ENGLISH 7_Q4_LESSON 2_ Employing a Variety of Strategies for Effective Interp...
Theatre interactive- performance
1. How interactive are theatre interactive performance
Research Draft
Student Name
London College of Communication, MA Interactive Media 2011 - 2012
University
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2. Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Search strategy and selection criteria ...................................................................................................... 6
Background literature.............................................................................................................................. 8
Interactive performance in theatre: Characteristics............................................................................... 11
What need for interactive theatre performance? ................................................................................... 14
Implementation of the research ............................................................................................................. 16
Results and Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 18
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 19
Webography.......................................................................................................................................... 19
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3. Abstract
Interactive performance is the bone of the theatre as it always makes the environment live
and tales the story behind a specific story and creates the impact. Interactive performance
also changes the mind or thinking of the people. Today, the interactive performance in the
theatre by the artists is changing in to a new dimension with the help of latest technology,
natural environment and other things that are necessary for it. The future of artistic creation
based on the expressive communication skills in the theatre world seem to be very impressive
and making the theatre world interactive. The varied forms of theatre, film, narratives tends
and dance in reference to the real and imaginary world where the use of moving graphics,
moving images, and texts usually cooperates to the human in transmitting the voice or
message among the others during interactive performance in theatre and touch the hearts of
the human through acting and drama.
Interactive performances in theatre in general benefit experience during the interactions,
impressive communication and ease of implementation. Interests among the people in the
theatre are increased because of the interactive performance only and also interest to the
people involved in to it. Interactive performance is considered as the new form of theatre that
takes traditional theatre forms and activities in to the new form with introduction of new
activities and technology, or skills. It has similarities to Environmental Theatre, Hyper drama,
and Psychodrama but is not a subtype of any of these.
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4. Introduction
In the past because of revolution and innovation in technology, made the drama and acting
industry far revolutionary and interactive in the areas such as video, communication, audio,
radio and film because it gave the new rise to the theatre interactive performance. “Dramatic
expression in the entertainment sector enhanced and that made the theatre experience better
and interesting among the people. In theatre, the interactive performance is based on different
things such as the acting of the participants, expression of the people, use of technology,
experience, environment of the theatre, topic of the interest of the theatre, communication
skills etc. these things make the theatre performance interactive and interesting.” (1997,
Aarseth, Espen J.).
In the past decade, the use of the interactive media technologies has made the artistic and
cultural revolution in order to provide the great opportunities, media and communication
skills for the theatre interactive performance because it gives the new birth to the artist forms
and practices. As seen from the past researches that theatre has created new forms of art in to
the real life. As argued by the Kittler, Friedrich (2000) that the current digital artists valorise
the concept of interactive theatre performance that relates closely to the liveness of the artists
and acting in the theatre.
Interactive theatre performance is the best way of expressing the feelings in a live way and
demonstrates to the whole world without saying any word. The interactive experiences by the
artists for a long time have been a case of showing the performance in an interactive way
through the use of specific technologies, communication skills and activities. From the year
1960s the theatre has been now improved a lot with different new things and in interactive
manner. Our society’s modalities of communication are rapidly changing. Large panel
displays and screens are being installed in many public spaces, ranging from open plazas, to
shopping malls, to private houses, to theatre stages and museums.
In same way, the age of technology has enhanced the interactive performance in theatre by
reshaping the thinking or mind of the people who are involved in to it or belong to it (2000,
Bolter and Grusin). It is researched that the use of technology has contributed to the interactive
theatre performance a lot. It is said that interactive performance in theatre seem to be
interactive with the use of different technologies, improve environment and improve
communication skills. The five senses to the human have been developed with the help of
high resolution private eye for display through the use of input device called as computer.
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5. Same things are applied to the interactive theatre performance with use of these technologies.
Every element of technology is necessary for perfect shape and working of the object,
likewise in theatre performance need every single element needed for it perfect either it is
communication skills, technology, human, environment, and scene of the idea.
For the better audio visual system in the theatre it is recommended to use of the media
technology so that the transmission of the information can be done for better communication
and visualization. “Facial expression, object movement, body movements, hand gestures,
every actions depend on the right use of the technology in the theatre performance as it makes
the theatre performance interactive and interesting among the people” (1980, Genette, Gerard).
