1. Accessible
Button
Dropdown
Creating an

2. Introduction

3. My main role in recent times is to
work on the UX/UI and front-end
development of Pattern Libraries
for web applications.

4. However, I also work in the
Accessibility space. My focus in this
area is helping developers build
accessible web components for
complex Web apps.

5. One web component that can
present accessibility issues is the
button dropdown.

6. A button dropdown is where a
button is used to trigger the display
of contextual menus - such as a list
of links.

7. A diagram showing a button “Weyland Industries” with no dropdown displayed

8. A diagram showing a button “Weyland Industries” with the dropdown displayed below.
The dropdown displays three options: “Weyland Industries”, “Stark Industries” and “Cyberdyne Systems”

9. We’re going to look at a range of
possible checkpoints that could
help make button dropdowns more
accessible.

10. We’ll use an imaginary example of a
button dropdown that allows users
to switch their current
organisation.

11. A diagram showing a button “Weyland Industries” with the dropdown displayed below.
The dropdown displays three options: “Weyland Industries”, “Stark Industries” and “Cyberdyne Systems”

12. 1.
Semantics

13. As the name suggests, the ideal
element that should be used for the
trigger, is the <button> element.

14. <button type="button">
Weyland Industries
</button>

15. The fundamental difference between
buttons and links is that buttons
should do something (cause
something to happen), and links
should go somewhere (go to a
different location).

16. The markup for the dropdown
depends on the role of the items
inside. If the items are a list of links,
then an unordered list of links is
ideal.

17. <ul>
<li><a href="#">Weyland Industries</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Stark Industries</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Cyberdyne Systems</a></li>
</ul>

18. 2.
Getting to the button

19. Keyboard-only users should be
able to TAB to the button, which
then receives focus.

20. 3.
Announcing the button

21. The aria-­‐label attribute can be
used to announce the button value
along with any additional
information to screen reader users.

22. For modern screen readers, the
aria-­‐label value will be
announced instead of the button
value.

23. <button
type="button"
aria-­‐label="Current company: Weyland Industries. Use
the dropdown menu to switch companies"
>
Weyland Industries
</button>

24. The aria-­‐haspopup="true"
attribute can be used to announce
the button as a “popup button” to
screen readers.

25. This is important, as it tells screen
reader users that it is a different
type of button - not a normal
button associated with submitting a
form etc.

26. <button
type="button"
aria-­‐label="Current company: Weyland Industries. Use
the dropdown menu to switch companies"
aria-­‐haspopup="true"
>
Weyland Industries
</button>

27. The aria-­‐expanded="false"
attribute can be used to announce
the current state of the popup
button to screen readers - i.e the
dropdown below the button is not
currently expanded.

28. The "false" value would need to
be changed to "true" via
JavaScript as soon as the user
triggers the button.

29. <button
type="button"
aria-­‐label="Current company: Weyland Industries. Use
the dropdown menu to switch companies"
aria-­‐haspopup="true"
aria-­‐expanded="false"
>
Weyland Industries
</button>

30. Alternatively, the aria-­‐
expanded="true" attribute could
be injected via JavaScript only
when the button is triggered -
which would reduce the amount of
information being announced.

31. 4.
Triggering the button

32. For keyboard-only users, ENTER or
SPACEBAR strokes should trigger
the dropdown to appear.

33. 5.
After the button is
triggered

34. If the aria-­‐expanded="false"
attribute is present in the default
button state, it should be changed
to aria-­‐expanded="true" via
JavaScript.

35. If the aria-­‐expanded="false"
attribute is not present in the
default button state, the aria-­‐
expanded="true" should be
injected via JavaScript.

36. <button
type="button"
aria-­‐label="Current company: Weyland Industries. Use
the dropdown menu to switch companies"
aria-­‐haspopup="true"
aria-­‐expanded="true"
>
Weyland Industries
</button>

37. Focus should immediately shift to
the <ul> element and the dropdown
should become visible.

38. This is something that most button
dropdown solutions do not solve
elegantly. In many cases, users
trigger the button but the focus
does not shift at all.

39. Users are either given silence after
they trigger the button, or the button
information is repeated again. This
can cause confusion for users who
cannot see that the dropdown has
been triggered, but nothing has
been announced.

40. The <ul> element could be given an
aria-­‐label value, which means
that when it receives focus, it’s
purpose is announced.

41. <ul aria-­‐label="Switch Companies">
<li><a href="#">Weyland Industries</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Stark Industries</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Cyberdyne Systems</a></li>
</ul>

42. A side note:
If the current organisation exists in
the long list of dropdown items, it
may be a good ideal to flag this item
as the current organisation for
screen reader users.

43. This can be achieved with a range
of different methods, including
providing additional information
that is hidden off-screen.

44. <ul aria-­‐label="Switch Companies">
<li>
<a href="#">
<span class="hidden">Current company: </span>
Weyland Industries
</a>
</li>
<li><a href="#">Stark Industries</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Cyberdyne Systems</a></li>
</ul>

45. 8.
To escape the dropdown

46. For keyboard-only users, the ESC
keystroke should close the
dropdown and return focus to the
button.

47. 7.
To navigate through
items within the
dropdown

48. When focus has shifted to the <ul>
element, keyboard-only users
should be able to use TAB, SHIFT
TAB, UP ARROW or DOWN
ARROW to move forwards or
backwards through the list items.

49. When users reach the start or end of
the list, UP ARROW and DOWN
ARROW keystrokes should then
have not have any effect.

50. 8.
Selecting a dropdown
item

51. Keyboard-only users should be able
to select a dropdown menu item
using ENTER and possibly the
SPACEBAR keystrokes.

52. 9.
To leave the dropdown

53. Keyboard-only users should be able
to TAB forward through the
dropdown items and then on to
other focusable items outside the
dropdown.

54. As soon focus leave the last
dropdown item, the dropdown
should disappear.

55. Users should be able to SHIFT
TAB backwards through the
dropdown items and back to the
button.

56. The dropdown should remain open
when the button receives focus.
(Users can close the dropdown by
triggering the button again).

57. Conclusion

58. So, that’s it. A few simple pointers
to help make button dropdowns
more accessible.
Thanks for listening!

59. Russ Weakley
Max Design
Site: maxdesign.com.au
Twitter: twitter.com/russmaxdesign
Slideshare: slideshare.net/maxdesign
Linkedin: linkedin.com/in/russweakley