1.
RECENT ADVANCES
IN PHOTOCATALYTIC
REACTORS
Submitted by:
Madhura N. Chincholi
Guided by:
Dr. PRG

2.
INTRODUCTION
• Background
• Photocatalysis?
• Catalysts
• Light sources
• Reactors
• Applications
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3.
LITERATURE REVIEW
• Organics and microorganisms
• Dyes
• Drugs
• Toxic components
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4.
ORGANICS &
MICROORGANISMS
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•Sraw et al. (2013) degraded monocrotophos
(MCP), an organophosphorous insecticide
•Catalysts- Aeroxide P-25 and LR grade TiO2
•UV (8 blue black UV florescent lamps (Philips,
20W)) and sunlight
•Ambient T & P, t = 3 h
•84% degradation
• Degradation rate
increased by 15 % by
H2O2 addition with
LR TiO2
Fig. 1. Skurry batch photocatalytic reactor setup
(Sraw et al. 2013)

5.
• Grcic et al.(2015)
• Household greywater (GW)
• Solar photocatalysis
• Followed by flocculation by chitosan
• TiO2-coated textile fibers by applying TiO2–
chitosan pasteous dispersion on polyester/wool
blend textile
• The reactor assembled mostly from waste
materials
• Results showed significant decrease in organic
content (50.8%), COD and toxicity over a period
of 4 h.
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6.
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• Complete degradation of dye molecules and certain aromatic
compounds.
•The chitosan dissolved at certain extent during photocatalytic treatment
•An efficient flocculant in treated wastewater.
• Flocs observed shortly after treatment, complete sedimentation 12 h in
dark.
Fig.2 Schematics of reactor for solar photocatalysis (a) front view, (b) top view (c) side
view. (Grcic et al. 2015)

7.
• Carra et al. (2015)
• Acetamiprid (ACTM), thiabendazole (TBZ)
and their transformation products (TPs) in an
agro-food industry effluent
• Solar photo-Fenton treatment.
• Novel
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Fig. 3 Scheme of the raceway pond reactor (RPR) used in the
experiments. (Carra et al. 2015)

8.
• Avg. UV irradiance of 15 ± 1Wm-2 (winter
conditions) measured by a global UV radiometer
• Avg. wastewater T: 26 ± 2 °C.
• High degradation achieved (>99% TBZ and
91% ACTM in 240 min).
• Analyses indicated that after the treatment only
three TPs from ACTM were still present in the
effluent, while the others had been removed.
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9.
• García-Fernández et al. (2015)
• Disinfection of urban effluents using solar TiO2
photocatalysis
• E. coli and F.solani spores
• Compound parabolic collectors (CPC) reactor
• Two CPC mirror
titled at 37◦
• T= 45 °C
• Qair= 60 L/h
• TiO2= 100 mg/L
• ~99.9
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Fig.4 The 60 L-CPC reactor . Front view (4.5
m2of collector mirrors) with air injection points
indicated (a), side view: air injection and DO
probe (b), and cooling and heating systems
(c)(García-Fernández et al. 2015)

10.
DYES
• Esparza et al. (2011)
• Methylene blue (MB)
• Natural volcanic ashes (VA) particles and
nanostructured titania supported on volcanic
ashes (TVA)
• High-pressure Na vapour lamp (Philips, model
400-W G/92/2) placed 50 cm far from thereactor
• Fixed-bed photocatalytic reactor. (designed and
built in the lab)
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11.
• Easy and efficient method to carry out
photocatalytic reactions without requiring water
filtration post-processing
• Conversions in case of TVA, independent of the
flow rate were about 90.3% for 3 h reaction time
• 96.4%.
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Fig. 5. Schematic view of experimental setup (Esparza et al. 2011)

12.
• Lin et al. (2012)
• Methyl orange(MO)
• A novel multi-layer rotating disk reactor(600 rpm)
• Four stacked cells
• Eight UV-light lamps (4 W each) and an Al disk
(dia. 12 cm)
• TiO2 nano-particles coated
• Inlet 4×10−5 M MO
• At 5 ml/min conversion >95%
• High conversion at high
flow rate
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Fig.6. Schematic diagram of the
MLRDR system (Lin et al. 2012)

13.
• Byberg & Cobb (2012)
• Direct Red 23, 80, and 81, Direct Yellow 27 and
50, and Direct Violet 51
• 25 mg/L
• Paper embedded TiO2
• Equalized for 30 min, run for 24 h
• Complete color removal
• 80% TOC reduction, toxicity increased
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Fig. 7. Photo and sketch of reactor used at ENSIC. (Byberg & Cobb 2012)

