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Interaction Design for the
                   4th Dimension




                        Maria Cordell
                                     @mcordell

                                interaction10
                          feb 7, 2010 | savannah, ga


                                         #ixd4d
IxD4D               1
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IxD4D
http://www.flickr.com/photos
                                    /doctorow/




IxD4D
usability




IxD4D       4
usability       utility




IxD4D               5
usability utility   usefulness




IxD4D                  6
?
        usability + utility = usefulness




IxD4D                   7
IxD4D   8
IxD4D   9
Itzhak Perlman


IxD4D   10        Portrait Source: Akira Kinoshita
usability          utility           usefulness
        - specific tasks   - requirements
        - speed / ease     - feature lists
        - completion
        - limited scope
                           - use cases
                           - performance
                                                 ?




IxD4D                              11
“…if designers focus only on the low-
        hanging fruit of functionalism or usability,
        the human experience with designed
        objects is destined to a level of
        mundane banality.”
        -- Jon Kolko
        Thoughts on Interaction Design




IxD4D                                    12
Temporal Slices




                      temporal
                        slice


IxD4D                    13
Temporal Slices




             broader        temporal
              view            slice


IxD4D                  14
Time Domains




IxD4D              15   http://www.flickr.com/photos/schepers/258428249
Time...
        • is flexible, like rubber
        • is both familiar and mysterious
        • is both concrete and fluid
        • has directional flow
        • shapes understanding
        • has relative meaning
        • is an enigma

IxD4D                                16
“Time is
   much weirder
   than we think
   it is.”




                           David Eagleman
                        Baylor College of Medicine
IxD4D              17   Neuroscientist and author
Perception
    Participants are told they’re to perform a “10-minute”
    task.

             Sigh.                                              Time flies
        Is it time for                                         when you’re
          lunch yet?                                           having fun!




          For some, task length was        For others, task was terminated
            actually 20 minutes                  after just 5 minutes

    All were told they’d spent 10 minutes on the task.
    Participants who thought the task had gone by “quickly”
    reported it as more enjoyable.

IxD4D                                 18
Irreversibility




IxD4D                 19   Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/stevenduong/4081192022
Entropy




IxD4D         20   Image: John Grimsley, a.k.a. HamWithCam
Newton              Maxwell




                 Einstein
IxD4D
No limits                                 Speed of
        on speed                                  light is a
        for                                       constant
        anything


                    Newton              Maxwell




                                         What
                                         does this
                                         mean?



                             Einstein
IxD4D
Special Relativity in a Nutshell
    • The laws of physics are the same for any
      two observers
        - no matter how fast they’re moving with respect
          to each other
        - as long as they’re moving at constant speed
          (not accelerating)
    • The speed of light is always the same
        - no matter your own speed
        - or the speed of the object that emits that light




IxD4D                                     23
As a Result...
    • Time dilates
        - moving clocks slow down
    • Lengths compress
        - in the direction of motion
    • Mass increases
        - (we’ll skip this bit)




IxD4D                                  24
Stationary train with “light beam” clock
        Clock measures time by means of a light pulse
        moving up and down between two mirrors.
                                                              mirror




                I got x
                                                                                   I got
                                                                                   x, too




                                                             light source
                                                             & mirror




        When both the train and the observer are                            Observer
        stationary, the train passenger and an observer
        on the ground measure ticks of the clock and
        record same time interval during each cycle of the
        clock.


IxD4D                                                   25
Train traveling at near the speed of light

                       I got x




                                                                             I
                                                                        measured y




        The observer sees the light pulse trace out a diagonal   Observer
        path. The speed of light is constant, so the observer
        measures a greater interval during each tick of the
        clock and concludes the clock is running slow. The
        passenger sees no change from the stationary case.


IxD4D                                     26
Relativity of Events
                                                                  y'

                                                                                 event
                                                                          v

                    y
         S'                                           S'                                 x'
                                event


                                                                  y

                                        x                                        event




                                                                                         x
         S                                            S


        If S = S', an event is identified as         If S' is moving relative to S, an event is
        occurring in the same place and time,        identified as occurring with different
        with the same spacetime coordinates:         spacetime coordinates. For S: (x, y, z, t)
        (x, y, z, t).                                and for S': (x', y', z' t').


