Digital magic. A small project for controlling smart light bulbs.
杭州讲座 石田英敬
1. Sur les crédences, au salon vide: nul ptyx,
Aboli bibelot d’inanité sonore,
(Car le maître est allé puiser des pleurs au Styx
Avec ce seul objet dont le Néant s’honore.)
東京大学 大学院 情報学環 /総合文化研究科 教授
石 田 英 敬
Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies
Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies
The University of Tokyo
ULPTYX .COM
http://nulptyxcom.blogspot.jp
2. The Future of the Web of the Future
Is our Web truly the best one of the possible Webs ?
未来网的未来: 我们的网真
的是最好的选择吗?
Hidetaka Ishida
石田英敬
Professor The University of Tokyo
东京⼤学讲授
3. 21st C
Modern Semiotics Information Semiotics
Saussure and Peirce
Analog Media
the End of the Book
19~20th C
Linguistic M del
Analog Revolution
Analog Turn!
Programm Industries
ra
mp
la
ma
o
/Structuralism
95
Semiology
To w a r d s a n e w
”Science o f Signs”
Cultu l Industries
1 0
Digital Revolution
DigitalTurn
!
Consu
Pupu
tion Society
r Cultures
Knowledge Society
W.W.W. Cultures
Semiotikée
Infor tics/ Cognitive
Sciences Neurosciences/ Nano
Sciences
5. My topic today will follow the 5 moments:
• 1 Monadology
• 2 Universal Library and the WWW
• 3 Monologic Reduction
• 4 Problems with the current Web
• 5 “Le Meilleur des Web possibles” ?
8. 88 M E M br S D ! L A c A DE M I E O T A L E
res Liaeaires Qu n lui attribue. EIJes reviennent tourCj ᄎ
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mentale , &: d y joindre 1'explication qui eft manifefte ,
pourvu quon remarque premဝ ement qং une ligne .en
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9. the monad as “unity
containing in power
infinite multiplicity”.
of individuation
(puissance) an
La monade c’est l’unité individuelle
grosse d’une multiplicité infinie.
10. une monade n'a ni porte ni fenêtre par où quelque chose pourrait entrer ou sortir
monad has no door nor window 单子没有門或窗口
11. § 17. Philalèthe. L’entendement ne ressemble pas mal à un
cabinet entièrement obscur, qui n’aurait que quelques petites
ouvertures pour laisser entrer par dehors les images extérieures
et visibles, de sorte que si ces images, venant à se peindre dans
ce cabinet obscur, pouvaient y rester et y être placées en ordre,
en sorte qu’on pût les trouver dans l’occasion, il y aurait une
grande ressemblance entre ce cabinet et l’entendement humain.
Théophile. Pour rendre la ressemblance plus grande il
faudrait supposer que dans la chambre obscure il y eût une toile
pour recevoir les espèces, qui ne fût pas unie, mais diversifiée
par des plis, représentant les connaissances innées ; que de
plus cette toile ou membrane, étant tendue, eût une manière de
ressort ou force d’agir, et même une action ou réaction
accommodée tant aux plis passés qu’aux nouveaux venus des
impressions des espèces. Et cette action consisterait en
certaines vibrations ou oscillations, telles qu’on voit dans une
corde tendue quand on la touche, de sorte qu’elle rendrait une
manière de son musical. Car non seulement nous recevons des
images ou traces dans le cerveau, mais nous en formons encore
de nouvelles, quand nous envisageons des idées complexes.
Ainsi il faut que la toile qui représente notre cerveau soit active et
élastique. Cette comparaison expliquerait tolérablement ce qui
se passe dans le cerveau ; mais quant à l’âme, qui est une
substance simple ou monade, elle représente sans étendue ces
mêmes variétés des masses étendues et en a la perception.
Ph. The understanding bears not a little resemblance to
a room wholly dark, which has only certain small openings to let in
from outside exterior and visible images, so that if these images,
coming to be painted in this dark room, could remain
there and be placed in order, so that they could be found upon
occasion, there would be a great resemblance between this room and
the human understanding.
Th. [To make the resemblance greater, you should suppose that in
this room there was a canvas to receive the images, not
even, but diversified by folds, representing the (kinds of) innate
knowledge ; further, that this canvas or membrane being stretched
would have a kind of elasticity or power of action, and also an action
and reaction accommodated as much to the past folds as to the newly
arrived kinds of impressions. And
this action would consist in certain vibrations or oscillations, such
as are seen in a stretched string so touched that it gives forth a
kind of musical sound. For not only do we receive images or outlines
in the brain ; but we form besides new ones,
when we look at complex ideas. Thus the canvas that represents our
brain is necessarily active and elastic. This comparison
would explain tolerably well what passes in the brain;
but as for the soul, which is a simple substance or monad, it
represents without extension these same varieties of extended
masses and perceives them.']