There is not specific rule to the theatre performance to make it interactive but the only thing
that is necessary is the perfect combination of the mixed activities and control of the
environment. In this regard, it can be said that the art and digital media use to the theatre
interactive performance should not only use to create a environment there, where there is
nothing till the participants of the drama or play does not click on the right spot or can say as
doesn’t fit in the role of the play on the right time. The important thing of the interactive
performance in the theatre include interactive experiences, objects, visual elements and
characters because all these displays on the theatre screen and is generally triggered by the
same reactive event based action. The involvement of these things leads to the interactive
performance in the theatre and interesting too.
This research report aims to the descriptive analysis and discussion about the interactive
performance in the theatre and its interest to the public who are involved in this. The parts of
the research include literature reviews, search strategy, theatre performance characteristics,
implementation of the research, results and findings, conclusion and recommendations. There
have been done many literature reviews to get the perfect analysis about how interactive are
theatre interactive performance.
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6. Search strategy and selection criteria
As discussed above in the background research there have been done a research of the earlier
research papers and Journals to get the correct data and theories in the media and theatre
sector, specifically in the interactive theatre. A systematic literature review was conducted for
the study for interactive theatre. The search strategy involves number of electronic databases
probably eighteen in number, few websites related to the media and interactive theatre,
specific key Journals, reports and examination papers that are recommended by the subject
experts who were working in the same field and also the some references from previous
published papers related to the interactive theatre and performance. A number of range of
subject headings, sentences, key words, phrases were used to search the relevant research
papers because to get the data for the interactive theatre there has been a limited research
(2004, Goodnow, Katherine). This research was carried out in June 2012 and found the more
than 100 references including all. Also the surveys based report collected from the media,
communication and theatre interactive performance to get the real data from the recent
surveys.
Number of empirical research papers that contains the qualitative and /or quantitative
methodologies and analysis stated as grey literature and also the few case studies of media,
communication and theatre interactive performance were identified to more about the media,
communication and theatre interactive performance as real case. The Meta ethnographic
approach was used to analyse and summarize the original authors based on their research and
findings and also according to their terms & conditions that were drawn up for each research
papers and the detailed information inside it. The each research paper themes and findings
were compared and analysed so that relationships with the theme and the research can be
maintained. The discussed concepts in the research of the earlier papers has been synthesised
in a new way and used with the current scenario of the media, communication and theatre
interactive performance (2007, Harrison et al,)
The other qualitative research data in the research and findings in the Journals and research
papers were used in the final research and writing the thesis in mass and media
communication. The results of the synthesis collected from the number of research papers
were shared and discussed in the thesis by the authors to develop the final integrative review
of the search related literature.
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7. Generally, more than this the number of potential articles from the different related literature
were identified basically from the year 1990 till year 2012 from the electronic databases as
discussed above and also from other resources. More than ethnographical search and general
research the interactive theatre search were used as a combination of the different media,
communication and theatre interactive performance keywords. Additional in text citations
related search were made to get the important research papers, and also the school library
Journal section and book section were visited to get the relevant literature for the thesis. The
author’s database were also searched to get the more recent and relevant research for the
media, communication and theatre interactive performance research topic. All the articles
and Journals were reviewed and analysed so that the relevant data can be extracted and this
data can be used for the current research topic while writing the thesis because for media,
communication and theatre interactive performance related research there is need of the
statistical data too and the trend based on that for the future too (1999, Hayles Katherine).
The researched articles were only used if the used research article can introduce the new
information for the current research and is based on the practical experimentations because
the practical evidences give the more accurate result than based on hypothesis. Most relevant
review articles were included if they contained information about research results obtained
before 1994 that is still the state of the art (2001, Manovich, Lev). This selection process
resulted in the inclusion of 158 studies and review articles. Most of these studies are
observational studies and only a few include evaluations of new interventions. Almost none
of the studies are randomized control trials.