IxD4D                                           27
2D snapshots
        of Earth orbiting the sun




                                           diagrams from Professor John Horton
IxD4D               28
                             http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/
layered into a
           3D stack




                                            diagrams from Professor John Horton
IxD4D                    29
                              http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/
world line
             of the sun



                     The time axis
                       shows 4D
                      spacetime!
                    world line
                     of the
                     Earth




                             diagrams from Professor John Horton
IxD4D   30
               http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/
Light Cone




IxD4D            31
Feynman Diagrams
            Spacetime diagrams for documenting
            elementary particle interactions.

                                                               The basic diagram
                                                               components.

                                                               All electromagnetic
                                                               interactions can be
                                                               described with
                                                               combinations of
                                                               primitive diagrams
                                                               like this one.



                                                               Feynman
                                                               diagram for like-
                                                               charge repulsion.



  Richard
  Feynman




IxD4D         32 Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/particles/expar.html#c2
Electron-Positron Annihilation




                   e+e‒ ⟶ 2ɣ

IxD4D                    33          Source: Wikipedia
Penguin Diagram




IxD4D                 34
Time-based Models
    • Fields                       • Applications
        - Applied mathematics       - Predictive modeling
        - Biology                   - Forecasting
        - Electrical engineering    - Trends analysis
        - Statistics                - Historical mapping
        - Economics                 - Performance
        - Finance                   - Waveform analysis
        - Business                  - Signal processing
        - Geophysics                - Monitoring
        - Landscape design          - Audio Engineering



IxD4D
Rates of Change




            exponential growth   linear growth   cubic growth
            y = 2x               y = 50x         y = x3
IxD4D                            36
Time Series




IxD4D             37
Time-based Waveforms



                                                                      E



                                                                                        t




          Oscilloscope: Voltage amplitude over time
IxD4D                                                 Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/altemark/
Temporal Experience of Place




IxD4D                   39     Mount Diablo, California. Source: Maria Cordell
“Landscape architects tend to
        think dynamically and in space-
        time relationships.

        They are sensitive to the
        changing character of spaces
        from day to night, with seasons,
        and through succession.

        They speak not of ‘what the
        space is’ but of how it is
        experienced as one moves from
        place to place—the temporal
        experience of the place.”
         -- John Motloch
        Introduction to Landscape Design
IxD4D         40
Designed Place




IxD4D                41   Source: Introduction to Landscape Design
Temporal Foundations of Landscapes
    • Scale
        - from geologic (geologic uplift) to recent change (stream
          erosion or a fallen tree)
    • Sequence
        - natural change undergoes somewhat predictable change
        - cultural change is less predictable; based on differences
          in populations, attitudes, and perceptions
    • Rhythm
        - diurnal, seasonal, successional, weather, and climatic
        - nature’s purest statement of system and process
        - movement toward some future condition


IxD4D                                    42
Landscape as Story
    • Sequential experience of landscape can be
      designed as story
        - each space is revealed to advantage
        - through serial discovery
        - unwrapping a temporal experience
    • An evolving story line choreographs the viewer’s
      movement through a space, accounting for
        - mode of transportation
        - character of path
        - designed mood of place
        - user behavior


IxD4D                                   43
Story Lines




            Casual        Formal
IxD4D                44   Source: Introduction to Landscape Design
Temporal Choreography


         “Landscape designers can manage
         materials and arrangements to create
         interesting spatial expressions and visual
         relationships in all seasons, and
         landscapes that change with season in a
         rich temporal choreography.”
          -- John Motloch
         Introduction to Landscape Design




IxD4D                               45      Mount Diablo, California. Source: Maria Cordell
Thinking Temporally
    • Experience is inherently temporal
    • Design decisions have long term effects
    • Design-to-user dialog is ongoing
    • User characteristics change over time
        - perspective / perception
        - skill / responsibility
        - motivations
        - interest
    • Context, purpose, and meaning evolve
    • Time and space are inextricably linked