14.
• Pastrana-Martínez et al. (2013)
• TiO2 catalysts: large titania sol–gel nanoparticles
(ECT), surface modified titania nanoparticles (m-
TiO2) and graphene oxide-TiO2 composite
(GOT-3.3)
• Under near-UV/Vis and visible light.
• Methyl orange (MO)
• Quartz cylindrical reactor(7.5 mL solution)
• A Heraeus TQ 150 medium pressure Hg vapor
lamp (visible light a cut-off long pass filter)
• pH 4.4, catalyst loading 0.5 mg/L
• Composite (GOT-3.3) quite active, (m-TiO2)
visible light
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15.
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• Rasoulifard et al. (2014)
• Direct Red 23 (DR23)
• UV-LED/S2O8
2-
• Continuous photoreactor (octagonal cylindrical )
• 72 UV-LEDs (1 W each)
• S2O8
2- (12.5 mM), dye conc. (20 ppm), current
intensity (80%)
Fig. 8 Schematic representation of continuous photoreactor
(3.6 W)( Rasoulifard et al. 2014)

16.
• Li et al. (2014)
• Rhodamine B (RhB)
• Novel double-cylindrical-shell (DCS) photoreactor
• Monolyer TiO2-coated silica gel beads
• An UV black light lamp (Tokyo Metal BM-10BLB)
• t= 12h, RhB= 10 mg/L
• 49.6% and 90.4% in dark and in UV, resp.
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17.
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• Higher efficiency, lower energy consumption and
better repetitive operation performance
• Promising alternative for recalcitrant
decomposition
Fig. 9. Schematic of the TiO2-coated silica gel beads immobilized double-cylindrical-
shell (DCS) photoreactor and the photocatalytic system.( Li et al. 2014)

18.
DRUGS
• Wang et al. (2012)
• 17-ethinylestradiol(EE2)
• Modified flat plate serpentine reactor (MFPSR)
• TiO2
• Three lamps (Philips TUV8W)
• t= 120 min, TiO2 =0.04 g/L, u= 0.03 m/s,
• 98 %
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Fig.10. Geometry of MFPSR and flow sheet of the experimental setup (Wang et al. (2012)

19.
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• Pastrana-Martínez et al. (2013)
• Diphenhydramine (DP)
• ECT, m-TiO2 and GOT-3.3
• Quartz cylindrical reactor
• Heraeus TQ 150 medium pressure Hg vapor
lamp
• T= 25 °C, pH 5.9, 1 g/L catalyst
• Under near-UV/Vis irradiation, ECT most active
for the degradation of DP.

20.
• Rodríguez et al. (2013)
• Atenolol (ATL), hydrochlorothiazide (HCT),
ofloxacin (OFX) and trimethoprim (TMP)
• Photocatalytic oxidation, ozonation and
photocatalytic ozonation
• Borosilicate cylindrical reactor
• A porous plate for gas
• Black wooden box (50x30x30 cm)
• Two 15 W black light lamps
• TiO2 ,pH 4, t= 2 h
• TPC and TOC removal of 80% and 60%
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21.
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TOXIC
• Abhang et al. (2011)
• Phenol
• Three phase fluidized bed type of reactor (TPFBR)
• TiO2 coated on solid silica gel particles
• Four lamps of 8 W
• P = 1 atm, T = 25 °C
• W/o aeration only 50%
• 95.27% within 1.5 h
Fig.11 .Schematics of TPFBR Abhang et al. (2011)

22.
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• Shengyong et al. (2012)
• Hexachlorobenzene
• Quartz photocatalytic reactor
• Nano-TiO2 catalyst film on a glass plate
• Two 8W UV lamps
• 50-mL ice-bathed hexane and acetone mixture
• T=25 to 35 °C, t= 9.5 h, 12 µg , 5 mW/cm2
• ~99%
Fig. 12 .Schematic diagram of the photocatalysis reactor.
(Shengyong et al. 2012)

23.
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• Tang et al. (2012)
• Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
• Water-jacketed cylindrical quartz photoreactor
• Ferrous sulfate and H2O2
• 9W UV lamp
• PFOA 20.0 _M, H2O2
30.0 mM, Fe2+ 2.0 mM,
pH 3.0
• 95%
Fig. 13. A diagram of the experimental set-up for
photodegradation of PFOA. (Tang et al. 2012)

24.
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• Choi et al. (2012)
• Anodized nano-structured TiO2 membrane
• N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) under UV
• Micro-porous tubular-type pure Ti (12-mm inner
dia., 100-mm length) was prepared for anode
materials.
• 99.9 % pure Ta (thickness 0.25 mm, surface
area of 50x50 mm2) as a counter electrode.

