DTFR

A PROJECT REPORT ON
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER FAILURE RATE
A STUDY CONDUCTED AT
ELECTRICAL SUBDIVISION, KAYAMKULAM OF
ELECTRICAL DIVISION, MAVELIKKARA & ELECTRICAL
CIRCLE, ALAPPUZHA
A project report submitted to
THE MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY
In partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Business Administration
Submitted by
LEEJO JOSEPH JOHN
Enrolment No.:- 08079UD105
Under the guidance of
MRS. REMYA RAJ R.
[B.A., M.B.A. (H.R., MARKETING) P.G.D.R.D.]
(Faculty in Management)
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
BUDDHA ACADEMIC CENTRE, KAYAMKULAM
2010 – 2011

DECLARATION
I, LEEJO JOSEPH JOHN, a student of BACHELOR OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION Program at Buddha Academic Centre, Kayamkulam hereby
declare that the project study entitled “DIS TRIBU TIO N TRAN SFO RMER
FAI LU RE RA TE / IN CREASIN G LIFE O F DIS TRIBU TIO N
TRAN SFO RM ER ” conducted at “ELECTRICAL SUBDIVISION,
KAYAMKULAM OF ELECTRICAL DIVISION, MAVELIKKARA &
ELECTRICAL CIRCLE, ALAPPUZHA” is a bonafide record of the study conducted
by me under the guidance of Mrs. REMYA RAJ R. This study was undertaken in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION of THE MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY,
KOTTAYAM. Further, I also declare that the report has not been submitted in full or
part thereof to any university or institution for the award of any degree or diploma.
Kayamkulam Leejo Joseph John
Date Signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
While preparing this project work many people had extended their help and co-
operation to me. First of all let me express my heart-felt gratitude and profound
thanks to the Almighty God. It gives me immense pleasure to express my heartfelt
thanks to Sri. Shibu Mathukutty, Assistant Executive Engineer, Electrical Sub
Division, Charummoodu for giving me an opportunity to conduct the study, I express
my deep - felt gratitude and profound thanks to Sri A. Shyamkumar, Assistant
Engineer, M. T. U., Electrical Circle, Kollam and all other staff of Kerala State
Electricity Board who gave valuable information, encouragement and suggestions
throughout the completion of the project work.
I would also like to express my gratitude to MRS. REMYA RAJ R. for her guidance
and encouragement without which the timely realization of the study would have been
impossible. I wish to make use of this opportunity to convey my sincere thanks to Mr.
Harilal (Principal), Buddha Academic Centre and all other staff of Buddha Academic
Centre for the immense co-operation and help they had extended during this course of
study.
Finally I express my sincere thanks to my parents and my friends for their moral
support throughout the study.
Kayamkulam Leejo Joseph John
Date

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NOS.
CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION 1
IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY 4
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5
SCOPE OF THE STUDY 6
LIMITATIONS 7
CHAPTER – II PROFILE OF THE INSTITUTION 9
CHAPTER – III METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 23
CHAPTER – IV ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY 26
CHAPTER – V FINDINGS 73
CONCLUSION 75
SUGGESTIONS 76
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND APPENDICES 77
REFERENCE BOOKS 78
WEBSITES 79

INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
Kerala State Electricity Board commenced functioning on 31 – 3 - 1957 After Noon
as per order no. EL1 – 6475 / 56 / PW dated 7 – 3 - 1957 of the Kerala State
Government. It had 5 members with Sri K. P. Sreedharan Nair as Chairman. All the
staff belonging to the erstwhile Electricity Department was transferred to the Board.
The 'Board' consisting of the Chairman and the Members is the Supreme Governing
Body.
State Electricity Consultative Council
The State Government by their notification EL3 - 9345 dated 21 – 2 - 1958
constituted the State Electricity Consultative Council under section 16 of the
Electricity Supply Act. The Council functions as consultative body and the Board is
required to place before the council the annual financial statement and supplementary
statements if any before submitting such statements to the State Government.

