This Lecture has been Prepared for the students of Sociology to help them diffrentiate how Tradition vs. Science. And what was the role of Isaac Newton, Emile Durkheim and James,etc.

1. Week# 6 Tradition vs.
Science
By
M.USAMA MANSOOR

2. Adopt the Scientific Method
 Social scientists began to
 Adopt the scientific method
 To make sense of the rapid changes
 Accompanying
 Modernization and industrialization.

3. The Development of
Sociology
 The development of sociology was
 Part of a more general trend
 Toward the development of
 Discrete scientific disciplines.

4. Ancient Philosophy
 In ancient philosophy,
 there was no difference between
 the liberal arts of mathematics and
the study of history, poetry, or politics

5. Development of Mathematical
Proofs
 Only with the development of
 Mathematical proofs did there
 Gradually arise a perceived difference
 Between scientific disciplines and the
humanities or liberal arts.

6. Aristotle studied Planetary Motion and
Poetry
 Thus,
 Aristotle studied planetary motion
 and
 Poetry with the same methods

7. Plato Mixed Geometrical
Proofs
 And
 Plato mixed geometrical proofs with
his
 Demonstration on the state of intrinsic
knowledge.

8. End of 17th Century A New Scientific
Paradigm
 However,
 By the end of the 17th century
 A new scientific paradigm was
emerging

9. Isaac Newton Physics
 Particularly with the work of Isaac
Newton in physics.
 Newton, by revolutionizing what was
then called natural philosophy,
 Changed the basic framework by
which individuals understood what
was scientific.

10. Newton Merely Archetype of
Accelerating Trend
 While Newton was merely the
 Archetype of an accelerating trend,
 His work highlights an important
distinction.

11. Mathematical Truth was Objective and
Absolute
 For Newton,
 mathematical truth was objective and
absolute
 It flowed from a reality independent of
the observer
 and
 It worked by its own rules.

12. Other Disciplines Created a
Pressure
 In the realm of other disciplines
 This created a pressure
 To express ideas in the form of
mathematical relationships, or laws.
 Such laws became the model that
other disciplines would emulate.

13. Late 19th Century, Mathematical Laws Explain
Human Behavior
 In the late 19th century,
 Scholars increasingly tried to
 Apply mathematical laws to explain
human behavior.

14. Laws of Philology
 Among the first efforts were the laws
of philology
 Which attempted to map the change
 Over time of sounds in a language

15. Scientists Sought Mathematical Truth
Through Logical Proofs
 At first,
 Scientists sought mathematical truth
through
 Logical proofs.

16. Early 20th Century Statistics and
Probability Theory
 But in the early 20th century
 Statistics and probability theory
 Offered a new way to divine
mathematical laws
 Underlying all sorts of phenomena.

17. Statistics and Probability theory
developed
 As statistics and probability theory
developed
 They were applied to empirical
 sciences,
 Such as
 Biology, and to the social sciences.

18. Emile Durkheim Explored Human
Relationships
 The first thinkers
 To attempt to combine scientific inquiry
with
 The exploration of human relationships
were Emile Durkheim in France
 And
 William James in the United States

19. Durkheim Sociological Theories and
Jame’s Work on Experimental
Psychology
 Durkheim's sociological theories
 And
 James's work on experimental
psychology had
 An enormous impact on those who
followed.