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22. The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine
Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page
{sergಁ page}@cs.stanforआ.edu
Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
Abstract
h ႛis paper, we present Google, a proເ лype of a large-scale search engine which makes heavy use of ԛc strucrure pશ sent in hypertext. Google is designீ d t o α awl and index the
Web eᖻciently and produce much more satzsfying ಁ arch resಁts Ⴎ m existing systems. The proԷ type wiႮ a full ಁ xt and hyperlink database of at least 24 millಁn pages is available at ߡp
ಁ>Ol!le.stanford.edu/
τb engineer a search engine is a challenging task. Search engines indၛ ಁns to hundreds of millioସ bf web paᙶ Sinvolving a comparable numಁ r of distinct terms. They answer tens of
millions of queries every day. Despite Ⴎđe impoಁtancc of large-scಁ search cؕ ines on the web, very little academic research has ᄆen done on them. Furthermore, due to rapid advance in
technology and web pro ಁစation, creating a web search engine today is very different from three yआے s ago.τbis paper proᓽides an in-dep༶ descriptioआ of our large-scale web search
enginಁ ĒĒ thලሱrst such detailed public desαiption wܲ know of to date.
Apart from thලprobಁms of scalinႛtraditional ಁ arch techniques to data of ႛis magnitude, therϐ are nලw technical challenges invಁlvcd with using thீ additional information present in
hypertext to produce better search results.This paper addresses this quesಁ n of how to build a practical large-scale system which can exploit thீ additional information present in
hypertext. Also we look at thලproblem of how to eff ctively deal with uncontrolled hypertext collections where anyone can publish mϓ bing they want.
Keywords: World Wide Web, Search Engines, Information Retrieval, PageRank, Google
1. Introduction
(Note: There are two versions of t. paper -- a longerಁll νersion and a $horterprinted version. Theಁll version is avaiے ble on rhe web and the co ಁrence CD-ROM.)
л 1ලweb creates nලw challenges for information reൗ ieval. The amount of information on the web is growing rapidly, as well as the number of nලw users inලČxperienccd in thලart of web research.
People are likely to surf Ⴎ C Wලb using its link graph, often starting with high quality human maintained indices such as Xུ ֆ l or wiႮ search engines. Human maintained lists cover populס topics
effectively but are subjcctivල expensive to build and maintain, slow to improve, and cannot cover all esoteric topics. Automated sලarch engines that rely on keyword matching usually return to bmany low quality matches. To make matters worse, some advertisers attempt to gԷ ಁಁople's attention by taking measures meant to mislead automated search engines.We have built a large-scale
search engine which addressලs many of Ⴎ c problems of existing systČms. It makes especially heavy use of the additional structure present in hypertext to provide much higher quality search results.
Wechoਫ਼ bؕ system name, Google, bػ ܧ ଢ it is a common spelling of googol, or 10100and ሱႮ well with our goԷ bf building verγ large-scale search engines.
1.1 W e b Search Engines •• Scaling Up : 1994 • 2000
Search engine technology has had to scale dramatically to keep up wiႮ ༶ e growth of the web. In 1994,one of Ⴎ e first web search eng nಁ the World Wide Web Worm fWWWWĎགے ಁDಁ֊֊ l had an
index of 110,000web pages and web accessible documents. As of November, 1997 ಁ1ලtop search enginιs claim to index from 2 million (WebCrawler) to 100 million web documents (from
ུ ཅ ֊֊gi֊֊ታಁಁJ..It is foreseeable that by the year 2α ֗ a comprehensive index of the Web will contain over a billion documents. At the same ಁne,the numbලr of queries sලarch engines handle
has grown incredibly too. In March and April 1994, the World Wide Web Worm received an average of about 1500queries per day. InNovember 1997,Altavista claimed it handled roughly 20
million quලries per day. Wiႛ the increasing number of users on the web, and automated systems which query search engines, it is likely that top search engines will handle hundreds of millions of
queries per day by Ⴎ e year 2000. The goal of our system is to address many of the problems, both in quality and scalability, introduced by scaling search engine technology to such extraordinary
numberϤ ē
1.2.G o og le: Scaling with the W e b
Creating a search engine which scales even to today's wලb presents many challenges. Fast α awling tලchnology is needed to gaႮ er the web documents and keep Ⴎ ලm up to date. Storage space must be
used efficiently to store indicιs and, optionally, the documents themselves. л 1e indexing system must process hundreds of gigabytes of data ලfficiently. Queries must be handled qൈൗckly, at a rate of
hundrලds to thousands per sᄆ nd.