25.
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Graph. 1 Removal of NDMA using RO membrane (conditions: contact time 100 min,
temperature 20 ± 1 C, NDMA 1 mg L-1, initial pH 6 ± 0.2, UV intensity 64 W and ozone
concentration 9.0 mg L-1). Here, anodized Ti membrane and reverse osmosis are denoted as
A-Ti-M and RO,
• Electrolyte, 1 M KH2PO4 solutions with 0.35 wt% NH4F.
•Electrolyte stirred continuously and anodization was
conducted at a constant potential with a DC power supply.
•Lead to the formation of distinct array of TiO2 nanotubes

26.
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• Souzanchi et al. (2013)
• Phenol
• Annular sieve-plate column photoreactor
• Two concentric columns
• TiO2 immobilized on a stainless steel sieve plate
• 15W UV-A lamp
• t= 6 h, T=35 °C, 0.5 mM phenol
• ~100%
• COD lowered by 95%

27.
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Fig. 14. Details of size and dimensions of the ASCP photoreactor used in the present study in
two sections: vertical (a), and horizontal (b). (1) Inner quartz tube; (2) outer Pyrex tube; (3) 15WUV-
A lamp; (4) stainless steel sieve plate rings (i.e., TiO2 immobilized support); (5) inlet; (6) outlet.

28.
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Paper Degradation of Reactor Catalyst Light source Operating
Conditions
Result
Sraw et al
(2013)
Monocrotophos
(MCP)
Slurry batch
reactor
Aeroxide P-25
and LR grade
TiO2
Blue black UV
florescent
lamps (Philips,
20W)
t= 3 h
MCP= 25 ppm
P25= 0.5 g/L,
pH = 5
84%
García-
Fernández
et al. (2015)
Escherichia coli
and Fusarium
solani spores
Compound
parabolic
collectors
(CPC) reactor
Suspended
TiO2
Sunlight T= 45 °C
Qair= 60 L/h
TiO2= 100
mg/L
~99.9
Grcic et
al.(2015)
Household
greywater
Thin film
reactor
TiO2 coated
textile fibre
Sunlight t= 4 h 50% organics,
significant
reduction in
other
ingredients
Carra et
al.(2015)
Acetamiprid(AC
TM),
thiabendazole(T
BZ)
and their
transformation
products(TPs)
Raceway pond
reactor
Fenton
(Ferrous iron)
Sunlight, UV
irradiance of
15 ± 1Wm-2
pH= 2.8 ± 0.1
T=26 ± 2 °C
t= 240 min
>99% TBZ,
91% ACTM,.
only 3 TPs
remained
PESTICIDES AND OTHER ORGANICS

29.
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Paper Degradation of Reactor Catalyst Light source Operating
Conditions
Result
Esparza et al.
(2011)
Methylene blue Fixed-bed reactor Natural volcanic
ashes (VA), nano-
titania supported on
volcanic ashes
(TVA)
High-pressure
Na vapour
lamp (Philips,
400-W
G/92/2)
pH =7
T= 20 °C
Degradation
85.6% with
VA,
96.4% with
TVA
Lin et al. (2012) Methyl orange Multi-layer
Rotating disk reactor
Nano-sized tio2
particles
8 UV-light
lamps (4 W
each; Winstar
Lighting Co.,
Ltd)
Ambient
temperature,
600 rpm
Within s of
residence time
95%
conversion
Byberg & Cobb
(2012)
Direct Red 23, 80, and
81, Direct Yellow 27
and 50, and Direct
Violet 51
Thin film reactor TiO2 paper
substrate
UV lamp Dye 25 mg/L
t= 24 h
TOC ~80%
100 % color
removal
Pastrana-Martínez
et al. (2013)
Methyl orange Quartz cylindrical
reactor
ECT, m-TiO2 and
GOT-3.3
Heraeus TQ
150 medium
pressure Hg
vapor lamp
T= 25 °C,
0.5 g/L
catalyst
pH 4.4
~99%
Li et al. (2014) Rhodamine B (RhB) Novel double-
cylindrical-shell
(DCS) photoreactor
Monolyer
TiO2-coated silica
gel beads
An UV black
light
lamp (Tokyo
Metal BM-
10BLB)
t= 12h
RhB= 10
mg/L
49.6% and
90.4% in dark
aad in UV,
resp.
Rasoulifard et al.
(2014)
Direct Red 23
(DR23)
Continuous
photoreactor
(octagonal
cylindrical)
Potassium
peroxydisulfate
72 UV-LEDs
of 1 W each
S2O8
2- (12.5
mM), DR23
(20 ppm),
current
I.(80%)
90%
DYES

