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Capturing	
  and	
  Sharing	
  Domain	
  
Knowledge	
  with	
  Business	
  Rules	
  
Lessons	
  Learned	
  from	
  a	
  Global	
  So<ware	
  Vendor	
  	
  
All	
  Started	
  with	
  an	
  ObservaAon	
  
2	
  
One	
  minor	
  change	
  in	
  a	
  UK	
  
regula2on	
  (rule	
  for	
  growth	
  
rate	
  of	
  insurance	
  funds)	
  	
  
A	
  significant	
  ripple	
  effect	
  
and	
  maintenance	
  effort	
  
which	
  lasted	
  for	
  6	
  months!	
  
Our	
  Working	
  Hypothesis	
  
3	
  
Would	
  a	
  systema2c	
  management	
  of	
  
these	
  rules	
  decrease	
  maintenance	
  
costs	
  and	
  increase	
  reuse?	
  
Many	
  of	
  the	
  “rules”	
  are	
  the	
  
same	
  for	
  the	
  same	
  region,	
  
domain,	
  or	
  company	
  (customer)	
  
What	
  are	
  Business	
  Rules?	
  
4	
  
Business	
  rules	
  are:	
  
•  Statements	
  that	
  define	
  or	
  constrain	
  	
  
par2cular	
  aspects	
  of	
  the	
  business	
  
Used	
  to:	
  
•  Specify	
  the	
  behavior	
  of	
  a	
  system	
  under	
  development	
  
•  Specify	
  how	
  a	
  system	
  should	
  be	
  used	
  
[The	
  Business	
  Rule	
  Group,	
  2000	
  ]	
  
Outline	
  of	
  the	
  Talk	
  
Summary	
  
Study	
  Design	
  
Findings	
  
MoAvaAon	
  
2	
  
1	
  
3	
  
4	
  
5	
  
Research	
  QuesAons	
  
6	
  
1.	
  How	
  do	
  prac22oners	
  perceive	
  
business	
  rules	
  and	
  which	
  types	
  exist?	
  
2.	
  How	
  do	
  prac22oners	
  capture	
  
and	
  maintain	
  business	
  rules?	
  
3.	
  How	
  are	
  business	
  rules	
  
used	
  in	
  soYware	
  projects?	
  
4.	
  How	
  does	
  RE	
  pracAces	
  impact	
  the	
  
usage	
  and	
  management	
  of	
  rules?	
  
Research	
  Method	
  
•  Exploratory,	
  qualita2ve	
  research	
  
•  Semi-­‐structured	
  interviews	
  
–  open	
  ques2ons	
  
•  Sec2ons:	
  
–  About	
  you	
  	
  
–  Requirements	
  engineering	
  	
  
–  Business	
  rules	
  
•  90	
  minutes	
  
•  2-­‐3	
  interviewers	
  per	
  session	
  
7	
  
8	
  
#	
   Roles	
   Exp(Y)	
   Domain	
  
P1	
  
Domain	
  consultant,	
  business	
  process	
  manager,	
  
requirements	
  reviewer	
  
13	
  	
   Insurance	
  	
  
P2	
  
Business	
  process	
  manager,	
  domain	
  consultant,	
  
program	
  manager	
  
20	
   Insurance	
  
P3	
   Developer,	
  project	
  manager,	
  analyst	
   4	
   SoYware,	
  Banking	
  
P4	
   Developer,	
  maintenance	
  lead,	
  project	
  manager	
   20	
  
Telecom,	
  Insurance,	
  
Power	
  
P5	
   Developer,	
  soYware	
  architect,	
  project	
  manager	
   12	
  	
   Telecom,	
  Finance	
  
P6	
   SoYware	
  architect,	
  program/delivery	
  manager	
   10	
   Automo2ve	
  and	
  Telecom	
  