IxD4D                                46
Contextual Landscape




                      user

                       job




IxD4D                  47
Designed Place




IxD4D                48   Source: Introduction to Landscape Design
Long Term Dialog
   “The importance of understanding the long term
   dialog that occurs with a product focuses around
   the cultural methods of use and misuse that a
   person engages in with this object. Indeed, long
   term dialog may be exponentially more
   important than short term usability.”
    -- Jon Kolko
    Thoughts on Interaction Design




IxD4D                                49
It’s about getting
                        beneath the surface of
                     functionality and behavior
                      into the messy emotional,
                    symbolic, mythical, habitual
                     crap that constitutes three-
                          quarters of normal
                          people's existence.




   Stephen Taylor
   @anomalogue
IxD4D
New Ethnographer’s Toolkit
    • Developed by Chris Khalil, Australia-based user
      experience architect (www.chriskhalil.com)
    • Captures key points user’s online experience
    • Good for studying online behavior
    • Ensures a realistic, natural record of participant’s
      life online
    • Recording mechanism is in same medium and
      context as the target design
    • Enables mental modeling based on authentic
      goals, behaviors, and motivations


IxD4D                             51                Source: http://www.chriskhalil.com/
Khalil: Digital Fingerprints
    • Twitter
    • Facebook
    • Email
    • IM
    • Blogs
    • RSS
    • Mobile




IxD4D                     52       Source: http://www.chriskhalil.com/
Toward Long Term Understanding
    • Product fit over days, weeks, months

    • User needs over time

    • Relationships between tasks and larger objectives

    • Product fit into context layers

    • Role in overall work or life activities

    • Intended product lifetime

    • Effect on temporal perception


IxD4D                              53
Temporally Aware Design
    • Design how the user         • Balance casual and formal
      uses time                   • Set the tempo
    • Mold subjective time        • Use locality
    • Use temporal scale          • Think relativistically
    • Choreograph temporal        • Capture layers and
      experience                          dimension




IxD4D                        54                          Image: Maria Cordell
Thanks for listening.




   Maria Cordell
   mcordell@gmail.com
   @mcordell
   www.flickr.com/mcordell
   #ixd4d
IxD4D                        55

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Interaction Design for the 4th Dimension