Some Interesting Figures Belonging to Our Early Days
STATISTICS OF 1958
The Domestic Tariff 1.5 Annas
Installed Capacity 109.5 M. W.
TRANSMISSION LINES
110 K. V. Lines 220.176 ckt miles
33 K. V. Lines 26 ckt miles
DISTRIBUTION LINES
3.3 K. V. Lines 24.6 miles
L. T. Lines 3826.36 miles
GENERATION
Total annual internal generation 441.35 M. U.
Annual Purchase 33.53 M. U.
Annual Sale of Energy 363.17 M. U.
CONSUMER BASE
Domestic 99977 Nos.
Commercial 932
Industrial 3502

Agriculture 1176
Total L. T. Consumers 1,06,154
Connected Load 202.394 M. W.
The 'Board' consisting of the Chairman and the Members is the Supreme Governing
Body. The Board consists of seven members and is headed by the Chairman.
The Government of Kerala and K. S. E. Board issued orders for the restructuring of
K. S. E. Board into profit centers in April 2002. Members head the profit centers.
There is a
Corporate
Office to co-
ordinate and
control the
activities of the
Board.
After the
enactment of
Electricity Act,
2003, K. S. E.
B. has been
functioning as the State Transmission Utility (S. T. U.) and a distribution licensee
w.e.f 10.12.2004 under section 172(a) of the Electricity Act, 2003. The Central
Government had approved the continuation of K. S. E. B. as a State Transmission
Utility & Licensee only up to 24.09.2008. In exercise of the powers conferred under
sub-sections (1), (2), (5), (6) and (7) of section 131 and section 133 of the Electricity
Act 2003 (Central Act 36 of 2003) the Government of Kerala had issued notification
vide G.O. (MS) No.37/2008/PD, Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 25th September, 2008
for the purpose of vesting of functions, properties, interests, rights, obligations and
liabilities of the Kerala State Electricity Board in the State Government on such terms
as agreed to by the Kerala State Electricity Board and the State Government and re-

vesting thereof by the State Government in a Corporate entity and also for the transfer
of Personnel of the Board to the Corporate entity and for determining the terms and
conditions on which such transfers and vesting shall be made. Accordingly, with
effect from 25.09.2008, all the functions, properties and all interests, rights in
properties, all rights and liabilities of the Board are vested in the State
Government. All these functions and undertakings of the Board as vested in
Government shall be re-vested in a company to be incorporated as a fully owned
Government company under the Companies Act, 1956.

ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
K. S. E. B. is functionally organised as three profit centres as follows:
 Generation Profit Centre (G. P. C.)
 Transmission Profit Centre (T. P. C.)
 Distribution Profit Centre (D. P. C.)
Members head the profit centers. There is a Corporate Office to co-ordinate and
control the activities of the Board.

GenerationProfit Centre
The Member (Generation) heads the Generation Profit Centre (G. P. C.). The Member
exercises technical and administrative control over the five Chief Engineers and two
Deputy Chief Engineers with full powers of Chief Engineer. They are:
o Chief Engineer (Generation)
o Chief Engineer (Projects Electrical Designs)
o Chief Engineer (Investigation & Planning)
o Chief Engineer (Dam Safety)
o Chief Engineer (Civil Construction - South)
o Deputy Chief Engineer in full charge of Chief Engineer (Civil Construction -
North)
o Deputy Chief Engineer with full powers of Chief Engineer, Civil Circle,
Kothamangalam.
G. P. C. operates and maintains 26 hydroelectric generating stations, 2 thermal power
plants and the wind farm at Kanjikode. Renovation, modernization and up rating
works of the hydroelectric projects are also being carried out. Investigation, planning
and design of all hydroelectric projects, land acquisition matters connected with
various hydel projects, work connected with the environmental aspects of generation
schemes, safety and maintenance of dams and connected structures, construction work
of all hydroelectric and thermal projects come under the profit centre. Other activities
include construction and maintenance of various office buildings, fabrication of line
materials for distribution, yard structures for substations and accessories to hydraulic
structures. The G. P. C. also monitors the progress of schemes implemented through
private agencies and local self-government.

