacterial cell opens and the virus
particle is released
• Virus that infects bacteria is called
a BACTERIOPHAGE

13. •3 ways To Prevent Infectious Disease
1. Vaccinations
2. Practice Good Hygiene
3. Avoid people you know are sick

14. •Vaccines
• Weakened OR deactivated forms of
pathogen that are introduced into
your body to cause YOUR immune
system to produce antibodies that
fight off the pathogen
• Many different vaccines have been made to
protect people from viruses and bacteria

15. Click Here! How Vaccines
•4 Ways Vaccines Work Work VIDEO
1) Weaken the Virus
• viruses are weakened so that they reproduce themselves very poorly once inside the body
• Body is able to make “memory B cells” to protect patient against the virus for life
+ only one or two doses need for life long immunity
- may cause a mild version of disease and people with weakened immune systems (cancer or
AIDS) cannot get them
2) Inactivate the Virus
• Viruses are completely inactivated (or killed) with a chemical
• the virus is still "seen" by the body and cells of the immune system that protect against disease
are generated
+ anybody can get this vaccine
- Many doses are required
3) Use Part of the Virus
• just one part of the virus is removed and used as a vaccine (proteins on the surface of the
virus)
• can be used when an immune response to one part of the virus (or bacteria) is responsible
for protection against disease
+ a few doses= long lived immunity
4) Use Part of the Bacteria
• Make vaccine by inactivating toxin with a chemical (the toxin, once inactivated, is called a
toxoid).
• Toxoid no longer causes harm and body create immune cells against this specific
toxin
• Make vaccine using the sugar coat of specific bacteria
• Body build immunity against bacteria with that specific sugar coat
- requires many doses to build immunity

17. Lesson Review
1) What word describes diseases that are spread from one
organism to another?
2) Explain how pathogens are related to human health.
3) Explain how viruses reproduce. Include a labeled diagram.
4) Discussion Question: Many forms of skin cancer have been
linked to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. People who have
fair skin and light colored eyes tend to be at an increased risk
for skin cancer. However, not everyone with those traits will
develop skin cancer. What can you infer about the role of
genetics in a person’s risk of skin cancer? What role does
behavior play? Does the environment make a difference?

18. • Complete The Handout On Your Own Piece of
notebook Paper