P7	
   Program	
  manager,	
  product	
  manager	
   16	
   Finance	
  
P8	
   Project	
  manager,	
  program	
  manager	
   21	
   Finance	
  
P9	
   Product	
  manager,	
  presales	
  lead	
   17	
   Banking,	
  Finance	
  
P10	
   Tester,	
  lead	
  underwriter,	
  program	
  manager	
   14	
   Banking,	
  Finance	
  
P11	
   Delivery	
  center	
  head	
   18	
   Finance	
  
Overview	
  of	
  ParAcipants	
  
9	
  
Result	
  SummarizaAon	
  
10	
  
Interviews	
  
17	
  Findings	
  
Take	
  minutes	
  
Group	
  quotes	
  by	
  
quesAon	
  	
  
Group	
  similar	
  
quotes	
  
Describe	
  
findings	
  
Statement	
  must	
  be	
  observed	
  twice	
  at	
  least	
  
Sent	
  to	
  par2cipant	
  within	
  48	
  h	
  
Independent	
  tagging	
  of	
  quotes	
  
Result	
  SummarizaAon	
  
11	
  
Interviews	
  
17	
  Findings	
  
Take	
  minutes	
  
Group	
  quotes	
  by	
  
quesAon	
  	
  
Group	
  similar	
  
quotes	
  
Describe	
  
findings	
  
Outline	
  of	
  the	
  Talk	
  
Summary	
  
Study	
  Design	
  
Findings	
  
MoAvaAon	
  
2	
  
1	
  
3	
  
4	
  
12	
  
PercepAons	
  of	
  Business	
  Rules	
  
13	
  
Stakeholders	
  have	
  
different	
  percepAons	
  of	
  
business	
  rules	
  depending	
  
on	
  their	
  roles	
  and	
  
experience	
  
27	
  Types	
  of	
  Business	
  Rules	
  were	
  MenAoned	
  
14	
  
#	
   Rule	
  Type	
  
Times	
  
MenAoned	
  
1	
   Valida2ons	
  rules	
  &	
  value	
  ranges	
   7	
  
2	
   System	
  /	
  applica2on	
  specific	
  rules	
   4	
  
3	
   Calcula2on	
  rules	
   4	
  
4	
   Access	
  control	
  rules	
   4	
  
5	
   External	
  system	
  interfaces	
   3	
  
6	
   Laws	
  &	
  regula2ons	
   3	
  
7	
   Sequencing	
  /	
  control	
  flow	
   3	
  
8	
   Geography	
  specific	
  rules	
   3	
  
27	
  Types	
  of	
  Business	
  Rules	
  were	
  MenAoned	
  
15	
  
#	
   Rule	
  Type	
  
Times	
  
MenAoned	
  	
  
9	
   Business	
  process	
  rules	
   3	
  
10	
   Procedural	
  /	
  Opera2onal	
  rules	
   3	
  
11	
   User	
  interface	
  rules	
   2	
  
12	
   Company	
  policies	
   2	
  
13	
   Time	
  restric2ons	
  	
   2	
  
14	
   Dynamic	
  rules	
   2	
  
15	
   Defini2ons	
   2	
  
Capturing	
  and	
  Maintaining	
  Business	
  Rules	
  
Business	
  rules	
  are	
  
embedded	
  as	
  free	
  text	
  
anywhere	
  in	
  the	
  project	
  	
  
and	
  domain	
  
documenta2on	
  
16	
  
17	
  
no	
  separate	
  sec2on	
  for	
  business	
  rules	
  
You	
  can	
  find	
  business	
  rules	
  in	
  requirements	
  
specifica2ons,	
  source	
  documents,	
  process	
  
descrip2on,	
  marke2ng	
  brochures,	
  (telecom)	
  
regula,ons,	
  or	
  laws	
  
[P5]	
  
[P3]	
  
18	
  
The	
  use	
  of	
  formal	
  rule	
  
languages	
  and	
  rule	
  
engines	
  is	
  rather	
  
excep2onal	
  in	
  prac2ce	
  
Use	
  of	
  Business	
  Rules	
  
19	
  
Business	
  rules	
  are	
  
captured	
  and	
  used	
  not	
  
only	
  in	
  RE	
  but	
  also	
  in	
  	
  
other	
  project	
  ac2vi2es	
  
20	
  
Many	
  rules	
  were	
  discovered	
  
during	
  the	
  implementa2on	
  and	
  
tes2ng	
  when	
  we	
  needed	
  them.	
  