TransmissionProfit Centre
Member (Transmission) heads the Transmission Profit Centre (T. P. C.). Three Chief
Engineers as shown below manage the operations of T. P. C.
 Chief Engineer (Transmission North)
 Chief Engineer (Transmission South)
 Chief Engineer (Transmission) - System Operations
T. P. C. manages the construction, operation and maintenance of E. H. T. substations
and transmission lines and the supply of power to E. H. T. consumers. T. P. C. is
responsible for implementation of transmission loss reduction programmes and
coordinating activities for system development with other sectors of Board. T. P. C.
has absolute control over all load dispatch activities, with full responsibility for real
time management and matters pertaining to protection system and communication
system. Scheduling of generation, scheduling of annual maintenance, scheduling the
import of power from independent power producers and central generating stations on
long term as well as on daily basis are managed by this centre. Other important
activities include, monitoring of daily system statistics, implementing policy matters
related to merit-order dispatching, communication planning, networking of computers
and co-ordination of activities under the system operation circles.

Distribution Profit Centre
Member (Distribution) heads the Distribution Profit Centre (D. P. C.). Three Chief
Engineers shown below, manage the operations relating to distribution of power.
 Chief Engineer (Distribution North)
 Chief Engineer (Distribution Central)
 Chief Engineer (Distribution South)

D. P. C. controls distribution of electrical energy in the State, construction, operation
and maintenance of distribution network including 11kV. lines, L. T. lines,
distribution transformers and other allied installations. D. P. C. monitors energy
transactions, revenue realisation, voltage improvement / system improvement works
and master plan works. D. P. C. implements and monitors A. P. D. R. P. and R. G. G.
V. Y. schemes under central assistance. Works under M. P. L. A. D. /M. L. A. L. A.
D. /Kerala Development Scheme are also undertaken by D. P. C.
Corporate Office
Corporate office manages the corporate affairs of the Board. Financial management,
materials management, corporate planning, legal affairs, reforms, human resources
management, tariff and commercial matters are some of the key functions carried out
by the corporate office. The Secretary is the authorised representative of the Board for
general administration and legal matters. Heads of the Departments of the corporate
office functioning under the direct supervision of the Chairman are as follows:
 Inspector General of Police (Vigilance and Security)
 Legal Adviser and Disciplinary Enquiry Officer
 Chief Engineer (Corporate Planning)
 Chief Engineer (H. R. M.)
 Chief Engineer (T. C. & M.)
 Director (I. T.) & S. P. I. O.
 Secretary
 Personnel Officer
 Public Relations Officer

Member (Finance) exercises control over the financial management, internal audit,
tariff and commercial aspects of the Board and is assisted by the following Heads of
Departments:
 Financial Adviser
 Chief Engineer (Commercial & Tariff)
 Chief Internal Auditor

MANAGING COMMITTEE
Members of the Board
SL. NO. DESIGNATION NAME /
ADDRESS
OFFICE
PHONE
NO.
MOBILE
NO.
1. Chairman Sri.V. P. Joy I. A. S. 0471 -
2442125
9446008002
2. Member
(Finance)
Sri.S. Venugopal 0471 -
2448409
9446008003
3. Member
(Distribution)
Sri.K. Asokan 0471 -
2446885
9446008444
4. Member
(Transmission)
Sri.K. Asokan 0471 -
2514576
9446008444
5. Member
(Generation)
Sri.K.
Radhakrishnan
0471 -
2448720
9446008004
6. Member (Ex-
Officio)Principal
Secretary
to Government,
(Power
Department)
Sri. Paul Antony I.
A. S.
Power Department,
Government
Secretariat,
Thiruvananthapuram
– 695001
0471 -
2327979
7. Member (Ex-
Officio)
Additional Chief
Secretary,
Finance
Department
Sri. L.C. Goyal
Finance Department,
Government
Secretariat,
Thiruvananthapuram
– 695001
0471 -
2327586
8. Member (Non-
Official)
Sri. M.V. Jayarajan
Manaveeyam,
Peralassery,
Mundallur P.O,
Kannur