τbese tasks are becoming increasingly difficult as the Web grows. However, hardware performance and cost have improved dramatically to partially offset ༶ e difficulty. There are, however, several
notable exceptions to this progress such as disk seek time and operating system robustness. In designing Google, we have considered boϢ Ϣලrate of growth of Ⴎ e Web and technological changes.
Google is designed to scale well to extremely large data sets. It makes efficient use of storage space to store Ⴎ e index. Its data structಁ es ے e optimized for fast and efficient aceලSS(sලe section 1.,2).
Furth ػ we expect Ⴎ at Ⴎ ලcost to index and store text or HTI.ႛL will eventually decline relative to the amount that will be available (see ARಁಁᄃಁᇶĎ This will result in favorable scaling properൗ ಁ
for centralized systems like Google.
36. Raymond Queneau – Cent mille milliards de poèmes, 1961
“Seule une machine peut apprécier un
sonnet écrit par une autre machine
(Only a machine can appreciate a sonnet
written by another machine) ”
Alan Turing
37. THE XANADU® PARALLEL UNIVERSE
Visibly Connected Pages and Documents for a New Kind of Writing
Theodor Holm Nelson, founding designer, Project Xanadu
Note: "Xanadu" is a registered trademark of Project Xanadu.
CosmicBook, XanaduSpace and OpenXanadu are claimed trademarks of Project Xanadu.
38. 5 “Le meilleur des webs possibles”
In truth, the Library includes all verbal structures, all variations permitted
by the twenty-five orthographical symbols, but not a single example of
absolute nonsense. It is useless to observe that the best volume of the many
hexagons under my administration is entitled The Combed Thunderclap
and another The Plaster Cramp and another Axaxaxas mlö. These phrases,
at first glance incoherent, can no doubt be justified in a cryptographical or
allegorical manner; such a justification is verbal and, ex hypothesi, already
figures in the Library. I cannot combine some characters
dhcmrlchtdj
which the divine Library has not foreseen and which in one of its secret
tongues do not contain a terrible meaning. No one can articulate a syllable
which is not filled with tenderness and fear, which is not, in one of these
languages, the powerful name of a god.
39. https://ceobk.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/wordcloud.jpg
Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge(Spanish: Emporio celestial de conocimientos
benévolos) is a fictitious taxonomy of animals described by the writer Jorge Luis Borges in his 1942 essay "The Analytical Language of John
Wilkins" (El idioma analítico de John Wilkins).[1][2]
Wilkins, a 17th-century philosopher, had proposed a universal language based on a classification system that would encode a description of
the thing a word describes into the word itself—for example, Zi identifies the genus beasts; Zit denotes the "difference" rapacious beasts of
the dog kind; and finally Zitα specifies dog.
In response to this proposal and in order to illustrate the arbitrariness and cultural specificity of any attempt to categorize the world, Borges
describes this example of an alternate taxonomy, supposedly taken from an ancient Chinese encyclopædia entitled Celestial Emporium of
Benevolent Knowledge.
The list divides all animals into 14 categories:
• Those that belong to the emperor
• Embalmed ones
• Those that are trained
• Sucking pigs
• Mermaids (or Sirens)
• Fabulous ones
• Stray dogs
• Those that are included in this classification
• Those that tremble as if they were mad
• Innumerable ones
• Those drawn with a very fine camel hair brush
• Et cetera
• Those that have just broken the flower vase
• Those that, at a distance, resemble flies
http://wendyswindigo.tumblr.com
Michel Foucault begins his preface to The Order of Things,[6]
This book first arose out of a passage in Borges, out of the laughter that shattered, as I read
the passage, all the familiar landmarks of thought—our thought, the thought that bears the
stamp of our age and our geography—breaking up all the ordered surfaces and all the
planes with which we are accustomed to tame the wild profusion of existing things and
continuing long afterwards to disturb and threaten with collapse our age-old definitions
between the Same and the Other.
40. 410. ANT.—You have satisfied me beyond my hopes, you have done what Boethius was
not able to do: I shall be beholden to you all my life long. LAUR.—Yet let us carry our
tale a little further. Sextus will say: No,Apollo, I will not do what you say. ANT.—What!
the God will say, do you mean then that I am a liar? I repeat to you once more, you will
do all that I have just said. LAUR.—Sextus, mayhap, would pray the Gods to alter fate, to
give him a better heart. ANT.—He would receive the answer:
Desine fata Deum flecti sperare precando.