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8. Background literature
In tracing the development of interactive forms from the past decades till the modern
environment of the theatre especially in the western theatre, it has been found that the
different specific ideas, theories of staging, practices of ideas, and acting or drama are seem
to be important in order to enhance the interaction as interactive theatre performance. In the
twentieth century according to Artaud, Meyerhold and Grotowski theatre practitioner stated
that for the interesting and interactive theatre performance not only the above mentioned
things are necessary but also the correct movement of the body and body language also
matters in the play arts in the theatre. There are number of works available on this area of
theatre performance and its interaction to the people. The most famous researches in this
subject are considered, Antonin Artaud’s The Theatre and Its Double and Robert Gordon’s
comparative survey of major dramatic approaches, The Purpose of Playing: Modern Acting
Theories in Perspective.
These two researches describe about the complete descriptive study of the theatre and
interactive performance in the theatre. The research states about the conceptual framework of
the performance studies in the theatre and how to make it more interactive and interesting
through the approach of the social context and based on the fact of the wide variety of the
everyday activities or instances in the theatre and arts industry. The framework also analyse
about how the use of technology make interactive media more effective through the study of
the popular and famous entertainment plays to the legal proceeding of the theatre interactive
performance. Antonin Artaud examines the theatre environment in the different situations and
how the different circumstances affect the presence or demonstration of the concepts in to the
imaginary world where everything seem to be real. The visibility on the screen in theatre
depends on how is the mixing of the concepts to the present environment. Every situation
need to be very specific to the specific play or drama because all situations can’t be fit to
every play or theatre.
Robert Gordon describe in his research that what is the purpose of the playing, modern
acting, its theories and perspectives. Each theatre performance has some purpose behind it
and some message behind it to the people. For example, if the play is based on the historical
concepts of Napoleon, then it shows every moment of the life, involvement in war, his
courage in the play on the theatre screen. So every play has some message behind it that
affects the mind or thinking of the people according to the moral of the play. The behaviour
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9. and presence of mind during the theatre play makes it more attractive as claimed by
Robert
Gordon in his research. Richard Schechner has articulated and developed this approach in
numerous works, among which he draw particularly on Performance Theory and
Environmental Theater. The author says in this research that environment is the most
important factor in this because it defines the interactive and interest among the people
towards the concepts of the play in the theatre. He also defines the performance in the theatre
as it matters more than anything in the theatre world. From the birth of the theatre play till
today’s world, the improvement has been a lot based on the surveys and previous research.
In earlier ages and today also, in the traditional theatre performance depend or limited to a
designated stage of the play area and also the action to that play. The audience act as a
passive player during the theatre play but their presence has most importance in the theatre
world.
Harrison, Steve et. al (2007), depicts that in interactive theatre, the performance may become
interactive in the middle of the audience and sometime these performance also involve the
audience in the play in more active roles to make the theatre performance more interactive
and interesting. The audience may be asked to provide their feedback, props, supply
performance and suggestions to make the theatre interactive and interesting. The researchers
interpret that non-technical and technical both should have the strong combination in order to
make the theatre performance more effective. Characters in the theatre performance also
important and their perfect matching with the theme of the theatre play make it quite
interesting; it has been described in the research of Harrison. More than this, the audience
may also be asked to participate in order to alter the concepts of the play through the
collective decision of all the audience in to the new direction of the play in the theatre.
Augusto Boal's forum theatre decided according to the same way through the help of the
collective decision of the audience in order to make the theatre performance make it more
interactive and interesting.
Murtaugh, Michael (2008) describes that in the earlier age, the use of the high end technology
was not because of lack of technology, but in today’s world the use of the technology
increased a lot but still, till yet not all the interactive theatre have use of high end technology.
The use of technology make the performance more interactive in the theatre because it allows
the use of high end screen display, voice enhancement, practices and controlling of the body
movement and language. These make the theatre performance of better quality and
interesting.
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10. McLuhan, M. (1964) in the research titled as ‘Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man’
states that there is need of the understanding of the use of media in the theatre for better and
interactive performance. The right choose of the technology and media make the things easier
so that it can reach to the expectations of the people or say as audience. There are number of
possibilities in the interactive media sector for the new concepts of play and use of right
technology. Interesting opportunities in the theatre industry for the interactive performance
such as mixing of the technical to the non technical environment are highly recommended in
this research. McLuhan, M also researched about how many percentages of the people are
satisfied with the existing environment of the play for a long time or not. The expectations of
the audience depend on what factors and come to the decision that the audience need to have
the strong background of the play in the theatre to attract the audience.