[P6]	
  
Externalized	
  business	
  
rules	
  facilitate	
  sharing	
  
knowledge	
  with	
  new	
  
team	
  members	
  and	
  a	
  
cross	
  projects	
  
21	
  
RE	
  PracAces	
  and	
  Business	
  Rules	
  
22	
  
Customers	
  expect	
  
soYware	
  vendors	
  to	
  
have	
  domain	
  knowledge	
  
and	
  to	
  “develop”	
  
business	
  rules	
  
RE	
  and	
  Business	
  Rules	
  
23	
  
Prac22oners	
  allocate	
  low	
  effort	
  for	
  
understanding	
  special	
  flows	
  (rules)	
  
The	
  lack	
  of	
  domain	
  knowledge	
  in	
  
development	
  teams	
  hinders	
  the	
  
capturing	
  of	
  business	
  rules	
  
RE	
  and	
  Business	
  Rules	
  
24	
  
To	
  iden2fy	
  the	
  right	
  level	
  of	
  detail	
  in	
  
documenta2on	
  is	
  difficult	
  (too	
  much	
  
informa2on	
  or	
  only	
  main	
  flows	
  
without	
  rules	
  and	
  excep2ons)	
  
Business	
  rules	
  (excep2ons)	
  represent	
  a	
  specific	
  
type	
  of	
  requirements	
  or	
  domain	
  knowledge,	
  
which	
  oYen	
  remains	
  tacit	
  
Outline	
  of	
  the	
  Talk	
  
Summary	
  
Study	
  Design	
  
Findings	
  
MoAvaAon	
  
2	
  
1	
  
3	
  
4	
  
25	
  
Business	
  Rules	
  =	
  Crucial	
  Domain	
  Knowledge	
  
•  SoYware	
  vendors	
  increasingly	
  rely	
  on	
  the	
  domain	
  knowledge	
  
•  Customers	
  expect	
  vendors	
  to	
  know	
  the	
  domain	
  very	
  well	
  
•  “Knowing”	
  the	
  domain,	
  the	
  restric2ons,	
  the	
  constraints,	
  and	
  
the	
  excep2ons	
  is	
  very	
  cost	
  intensive	
  
26	
  
ImplicaAon	
  for	
  Researchers	
  
27	
  
1.  Focus	
  on	
  the	
  knowledge	
  and	
  documenta2on	
  
poten2als	
  of	
  business	
  rules	
  
2.  Extract	
  and	
  trace	
  rules	
  to	
  various	
  ar2facts	
  
3.  Develop	
  ques2on-­‐answering	
  systems	
  to	
  retrieve	
  the	
  
required	
  informa2on	
  depending	
  on	
  task	
  and	
  context	
  
28	
  
It	
  would	
  be	
  perfect	
  if	
  I	
  could	
  just	
  
select	
  a	
  component	
  or	
  a	
  feature	
  	
  
and	
  my	
  tool	
  show	
  me	
  the	
  most	
  
important	
  business	
  rules	
  	
  
which	
  I	
  should	
  take	
  care	
  of.	
  
[P9]	
  
29	
  
Business	
  rules:	
  The	
  
bomb	
  or	
  the	
  treasure?	
  
Exploratory	
  study	
  of	
  business	
  
rules	
  in	
  RE	
  pracAce	
  
Business	
  rules	
  =	
  an	
  asset	
  worth	
  
“externalizing”	
  (automaAcally?)	
  