  • 1. Interaction Design for the 4th Dimension Maria Cordell @mcordell interaction10 feb 7, 2010 | savannah, ga #ixd4d IxD4D 1
  • 2. Features :: Request Find :: Assess Philip r A Advanced Search Creative Superviso B Best In Class Catherine D ger Marketing Mana email to Request Asset Form AdShare sends an C asset's Philip, the original Catherine's for owner, containing Email Notification Catherine searches D ple request. 1 assets using multi 5 criteria. C AdShare A Repository Request Form Advanced Search ut hendrerit Minim facilisi tation e vel consequat dolore vulputat dignissim in euismod velit quis ea y. Eu at, lobortis blandit, nonumm Request Matching search 2 results are presented. B that one of the Asset Name 4 Catherine notices been marked as assets listed has She selects the Results "Best In Class". Minim facilisi tation ut hendrerit d information. e vel consequat asset to view recor dolore vulputat dignissim in euismod velit quis ea y. Eu at, lobortis Asset Name blandit, nonumm After reading all the 3 associated inform ation, "Request" Catherine selects Asset Name copy of to request a hi-res Request the asset from the system Asset Name that created it. IxD4D
  • 3. http://www.flickr.com/photos /doctorow/ IxD4D
  • 5. usability utility IxD4D 5
  • 6. usability utility usefulness IxD4D 6
  • 7. ? usability + utility = usefulness IxD4D 7
  • 8. IxD4D 8
  • 9. IxD4D 9
  • 10. Itzhak Perlman IxD4D 10 Portrait Source: Akira Kinoshita
  • 11. usability utility usefulness - specific tasks - requirements - speed / ease - feature lists - completion - limited scope - use cases - performance ? IxD4D 11
  • 12. “…if designers focus only on the low- hanging fruit of functionalism or usability, the human experience with designed objects is destined to a level of mundane banality.” -- Jon Kolko Thoughts on Interaction Design IxD4D 12
  • 13. Temporal Slices temporal slice IxD4D 13
  • 14. Temporal Slices broader temporal view slice IxD4D 14
  • 15. Time Domains IxD4D 15 http://www.flickr.com/photos/schepers/258428249
  • 16. Time... • is flexible, like rubber • is both familiar and mysterious • is both concrete and fluid • has directional flow • shapes understanding • has relative meaning • is an enigma IxD4D 16
  • 17. “Time is much weirder than we think it is.” David Eagleman Baylor College of Medicine IxD4D 17 Neuroscientist and author
  • 18. Perception Participants are told they’re to perform a “10-minute” task. Sigh. Time flies Is it time for when you’re lunch yet? having fun! For some, task length was For others, task was terminated actually 20 minutes after just 5 minutes All were told they’d spent 10 minutes on the task. Participants who thought the task had gone by “quickly” reported it as more enjoyable. IxD4D 18
  • 19. Irreversibility IxD4D 19 Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/stevenduong/4081192022
  • 20. Entropy IxD4D 20 Image: John Grimsley, a.k.a. HamWithCam
  • 21. Newton Maxwell Einstein IxD4D
  • 22. No limits Speed of on speed light is a for constant anything Newton Maxwell What does this mean? Einstein IxD4D
  • 23. Special Relativity in a Nutshell • The laws of physics are the same for any two observers - no matter how fast they’re moving with respect to each other - as long as they’re moving at constant speed (not accelerating) • The speed of light is always the same - no matter your own speed - or the speed of the object that emits that light IxD4D 23
  • 24. As a Result... • Time dilates - moving clocks slow down • Lengths compress - in the direction of motion • Mass increases - (we’ll skip this bit) IxD4D 24
  • 25. Stationary train with “light beam” clock Clock measures time by means of a light pulse moving up and down between two mirrors. mirror I got x I got x, too light source & mirror When both the train and the observer are Observer stationary, the train passenger and an observer on the ground measure ticks of the clock and record same time interval during each cycle of the clock. IxD4D 25
  • 26. Train traveling at near the speed of light I got x I measured y The observer sees the light pulse trace out a diagonal Observer path. The speed of light is constant, so the observer measures a greater interval during each tick of the clock and concludes the clock is running slow. The passenger sees no change from the stationary case. IxD4D 26
  • 27. Relativity of Events y' event v y S' S' x' event y x event x S S If S = S', an event is identified as If S' is moving relative to S, an event is occurring in the same place and time, identified as occurring with different with the same spacetime coordinates: spacetime coordinates. For S: (x, y, z, t) (x, y, z, t). and for S': (x', y', z' t'). IxD4D 27
  • 28. 2D snapshots of Earth orbiting the sun diagrams from Professor John Horton IxD4D 28 http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/
  • 29. layered into a 3D stack diagrams from Professor John Horton IxD4D 29 http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/
  • 30. world line of the sun The time axis shows 4D spacetime! world line of the Earth diagrams from Professor John Horton IxD4D 30 http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/