McLuhan, M prepared a prototype of how to make the theatre interactive and how interactive
are the theatre interactive performance, as a piece called as ‘The Lat Will’, this prototype
consists as hybrid theatre combine with the theatre and gaming. Basically, in an interactive
drama or play, the most important thing as described in thousands of research that each
participant in the theatre plays either it is performer or audience, everyone need to make up
their own characters in all way to make the theatre performance more interactive. In order to
achieve the goal of the play is to provide the complete background of the theme of the play.
The theme of the play is characterized by the both the participants in the play. Preece, Rogers
and Sharp (2002), analysed in his research that the whole theme of the theatre play depends
on the director or chief of the play because every line of the play is designed by the chief of
the play. Thus, the researchers have shown a great interest in to the modern world theatre
industry.
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11. Interactive performance in theatre: Characteristics
The question of how interactive is the interactive theatre performance can’t be answered only
by examining the audience and the participants but for answering this question, there is need
of analysing the current theatre environment and past theatre environment, with the use of
technology or without technology, and other related activities. The theatre have number of
characteristics that include body language of the participants, use of high end technology,
communication skills, theme of the theatre play, cultural environment and their collaborative
support to each other. The present theatre environment includes the public to adopt an
exploratory type of the behaviour that allows the use of all the possible interaction in the
theatre world, with the use of the all current technology advancement with the entire theatre
system that makes it more interactive (2003, Kay, Alan and Goldberg, Adele).
The main issue for this type of experience is that it creates issue in the transmission the
message from one person to another. Transmission of the message, gets disturb if there is no
proper use of technology is there. For example, in a story or play there is importance of
emotion but it somehow get reduced while transmitting from one place to another in absence
of proper medium and so this emotions may lose and it results in the bad performance.
Therefore, the main characteristics of the theatre performance lie in these activities of
transmitting the message from one place to another to make it effective.
The main focus in this case, in the theatre performance is to combine all the activities and
make the effective use of it. Another important factor in the theatre interactive performance is
the role of the scripting in the theatre play. Scripting decides about what the play need to be
based on, what communication needs among the participants, and how to perform with the
group of the participants, therefore scripting is a matter of fact that describes the public
activity (1996, Kittler, Friedrich).
Current home digital media production houses or firms have simplified the theatre experience
in today’s world. The use of high end technology, in the theatre world is very important cause
now the trend has been changed and for making the interactive media or theatre performance
interactive it is highly recommended to use the new or latest innovation in the media
technology and theatre production. For creating the meaningful performances, the
contribution of the home digital media can’t be ignored. There is need of the language
conventions, and interactive environment, in the interactive theatre performance because it
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12. makes the environment very familiar and comfortable to the audience and interesting also.
The global use of media, by the western cultural hegemony shows that in the theatre, these
play an important role in making the theatre performance interactive. “Communication and
theatre language must be such that it should be comfortable and easily understandable by the
public or audience who are involved in the theatre performance” (2008, Murtaugh, Michael).
The operational nature of the existing media and natural environment in the current world
defines the characteristics of the theatre performance and make it more interactive. The
meaningful, space in the theatre world that depends on the audience and the existing
technology need to be defined for a particular kind of play is because everything of the
theatre performance depends on this collaboration. Thus, it can be said that for a very specific
and particular theatre play the every aspect of the play or can say as every movement of the
play need to be synchronize in a very particular manner.
There is strong relation between the actions, body, participants, object and technology in the
theatre performance to make it more effective and interactive. These activities also decide the
definitive of the relationship between the theatre work and the artist and not only is this there
only the meaningful relation between the artist and all the activities of the theatre.
Awareness of the work and conditions in the theatre depends on how the participants have the
knowledge and experience about the particular interactive theatre play because these things
make the theatre performance more interactive and interesting. In a theatre play, the object
and activities of the participants for a particular context of the theatre play. These traditional
plays describe about the social rituals and social functions that need to be supported by the
societies (2002, Preece, Rogers and Sharp).
In this reference, the context of the artists’ works become more meaningful because in a
theatre play there is everything depends on the artists’ activities and thinking. In 'Ideology
and Ideological State Apparatuses' Louis Althusser describes a social context for the
meaningful manifestation of the action/object in describing how the reification of ideology
through action creates meaning in everyday actions.
