2. Motivation
Motivation “provides the primary impetus to initiate
learning the second language and later the driving force
to sustain the long and often tedious learning process”
(Dörnyei, 1998, p. 117).
3. Overview
Gardner’s Socio-Educational Model
Integrative Motivation
Instrumental Motivation
Dornyei’s Psychological Model
Language Level
Learner Level
Learning Situation Level
4. Overview
Self-Determination Theory
Amotivation
Learners see no relation between their actions and the
consequences of their actions
Extrinsic Motivation
Pressure or reward from the social environment to learn a
language
Intrinsic Motivation
More self-determined and refers to internal factors such as
enjoyment and satisfaction for oneself
5. The Role of Teachers in Learner’s
Motivation
Many studies on motivation conclude that L2 teachers
play one of the most influential roles to help students
engage and persist in the long process of second
language acquisition.
(Kikuchi, 2009; Sakai & Kikuchi, 2009; Tanak, 2005)
6. Motivational Strategies
Figure out learners’ real reasons for learning the L2
Show students the benefits of learning the L2
Create a safe, welcoming, and non-intimidating
teaching environment
Motivate students to develop high but realistic
intrinsic motivation
7. Motivational Strategies
Set a personal behavior example
Present task properly to the learners
Have good teacher-student relationships
Work on increasing learners’ self-confidence
8. Motivational Strategies
Ensure that language class is interesting to the
students
Promote learners’ autonomy as much as possible
Personalize the learning process
Make sure that learners are familiar with the target
language culture
9. Maintaining and Protecting
Motivation
“The natural tendency to lose sight of the goal, to get
tired or bored of the activity, and to give way to
attractive distractions or competing action tendencies
will result in initial motivation gradually petering out”
(Dornyei & Ushioda, 2011, p. 118).
10. How to Protect Motivation?
Make the learning experience enjoyable and
stimulating
Make the task challenging but achievable
Help learners demonstrate a positive social image and
show their strength
Foster learners’ autonomy