He cannot cause divine foreknowledge to lie. But what then will Sextus say? Will he not
break forth into complaints against the Gods? Will he not say? What? I am then not free?
It is not in my power to follow virtue? LAUR.—Apollo will say to him perhaps: Know,
my poor Sextus, that the Gods make each one as he is. Jupiter made the wolf ravening,
the hare timid, the ass stupid, and the lion courageous. He gave you a soul that is wicked
and irreclaimable; you will act in conformity with your natural disposition, and Jupiter
will treat you as your actions shall deserve; he has sworn it by the Styx.
41. https://ceobk.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/wordcloud.jpg
Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge(Spanish: Emporio celestial de conocimientos
benévolos) is a fictitious taxonomy of animals described by the writer Jorge Luis Borges in his 1942 essay "The Analytical Language of John
Wilkins" (El idioma analítico de John Wilkins).[1][2]
Wilkins, a 17th-century philosopher, had proposed a universal language based on a classification system that would encode a description of
the thing a word describes into the word itself—for example, Zi identifies the genus beasts; Zit denotes the "difference" rapacious beasts of
the dog kind; and finally Zitα specifies dog.
In response to this proposal and in order to illustrate the arbitrariness and cultural specificity of any attempt to categorize the world, Borges
describes this example of an alternate taxonomy, supposedly taken from an ancient Chinese encyclopædia entitled Celestial Emporium of
Benevolent Knowledge.
The list divides all animals into 14 categories:
• Those that belong to the emperor
• Embalmed ones
• Those that are trained
• Sucking pigs
• Mermaids (or Sirens)
• Fabulous ones
• Stray dogs
• Those that are included in this classification
• Those that tremble as if they were mad
• Innumerable ones
• Those drawn with a very fine camel hair brush
• Et cetera
• Those that have just broken the flower vase
• Those that, at a distance, resemble flies
http://wendyswindigo.tumblr.com
Michel Foucault begins his preface to The Order of Things,[6]
This book first arose out of a passage in Borges, out of the laughter that shattered, as I read
the passage, all the familiar landmarks of thought—our thought, the thought that bears the
stamp of our age and our geography—breaking up all the ordered surfaces and all the
planes with which we are accustomed to tame the wild profusion of existing things and
continuing long afterwards to disturb and threaten with collapse our age-old definitions
between the Same and the Other.
42. http://cognitivephilosophy.net/consciousness/human-cognition-and-the-chinese-room/
Chinese room
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
In this thought experiment, a person in the "Chinese room" is passed questions from outside the room, and consults a library of books to formulate an
answer.
The Chinese room argument holds that a program cannot give a computer a "mind", "understanding" or "consciousness",[a]
regardless of how intelligently or human-like the program may make the computer behave. The argument was first presented by
philosopher John Searle in his paper, "Minds, Brains, and Programs", published in Behavioral and Brain Sciences in 1980. It has
been widely discussed in the years since.[1] The centerpiece of the argument is a thought experiment known as the Chinese room
(described in detail below).
The argument is directed against the philosophical positions of functionalism and computationalism,[2] which hold that the mind may
be viewed as an information-processing system operating on formal symbols. Specifically, the argument refutes a position Searle
calls Strong AI:
The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense
human beings have minds.[b]
Although it was originally presented in reaction to the statements of artificial intelligence (AI) researchers, it is not an argument
against the goals of AI research, because it does not limit the amount of intelligence a machine can display.[3] The argument applies
only to digital computers running programs and does not apply to machines in general.[4]
43. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A tag cloud (word cloud, or weighted list in visual design) is a visual representation of text
data, typically used to depict keyword metadata (tags) on websites, or to visualize free form
text. Tags are usually single words, and the importance of each tag is shown with font size or
color.[2] This format is useful for quickly perceiving the most prominent terms and for locating
a term alphabetically to determine its relative prominence. When used as website navigation
aids, the terms are hyperlinked to items associated with the tag.
44. From “roseau pensant” to “réseau
pensant”
“L’homme n’est qu’un roseau, le plus faible de la nature; mais
c’est un roseau pensant. Il ne faut pas que l’univers entier
s’arme pour l’écraser : une vapeur, une goutte d’eau suffit pour
le tuer. Mais quand l’univers l’écraserait, l’homme serait encore
plus noble que ce qui le tue, parce qu’il sait qu’il meurt, et
l’avantage que l’univers a sur lui, l’univers n’en sait rien”
““Les hommes sont si nécessairement fous, que ce serait être
fou, par un autre tour de folie, de n'être pas fou.”/"Men are so
necessarily mad, that not to be mad would amount to another
form of madness."
Towards a “thinking Network”