MANAGEMENT TEAM
CORPORATE OFFICE
SL.
NO.
NAME DESIGNATION OFFICE
LOCATION
OFFICE
PHONE
NUMBER
MOBILE
NO.
1. Cicilet Mary J. C. E. (Human
Resources
Management)
Trivandrum 0471 -
2448948
9446008008
2. Valsalakumari
K.
C. E. (Corporate
Planning)
Trivandrum 0471 -
2447472
9446008012
3. Padmanabha
Iyer P.
C. E. (Technical
Contract &
Materials)
Trivandrum 0471 -
2446853
9446008009
4. C. E.
(Commercial &
Tariff)
Trivandrum 0471 -
2514554
9446008137
5. I.G. of Police
(Vigilance)
Trivandrum 0471 -
2444554
9446008006
6. J. Muhammed
Siyad
Public Relations
Officer
Trivandrum 0471 -
2446480
9446008179
7. B. Mohanan Secretary Trivandrum 0471 -
2447472
9446008012
8. Angus Sudley
Cardoza
Director – I. T. Trivandrum 0471 -
2514610
9446008017
9. Personnel Officer Trivandrum 0471 -
2448725
9446008580
10. N. Anil Kumar L. A. & D. E. O.
(District Judge
on deputation)
Trivandrum 0471 -
2514676
9446008015
FINANCE WING
1. Financial
Advisor
Trivandrum 0471 -
2514561
9446008014
2. N. S.
Rajendran
Chief Internal
Auditor
Trivandrum 0471 -
2448584
9446008208

GENERATION WING
SL.
NO.
NAME DESIGNATION OFFICE
LOCATION
OFFICE
PHONE
NUMBER
MOBILE
NO.
1. Rajagopal P. S. C. E.
(Generation)
Moolamattom 0486 -
2252249
9446008203
2. K. K.
Karappankutty
C. E. ( Dam
Safety)
Trivandrum 0471 -
2448972
9446008005
3. S. Sreekumar C. E.
(Investigation &
Planning)
Trivandrum 0471 -
2556366
9469011730
4. Philip Zakariah Dy.C. E. in Full
Charge of C. E.,
Civil
Construction
(North)
Kozhikkode 0495 -
2765902
9446008206
5. Annamma John C. E., Civil
Construction
(South)
Trivandrum 0471 -
2446452
9446008013
6. Gopalakrishnan
K.
C. E. Projects,
Electrical
Designs
Trivandrum 0471 -
2514478
9446008207
TRANSMISSION WING
1. Babukuttan N.
M.
C. E.
(Transmission
South)
Trivandrum 0471 -
2446471
9446008010
2. Nandan C. V.
C. E.
(Transmission)
System
Operation
Kalamassery 0484 -
2555950
9446008202
3. Asokan O. C. E.
(Transmission
North)
Kozhikode 0495 -
2361944
9446008205