30.
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Paper Degradation of Reactor Catalyst Light source Operating
Conditions
Result
Wang et al.
(2012)
17-
ethinylestradiol
(EE2)
Modified
flat plate
serpentine
reactor
TiO2 Three lamps
(Philips
TUV8W)
T=25±2 °C
t= 120 min
TiO2 =0.04 g/L
u= 0.03 m/s,
Iw = 282 W/m2
98 %
Pastrana-
Martínez et al.
(2013)
Diphenhydramine
(DP)
Quartz
cylindrical
reactor
Large titania sol–
gel nanoparticles,
surface modified
titania
nanoparticles
Graphene oxide-
tio2 composite
Heraeus TQ 150
medium pressure
mercury vapor
lamp
T= 25 °C
pH 5.9
1 g/L catalyst
t= 240 min
DP (3.40x104
mol/L)
~98%
Rodríguez et
al. (2013)
Atenolol (ATL),
hydrochlorothiazide
(HCT), ofloxacin
(OFX) and
trimethoprim
(TMP)
Borosilicate
cylindrical
reactor
TiO2 Two 15 W
black light
lamps (Lamp
15TBL
HQPowerTM
Velleman®)
pH 4
t= 2 h
TPC and TOC
removal of
80% and 60%
DRUGS

31.
Paper Degradation of Reactor Catalyst Light source Operating
Conditions
Result
Abhang et al.
(2011)
Phenol Three phase
fluidized bed type
of reactor
(TPFBR)
TiO2 coated on
solid silica gel
particles
Four lamps of
8 W
P = 1 atm
T = 25 °C
t = 2 h
95.27% within 1.5
h
Shengyong et al.
(2012)
Hexachlorobenzene Quartz
photocatalytic
reactor
Nano-TiO2
catalyst films
Two 8W UV
lamps
T=25 to 35 °C
t= 9.5 h
12 µg
5 mW/cm2
~99%
Tang et al.
(2012)
Perfluorooctanoic
acid (PFOA)
Water-jacketed
cylindrical quartz
photoreactor
Ferrous sulfate
and H2O2
9W UV lamp PFOA 20.0 _M,
H2O2
30.0 mM, Fe2+
2.0 mM,
pH 3.0, 5 h
95%
Choi et al.
(2012)
N-
nitrosodimethyla
mine
Membrane
reactor
TiO2
nanotubes
UV
(64 W)
t= 100 min, T=
20 ± 1 °C,
NDMA= 1 mg
L-1, initial pH=
6 ± 0.2
~100%
Souzanchi et al.
(2013)
Phenol Annular sieve-
plate column
photoreactor
TiO2 immobilized
on a stainless
sieve plate
15W UV-A lamp t= 6 h,
T=35 °C,
0.5 mM phenol
~100%
COD lowered by
95%
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TOXIC COMPONENTS

32.
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PROJECT OUTLINE
• Improve cooling tower efficiency
• Biological fouling
• Disinfection of water
• Source
• Identify the microorganisms
• TiO2
• Reactor type
• MOC
• Light source

33.
REFERENCES
• Abhang R. M., Kumar D. & Taralkar S. V.,
“Design of Photocatalytic Reactor for
Degradation of Phenol in Wastewater”, Int. J.
Chem. Eng. Appl. 2, 337–341 (2011).
• Choi W.-Y., Lee Y.-W. & Kim J.-O.,
“Performance of photocatalytic membrane
reactor with dual function of microfiltration and
organics removal”, 1517–1522 (2013).
• Izadifard M., Achari G. & Langford C. H.,
“Application of Photocatalysts and LED Light
Sources in Drinking Water Treatment”, 726–743
(2013).
5/24/2015 33

34.
• Lin C.-N., Chang C.-Y., Huang H. J., Tsai D. P.
& Wu N.-L., “Photocatalytic degradation of
methyl orange by a multi-layer rotating disk
reactor”, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19, 3743–
3750 (2012).
• Nakata, K. & Fujishima A., “TiO2 photocatalysis:
Design and applications”, J. Photochem.
Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev. 13, 169–189
(2012).
• Tang H., Xianga Q., Lei M., Yan Zhub L., & Zouc
J., “Efficient degradation of perfluorooctanoic
acid by UV – Fenton process”, Chem. Eng. J.
184, 156–162 (2012).
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35.
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THANK YOU!