The idea of Louis Althusser describe about the material actions that he did during the
material practices for the theatre play or drama base on the real story giving the message to
the society about the good things hide behind the story through the interactive theatre
performance. He states that any material rituals that are defined by the material ideological
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13. apparatus and derived through the ideas of the subject of the play, is useful in the interactive
theatre performance. The participants in the theatre play need to be ideologically motivated to
support the right cause of the play and to make it live in front of the public and will be able to
create an good impact on their minds and thinking to carry out the necessary changes to the
society that might benefit to the society.
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14. What need for interactive theatre performance?
It is always a doubt to everyone to understand about the interactive theatre performance and
how to ensure that theatre performance will be interactive and interesting and will also be on
the expectation of the audiences. Generally, it is found that theatre performance is made
interactive through the use of the latest technology, quality sound system etc. but it is not
surely 100 percent true, in a theatre to make it more interactive and interesting the things that
matter are presence of the mind of the participants, communication skills, body movement,
body language, environment of the theatre and concepts of the play (1983, Rimmon-Kenan,
S).
All these are the important things that are needed for the interactive theatre performance.
Also the ideologically motivated behaviour of the participants is most important that benefits
to the individual member of the theatre drama, and individuality make it more interactive. In
a theatre the most important thing than the other mentioned above is the exclusivity of the
concepts of the theatre play because how live the performance can be demonstrated depends
on this. The space also matters in the case of interactive performance because if there is no
interactive space for the theatre play, it will be very difficult to have the theatre performance
interactive. In the relation to the context of the action in the theatre play or drama, the
participant needs to combine the motivation and the choice of the play in order to make it
interesting and interactive.
The role of particular participants is really important and there is need to expose the role in
the theatre performance. The interactive space in the traditional performance was very large
and it need an enough space but in the modern age the space for the interactive performance
is limiting now days but use of the technology and interactive media making it more
interactive. Broad cultural enhancement can only be done through the use of the interactive
space for the interactive theatre (1962, Austin, J. L. P. 31)
. The storyteller is also more important for the theatre play because every character of the
theatre performance is decided by the storyteller and next if the choreographer chooses the
right performer for the right role, this combination of the whole theatre play makes it more
interactive and interesting. Each narrative sentence for the theatre performance play
important role for the communication of the participants, and in this case also if the language
convention is also used then it makes it more comfortable and easy to the public or say as
audience of the theatre play.
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15. The role of the performer has been institutionalised in to theatre and cinema and as the
cultural hegemony of the west spreads the conventions of global communication have
become the language of the storyteller. The Boogieman has relocated from media,
communication and theatre interactive performance.
It has been examined, that the unique characteristics of the interactive theatre in reference to
the specific confluence of the theatre performance, need to be interactively and spectacle to
the performer and the audience too. It should be known to them that what they should do and
when, and what they are going to say, with the proper use of time, these make good impact
on the audience and helps to improve their social interactions within the performance space
or beyond the performance space. The analysis can be focused on the two very specific
contexts to the interactive theatre performance as interactive plays for the older people in the
hospitals or care homes and different festivals in different countries across the world (1997,
Butler, Judith. P. 161)
In these fairs, the artists incorporates various art forms in order to make the environment of
the fair’s more interactive and interesting to the people are there in the fair. It can trace the
interactive theatre’s relationship to what Schechner calls “orthodox, mainstream theatre”
(Schechner, 1994, p. xix), as well as to other modes of performance and interaction, such as
games and play. It will analyse the main principles of interactive theatre, especially the
creation of a distinct play-world or ‘temenos’ through the use of roles, rules and a heightened
sense of reality.
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16. Implementation of the research
In the research it has been found that theatre performance exists for a long time in the history
of world and enhancing decay by decay with various innovations. In the earlier ages it was
used in a very simple way but now it has been integrated with the advanced technology.
Therefore, implementation of the research according to the requirement is necessary and also
with the time it makes sense to incorporate the changes. In the research it has been analyzed
and discussed that the use of the new technology is very important in the interactive media
and interactive theatre space. There need to be followed some guidelines in order to
implement the research done above. First of all it should ensure that all the above research
done is appropriate for the existing theatre environment or not, if it seems to be appropriate
then the implementation need to be done accordingly. Now, for implementing the research as
made above, it should identify the different groups of activities and then implement the ideas
and research to make the theatre performance interactive (2001, Felman, Shoshana, P. 45-46).
To make interactive performance in theatre, first of all the story writer need to decide the
very interesting concept so that it will give the message to the audience in a positive way and
will motivate them to decide for good things that will be helpful for the society and its
people. Next, the space need to define or find out that best suit the theme, as in some cases
there might require large space, so the place should be such that it fits the requirement. The
place should be chosen so that the complete theme can be match to that and there will not be
requirement of any other space. Once the story line of the play and the space is defined, now
the environment of the theatre space needs to decide because it defines the interactiveness
and success of the play in the theatre. For example, if the play is of historian leader and the
environment is of political then it will be difficult to have the better performance.
Next, the most important thing is the selection of the character based on the theme of the play
and based on the requirement of the storyline. It is important to decide that the chosen
character strongly matches with the requirement and fits to the particular character because if
the character is chosen wrong then the entire theatre play will go bad, and will not be able to
make impact to the audience and also the future of the theatre play will be in trouble, so the
most important part of the theatre performance is to select the best character for the specific
theme. After deciding the character of the play, it is natural to then decide about the
communication or conversation in between the participants of the theatre play because strong
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17. communication leads to the better and interactive performance in the theatre. Next, important
thing is to perfectly use of the latest technology, in order to enhance the visual, audio and
communication for the theatre play. In this way, with the use of proper technology and
guidance; the theatre performance can be made interactive. The current media technology is
so advanced that it has already made the experience of the theatre on the screen through
digital production, very good than in earlier ages.
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18. Results and Conclusion
The analysis based on the literature reviews, indicate that the use of the technology in now
days has been increased and this also affected the theatre performance and changed in to a
new way. The current digital media production has enhanced the visual experience of the
theatre performance a lot. The use of technology in this world has now increased by hundred
times better than early ages. The controlling of the language, performance during theatre has
made the things very comfortable to the audience and also to the performer. The literature
shows that day by day the enhancement in the technology making the theatre experience
better. Thus finally, it can be said that the theatre interactive performance are very interactive
with use of the right technology.
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19. Bibliography
1. Aarseth, Espen J. (1997) Cybertext. John Hopkins University Press. London
2. Bolter and Grusin (2000) Remediation: Understanding New Media. MIT Press
3. Genette, Gerard (1980) Narrative Discourse. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
4. Goodnow, Katherine (2004) Interactive Documentary, presented at DigiMedia
Confernce, Cairo
5. Harrison ,Steve; Tatar, Deborah and Sengers, Phoebe (2007) The Three Paradigmsof
HCI. alt.chi.
6. Hayles Katherine, (1999) How we Became Posthuman, Chicago and London: The
University of Chicago Press
7. Kay, Alan and Goldberg, Adele (2003) “Personal Dynamic Media” in New Media
Reader, eds. Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort. The MIT Pres.
8. Kittler, Friedrich (1996) “A History of Communication Media”.
9. Kittler, Friedrich (2000) “What is new about new media?”, Mutations, Koolhass et al.
(ed), Actar
10. Landow George (1997) Hypertext 2.0. John Hopkins University Press. London
11. Manovich, Lev (2001) The Language of New Media, MIT Press
12. McLuhan, M. (1964) Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. McGraw-Hill
13. McLuhan, M., Powers, B (1989). The Global Village. Oxford University Press
14. Murtaugh, Michael (2008) „Interaction‟, from Matthew Fuller ed., Software
15. Preece, Rogers and Sharp (2002) Interaction Design: beyond human-computer
interaction, John Wiley & Sons
16. Rimmon-Kenan, S (1983) Narrative Fiction: Contemporary Poetics, London,
Routledge
17. Austin, J. L. How To Do Things With Words. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962. P. 31
18. Butler, Judith. Excitable Speech : A Politics of the Performative. New York:
Routledge, 1997 P. 161
19. Excitable Speech : A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge, 1997 P. 147
20. Felman, Shoshana (2001) Scandal of the Speaking Body: Don Juan with J.L. Austin,
or Seduction in Two Languages P. 45-46
Webography
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