DISTRIBUTION WING
1. Cherian
Varghese
C. E.
(Distribution
South)
Trivandrum 0471 -
2462574
9446008011
2. Sudhadevi G.
C. E.
(Distribution
Central)
Ernakulam 0484 -
2306245
9446008201
3. Daya Pradeep
C. K.
C. E.
(Distribution
North)
Kozhikode 0495 -
2766962
9446008204
GENERATION
The history of Hydropower development in Kerala begins with the commissioning of
Pallivasal Hydro Electric Project in 1940. Next few decades saw the progressive
developments of various schemes. 300 M. W. Sabarigiri Hydro Electric Project in
1965 and 780 M. W. Idukki Hydro Electric Project in 1976 are milestones in the
endeavour of power development of Kerala State Electricity Board.
At present, K. S. E. B. has a total installed capacity of 2229.6 M. W. (as on
23.5.2010) including the two Diesel power plants at Brahmapuram and Kozhikode.
The other major power plants that are catering to the energy demands of the state are
the Kayamkulam thermal power plant of N. T. P. C. with an installed capacity of
359.6 M. W., B. S. E. S. Kerala Power Ltd., Kochi with an installed capacity of 157
M. W. and the 21.436 M. W. plant of K. P. C. L., Kasaragod. Kerala has
approximately 1030 M. W. of power allocation from Central Government owned
Power Projects.

Installed capacityas on 01.06.2010from all sources
SOURCE INSTALLED CAPACITY (M. W.)
K. S. E. B.
Hydro Electric Power Plants 1993
Thermal Power Plants 234.6
Wind plants 2.03
Sub Total: 2229.6
N. T. P. C. / I. P. P. / C. P. P. in State
Small Hydro Electric Power Plants 40
Thermal Power Plants 187.4
Wind plants 28.05
N. T. P. C., Kayamkulam 359.6
Sub Total: 615
Total M. W. in Kerala 2845

PowerProjects in Kerala
SL. NO. NAME OF
STATION
INSTALLED CAPACITY
(M. W.)
FIRM
ANNUAL
GENERATION
CAPABILITY
NOS. M. W. M. U.
HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECTS (K. S. E. B.)
1. Idukki 6 x 130 M. W. 780 2398
2. Sabarigiri 5 x 55M. W. +
60 M. W.
335 1338
3. Idamalayar 2 x 37.5 M.
W.
75 380
4. Sholayar 3 x 18 M. W. 54 233
5. Pallivasal 3 x 4.5 M. W.
+ 3 x 8 M. W.
37.5 284
6. Kuttiyadi 3 x 25 M. W.
+ 3 x 50 M.
W.
225 583
7. Panniar 2 x 15 M. W. 30 158
8. Neriamangalam 3 x 17.55 M.
W. + 25 M.
W.
77.65 295
9. Lower Periyar 3 x 60 M. W. 180 493
10. Poringalkuthu
& P. L. B. E.
4 x 8 M. W.
+16 M. W.
48 244
11. Sengulam 4 x 12 M. W. 48 182
12. Kakkad 2 x 25 M. W. 50 262
Sub Total (H. E. P.) 49 Nos. 1940.2 6850

SL. NO. NAME OF
STATION
INSTALLED CAPACITY
(M. W.)
FIRM
ANNUAL
GENERATION
CAPABILITY
NOS. M. W. M. U.
SMALL HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECTS
1. Kallada 2 x 7.5 M. W. 15 65.00
2. Peppara 1 x 3 M. W. 3 11.50
3. Malankara 3 x 3.5 M. W. 10.5 44.00
4. Madupatty 1 x 2 M. W. 2 6.40
5. Malampuzha 1 x 2.5 M. W. 2.5 5.60
6. Lower
Meenmutty
1 x 0.5 M. W.
+2 x 1.5 M. W.
3.5 7.63
7. Chembukadavu
- 1
3 x 0.9 M. W. 2.7 6.59
8. Chembukadavu
- 2
3 x 1.25 M. W. 3.75 9.03
9. Urumi -1 3 x 1.25 M. W. 3.75 9.72
10. Urumi -2 3 x 0.8 M. W. 2.4 6.28
11. Kuttiyadi Tail
Race
3 x 1.25 M. W. 3.75 15.00
Sub Total (S. H. E. P.) 26 Nos. 52.85 186.75
Total (Hydel units) 75 Nos. 1993 7036.8

SL. NO. NAME OF
STATION
INSTALLED CAPACITY
(M. W.)
FIRM
ANNUAL
GENERATION
CAPABILITY
NOS. M. W. M. U.
THERMAL PROJECTS
1. Brahmapuram
Diesel Power
Plant (B. D. P.
P.)
5 x 21.32 M.
W.
106.6 606
2. Kozhikode
Diesel Power
Plant (K. D. P.
P.)
8 x 16 M. W. 128 896
Sub Total
(Thermal)
13 nos. 234.6 1502.0
NON - CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
1. Kanjikode
Wind Farm
9 x 0.225 2 4
TOTAL M. W. (K. S. E. B.) 97 Nos. 2229.6 8543

SL. NO. NAME OF
STATION
INSTALLED CAPACITY
(M. W.)
FIRM
ANNUAL
GENERATION
CAPABILITY
NOS. M. W. M. U.
OTHER POWER PROJECTS IN KERALA
1. Maniyar [S. H.
E. P. – Captive
Power Plant
(C. P. P.)]
3 x 4 M. W. 12 36
2. Kuthungal (S.
H. E. P. – C. P.
P.)
3 x 7 M. W. 21 79
3. Ullunkal [S. H.
E. P. – I. P. P.
(Independent
Power Plant)]
2 x 3.5 M. W. 7 32
4. M. P. Steel Co-
Gen (I. P. P.)
4 M. W. + 3 x
2 M. W.
10 67.67
5. Wind – Agali
(I. P. P.)
23 x 0.6 M. W. 13.8 26.6
6. Wind –
Ramakkalmedu
(I. P. P.)
19 x 0.75 M.
W.
14.25 27.46
7. K. P. C. L.
(Naptha – I. P.
P.)
3 x 7.3 M. W. 20.4 140
8. B. S. E. S.
Kerala Power
Ltd. (Naptha –
I. P. P.)
3 x 40.5 M. W.
+ 35.5 M. W.
157 1099
9. R. G. C. C. P.
S. – N. T. P.
C.,
Kayamkulam
(Naptha)
2 x 116.6 M.
W. +
126.6 M. W. 359.6

Sub Total (I.
P. P. / C. P. P.)
615 3666
GRAND TOTAL (Kerala) 2845
Present Maximum Demand of Kerala System is 2998 M. W. and the daily
consumption has reached 56.26 million Units. Kerala State Electricity Board (K. S. E.
B.) has been taking effective steps to increase the installed capacity of the power
system to meet the growth in consumption.
Necessityof more power
The state has been experiencing acute power shortage due to the increased demand for
electricity and occasional failure of monsoon. As per the 17th Electrical Power
Survey, the power demand in Kerala (peak load) is expected to be 3528 M. W. by the
end of 11th plan i.e. 2011-12 and 4574 M. W. by year 2016-17. The present installed
capacity of K. S. E. Board is 2229.6 M. W. only and considering the 70% utilization
of installed capacity, the Board is going to face a serious power crisis in near future.
As per the present power consumption pattern, the gap between peak load and off
peak load is reducing. At present, no major hydro electric projects are in execution
stage for meeting the increasing demand. Also non-availability of transmission
corridors is a constraint for further import of power even if it is available from outside
state. Also the proposed evacuation plans of Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
(P. G. C. I. L.) are generally for transmitting the surplus power to Western and
Northern regions and not for transmitting the power to Kerala. Over the years, the per
capita consumption in Kerala has shown a significant increase in view of
industrialization and increased usage of electrical household goods, improved
economy.
In view of the increased demand for electricity and occasional failure of monsoon, the
State has been experiencing acute power shortage and hence the need for additional
source of power generation is badly felt to fill the gap between generation capacity
and energy availability. The Board has to resort to import power from Central sector
projects and also to buy power from other power generating utilities from neighboring
States to meet the demand of power.
To meet the growing demand of power, Kerala State Electricity Board has planned to
increase the generating capacity by adding more generating plants in the system. The
L. N. G. Terminal at Vypeen, Cochin of M/s. Petronet L. N. G. