Rahul Vohra (Founder/CEO, Superhuman) - How Game Design Can Inform Product Design

1. Superhuman

2. The Product-Market Fit Engine

3. Background

4. Game Design ≠ Gamification

5. Percentage of time spent drawing 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% No reward Expected reward Lepper, M. R., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1973). Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28(1), 129-137.

6. Self-determination Theory Intrinsic Motivation Inherent drive I do it for its own sake Extrinsic Motivation Integrated drive Because this is who I am Identified drive Because it matters to me Introjected drive Because I said I would External drive Because you reward me Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum.

7. What is a game?

8. What is a game? • A game is something you play • A toy is something you play with • A toy is an object you play with • A good toy is an object that is fun to play with • Fun is pleasant surprise

9. How do you make a good game? 1. Emotion 2. Theme 3. Surprise 4. Curiosity 5. Resonance 6. Inspiration 7. Toys 8. Flow 9. Needs 10. Judgement 11. Goals 12. Skills 13. Chance 14. Reward 15. Character 16. Physical Interface 17. Virtual Interface 18. Avatar 19. Expression 20. Pleasure 21. Interest curves 22. The Hero’s Journey

10. Emotion

11. Theme

12. Theme 1. Story 2. Aesthetics 3. Mechanics 4. Technology

13. Theme: Mechanics 100 ms macOS 65 ms Superhuman

14. Theme 4. Technology

15. Surprise

16. Curiosity

17. Resonance

18. fantasy ; truth

19. Love is more important than life, and stronger than death.

20. I am what I do.

21. I deserve to succeed.

22. If I work hard enough, I can achieve anything.

23. Inspiration

24. Inspiration

25. Toy

26. Never

27. Flow

28. What is flow? 1. Intense and focused concentration on the present 2. Merging of action and awareness 3. Loss of reflective self-consciousness 4. Sense of personal control 5. Distortion of temporal experience 6. Activity becomes intrinsically motivating Nakamura, J.; Csikszentmihályi, M. (20 December 2001). "Flow Theory and Research". In C. R. Snyder Erik Wright, and Shane J. Lopez (ed.). Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press. pp. 195–206. ISBN 978-0-19-803094-2.

29. Conditions for flow 1. Knowing what to do next 2. Knowing how to do it 3. Freedom from distractions 4. Clear and immediate feedback 5. High perceived challenges and high perceived skills Csikszentmihályi, M.; Abuhamdeh, S. & Nakamura, J. (2005), "Flow", in Elliot, A. (ed.), Handbook of Competence and Motivation, New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 598–698

30. FlowAnxiety Arousal ControlWorry RelaxationApathy Boredom Skill HighLow ChallengeHighLow

31. Conditions for flow 1. Knowing what to do next Csikszentmihályi, M.; Abuhamdeh, S. & Nakamura, J. (2005), "Flow", in Elliot, A. (ed.), Handbook of Competence and Motivation, New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 598–698

32. Conditions for flow 2. Knowing how to do it Csikszentmihályi, M.; Abuhamdeh, S. & Nakamura, J. (2005), "Flow", in Elliot, A. (ed.), Handbook of Competence and Motivation, New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 598–698

33. Conditions for flow 3. Freedom from distractions Csikszentmihályi, M.; Abuhamdeh, S. & Nakamura, J. (2005), "Flow", in Elliot, A. (ed.), Handbook of Competence and Motivation, New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 598–698

34. Conditions for flow 4. Clear and immediate feedback Csikszentmihályi, M.; Abuhamdeh, S. & Nakamura, J. (2005), "Flow", in Elliot, A. (ed.), Handbook of Competence and Motivation, New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 598–698

35. Conditions for flow 5. High perceived challenges and high perceived skills Csikszentmihályi, M.; Abuhamdeh, S. & Nakamura, J. (2005), "Flow", in Elliot, A. (ed.), Handbook of Competence and Motivation, New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 598–698

40. Needs

41. Self-Esteem Achievement • Mastery Respect • Recognition Belonging Friendship • Family • Physical intimacy Safety Security • Stability Physiological Food • Water • Shelter • Sleep • Warmth Self- Actualization Creativity • Purpose • Meaning

44. Judgement

45. What judgement do we crave? 1. Fair 2. Useful 3. Motivating

46. Goals

47. What are good goals? 1. Concrete 2. Achievable 3. Reinforced 4. Rewarding

48. What are good goals? 1. Concrete

49. What are good goals? 2. Achievable

50. What are good goals? 3. Reinforced

51. What are good goals? 4. Rewarding

52. Skill

53. Types of Skill 1. Physical [Dexterity, Coordination] 2. Mental [Memory, Decision Making] 3. Social [Cooperation, Competition]

54. Skills required by Superhuman 1. Triage [Mental] 2. Shortcuts [Mental, Physical] 3. Typing [Physical] 4. Focus [Mental] 5. Brevity [Mental, Social] 6. Empathy [Social] 7. Persuasion [Social] 8. …

55. Chance

56. Reward

57. Reward 1. Praise 2. Points 3. Spectacle 4. Expression 5. Powers 6. Status 7. Completion

58. Character

59. rahul@superhuman.com rahul@superhuman.com rahul@superhuman.com rahul@superhuman.com rahul@superhuman.com rahul@superhuman.com Character

60. Physical Interface

61. Virtual Interface

62. Avatar

63. The Rules of Focus 1. There should always be precisely one focus 2. It should always be obvious where your focus is 3. You should be able to move your focus with the arrow keys 4. You should be able to move your focus anywhere 5. You should never be able to lose your focus

64. Expression

65. Pleasure

66. Types of Pleasure 1. Sensation 2. Fantasy 3. Narrative 4. Challenge 5. Fellowship 6. Discovery 7. Expression 8. Submission "MDA: A Formal Approach to Game Design and Game Research". Robin Hunicke, Marc LeBlanc, Robert Zubek.

67. Other Types of Pleasure 1. Anticipation 2. Completion 3. Schadenfreude 4. Gifting 5. Humor 6. Possibility 7. Naches 8. Thrill 9. Fiero 10.Wonder

68. Interest Curves

69. Interest Curves Time Interest Hook Rising Interest Grand Finale

70. The Hero’s Journey

71. The Hero’s Journey The Ordinary World (e.g. running a startup) The Special World (e.g. the pits of my inbox) 1. Ordinary World 2. Call to Adventure 3. Refusal of the Call 4. Meeting the Mentor 5. Crossing the Threshold 6. Tests, Allies, Enemies 7. Approach 8. The Ordeal 9. The Reward 10. The Road Back 11. The Resurrection 12. Return with Elixir

72. How do you make a good game? 1. Emotion 2. Theme 3. Surprise 4. Curiosity 5. Resonance 6. Inspiration 7. Toys 8. Flow 9. Needs 10. Judgement 11. Goals 12. Skills 13. Chance 14. Reward 15. Character 16. Physical Interface 17. Virtual Interface 18. Avatar 19. Expression 20. Pleasure 21. Interest curves 22. The Hero’s Journey

73. rahul@superhuman.com @rahulvohra

Rahul Vohra (Founder/CEO, Superhuman) - How Game Design Can Inform Product Design

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