17	
  findings	
  on	
  
types	
  of	
  rules,	
  
management	
  
and	
  use	
  
Uni	
  Hamburg,	
  Germany	
  
Prof.	
  Dr.	
  Walid	
  Maalej	
  	
  
maalej@informa2k.uni-­‐…	
  
mobis.informa2k.uni-­‐…	
  
maalejw	
  

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Business Rules In Practice - An Empirical Study (IEEE RE'14 Paper)

  • 1. Capturing  and  Sharing  Domain   Knowledge  with  Business  Rules   Lessons  Learned  from  a  Global  So<ware  Vendor    
  • 2. All  Started  with  an  ObservaAon   2   One  minor  change  in  a  UK   regula2on  (rule  for  growth   rate  of  insurance  funds)     A  significant  ripple  effect   and  maintenance  effort   which  lasted  for  6  months!  
  • 3. Our  Working  Hypothesis   3   Would  a  systema2c  management  of   these  rules  decrease  maintenance   costs  and  increase  reuse?   Many  of  the  “rules”  are  the   same  for  the  same  region,   domain,  or  company  (customer)  
  • 4. What  are  Business  Rules?   4   Business  rules  are:   •  Statements  that  define  or  constrain     par2cular  aspects  of  the  business   Used  to:   •  Specify  the  behavior  of  a  system  under  development   •  Specify  how  a  system  should  be  used   [The  Business  Rule  Group,  2000  ]  
  • 5. Outline  of  the  Talk   Summary   Study  Design   Findings   MoAvaAon   2   1   3   4   5  
  • 6. Research  QuesAons   6   1.  How  do  prac22oners  perceive   business  rules  and  which  types  exist?   2.  How  do  prac22oners  capture   and  maintain  business  rules?   3.  How  are  business  rules   used  in  soYware  projects?   4.  How  does  RE  pracAces  impact  the   usage  and  management  of  rules?  
  • 7. Research  Method   •  Exploratory,  qualita2ve  research   •  Semi-­‐structured  interviews   –  open  ques2ons   •  Sec2ons:   –  About  you     –  Requirements  engineering     –  Business  rules   •  90  minutes   •  2-­‐3  interviewers  per  session   7  
  • 9. #   Roles   Exp(Y)   Domain   P1   Domain  consultant,  business  process  manager,   requirements  reviewer   13     Insurance     P2   Business  process  manager,  domain  consultant,   program  manager   20   Insurance   P3   Developer,  project  manager,  analyst   4   SoYware,  Banking   P4   Developer,  maintenance  lead,  project  manager   20   Telecom,  Insurance,   Power   P5   Developer,  soYware  architect,  project  manager   12     Telecom,  Finance   P6   SoYware  architect,  program/delivery  manager   10   Automo2ve  and  Telecom   P7   Program  manager,  product  manager   16   Finance   P8   Project  manager,  program  manager   21   Finance   P9   Product  manager,  presales  lead   17   Banking,  Finance   P10   Tester,  lead  underwriter,  program  manager   14   Banking,  Finance   P11   Delivery  center  head   18   Finance   Overview  of  ParAcipants   9  
  • 10. Result  SummarizaAon   10   Interviews   17  Findings   Take  minutes   Group  quotes  by   quesAon     Group  similar   quotes   Describe   findings   Statement  must  be  observed  twice  at  least   Sent  to  par2cipant  within  48  h   Independent  tagging  of  quotes  
  • 11. Result  SummarizaAon   11   Interviews   17  Findings   Take  minutes   Group  quotes  by   quesAon     Group  similar   quotes   Describe   findings  
  • 12. Outline  of  the  Talk   Summary   Study  Design   Findings   MoAvaAon   2   1   3   4   12  
  • 13. PercepAons  of  Business  Rules   13   Stakeholders  have   different  percepAons  of   business  rules  depending   on  their  roles  and   experience  
  • 14. 27  Types  of  Business  Rules  were  MenAoned   14   #   Rule  Type   Times   MenAoned   1   Valida2ons  rules  &  value  ranges   7   2   System  /  applica2on  specific  rules   4   3   Calcula2on  rules   4   4   Access  control  rules   4   5   External  system  interfaces   3   6   Laws  &  regula2ons   3   7   Sequencing  /  control  flow   3   8   Geography  specific  rules   3  
  • 15. 27  Types  of  Business  Rules  were  MenAoned   15   #   Rule  Type   Times   MenAoned     9   Business  process  rules   3   10   Procedural  /  Opera2onal  rules   3   11   User  interface  rules   2   12   Company  policies   2   13   Time  restric2ons     2   14   Dynamic  rules   2   15   Defini2ons   2  
  • 16. Capturing  and  Maintaining  Business  Rules   Business  rules  are   embedded  as  free  text   anywhere  in  the  project     and  domain   documenta2on   16  
  • 17. 17   no  separate  sec2on  for  business  rules   You  can  find  business  rules  in  requirements   specifica2ons,  source  documents,  process   descrip2on,  marke2ng  brochures,  (telecom)   regula,ons,  or  laws   [P5]   [P3]  
  • 18. 18   The  use  of  formal  rule   languages  and  rule   engines  is  rather   excep2onal  in  prac2ce  
  • 19. Use  of  Business  Rules   19   Business  rules  are   captured  and  used  not   only  in  RE  but  also  in     other  project  ac2vi2es  
  • 20. 20   Many  rules  were  discovered   during  the  implementa2on  and   tes2ng  when  we  needed  them.   [P6]  
  • 21. Externalized  business   rules  facilitate  sharing   knowledge  with  new   team  members  and  a   cross  projects   21  
  • 22. RE  PracAces  and  Business  Rules   22   Customers  expect   soYware  vendors  to   have  domain  knowledge   and  to  “develop”   business  rules  
  • 23. RE  and  Business  Rules   23   Prac22oners  allocate  low  effort  for   understanding  special  flows  (rules)   The  lack  of  domain  knowledge  in   development  teams  hinders  the   capturing  of  business  rules  
  • 24. RE  and  Business  Rules   24   To  iden2fy  the  right  level  of  detail  in   documenta2on  is  difficult  (too  much   informa2on  or  only  main  flows   without  rules  and  excep2ons)   Business  rules  (excep2ons)  represent  a  specific   type  of  requirements  or  domain  knowledge,   which  oYen  remains  tacit  
  • 25. Outline  of  the  Talk   Summary   Study  Design   Findings   MoAvaAon   2   1   3   4   25  
  • 26. Business  Rules  =  Crucial  Domain  Knowledge   •  SoYware  vendors  increasingly  rely  on  the  domain  knowledge   •  Customers  expect  vendors  to  know  the  domain  very  well   •  “Knowing”  the  domain,  the  restric2ons,  the  constraints,  and   the  excep2ons  is  very  cost  intensive   26  
  • 27. ImplicaAon  for  Researchers   27   1.  Focus  on  the  knowledge  and  documenta2on   poten2als  of  business  rules   2.  Extract  and  trace  rules  to  various  ar2facts   3.  Develop  ques2on-­‐answering  systems  to  retrieve  the   required  informa2on  depending  on  task  and  context  
  • 28. 28   It  would  be  perfect  if  I  could  just   select  a  component  or  a  feature     and  my  tool  show  me  the  most   important  business  rules     which  I  should  take  care  of.   [P9]  
  • 29. 29   Business  rules:  The   bomb  or  the  treasure?   Exploratory  study  of  business   rules  in  RE  pracAce   Business  rules  =  an  asset  worth   “externalizing”  (automaAcally?)   17  findings  on   types  of  rules,   management   and  use  
  • 30. Uni  Hamburg,  Germany   Prof.  Dr.  Walid  Maalej     maalej@informa2k.uni-­‐…   mobis.informa2k.uni-­‐…   maalejw