  • 32. Feynman Diagrams Spacetime diagrams for documenting elementary particle interactions. The basic diagram components. All electromagnetic interactions can be described with combinations of primitive diagrams like this one. Feynman diagram for like- charge repulsion. Richard Feynman IxD4D 32 Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/particles/expar.html#c2
  • 33. Electron-Positron Annihilation e+e‒ ⟶ 2ɣ IxD4D 33 Source: Wikipedia
  • 35. Time-based Models • Fields • Applications - Applied mathematics - Predictive modeling - Biology - Forecasting - Electrical engineering - Trends analysis - Statistics - Historical mapping - Economics - Performance - Finance - Waveform analysis - Business - Signal processing - Geophysics - Monitoring - Landscape design - Audio Engineering IxD4D
  • 36. Rates of Change exponential growth linear growth cubic growth y = 2x y = 50x y = x3 IxD4D 36
  • 38. Time-based Waveforms E t Oscilloscope: Voltage amplitude over time IxD4D Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/altemark/
  • 39. Temporal Experience of Place IxD4D 39 Mount Diablo, California. Source: Maria Cordell
  • 40. “Landscape architects tend to think dynamically and in space- time relationships. They are sensitive to the changing character of spaces from day to night, with seasons, and through succession. They speak not of ‘what the space is’ but of how it is experienced as one moves from place to place—the temporal experience of the place.” -- John Motloch Introduction to Landscape Design IxD4D 40
  • 41. Designed Place IxD4D 41 Source: Introduction to Landscape Design
  • 42. Temporal Foundations of Landscapes • Scale - from geologic (geologic uplift) to recent change (stream erosion or a fallen tree) • Sequence - natural change undergoes somewhat predictable change - cultural change is less predictable; based on differences in populations, attitudes, and perceptions • Rhythm - diurnal, seasonal, successional, weather, and climatic - nature’s purest statement of system and process - movement toward some future condition IxD4D 42
  • 43. Landscape as Story • Sequential experience of landscape can be designed as story - each space is revealed to advantage - through serial discovery - unwrapping a temporal experience • An evolving story line choreographs the viewer’s movement through a space, accounting for - mode of transportation - character of path - designed mood of place - user behavior IxD4D 43
  • 44. Story Lines Casual Formal IxD4D 44 Source: Introduction to Landscape Design
  • 45. Temporal Choreography “Landscape designers can manage materials and arrangements to create interesting spatial expressions and visual relationships in all seasons, and landscapes that change with season in a rich temporal choreography.” -- John Motloch Introduction to Landscape Design IxD4D 45 Mount Diablo, California. Source: Maria Cordell
  • 46. Thinking Temporally • Experience is inherently temporal • Design decisions have long term effects • Design-to-user dialog is ongoing • User characteristics change over time - perspective / perception - skill / responsibility - motivations - interest • Context, purpose, and meaning evolve • Time and space are inextricably linked IxD4D 46
  • 47. Contextual Landscape user job IxD4D 47
  • 48. Designed Place IxD4D 48 Source: Introduction to Landscape Design
  • 49. Long Term Dialog “The importance of understanding the long term dialog that occurs with a product focuses around the cultural methods of use and misuse that a person engages in with this object. Indeed, long term dialog may be exponentially more important than short term usability.” -- Jon Kolko Thoughts on Interaction Design IxD4D 49
  • 50. It’s about getting beneath the surface of functionality and behavior into the messy emotional, symbolic, mythical, habitual crap that constitutes three- quarters of normal people's existence. Stephen Taylor @anomalogue IxD4D
  • 51. New Ethnographer’s Toolkit • Developed by Chris Khalil, Australia-based user experience architect (www.chriskhalil.com) • Captures key points user’s online experience • Good for studying online behavior • Ensures a realistic, natural record of participant’s life online • Recording mechanism is in same medium and context as the target design • Enables mental modeling based on authentic goals, behaviors, and motivations IxD4D 51 Source: http://www.chriskhalil.com/
  • 52. Khalil: Digital Fingerprints • Twitter • Facebook • Email • IM • Blogs • RSS • Mobile IxD4D 52 Source: http://www.chriskhalil.com/
  • 53. Toward Long Term Understanding • Product fit over days, weeks, months • User needs over time • Relationships between tasks and larger objectives • Product fit into context layers • Role in overall work or life activities • Intended product lifetime • Effect on temporal perception IxD4D 53
  • 54. Temporally Aware Design • Design how the user • Balance casual and formal uses time • Set the tempo • Mold subjective time • Use locality • Use temporal scale • Think relativistically • Choreograph temporal • Capture layers and experience dimension IxD4D 54 Image: Maria Cordell
  • 55. Thanks for listening. Maria Cordell mcordell@gmail.com @mcordell www.flickr.com/mcordell #ixd4d IxD4D 55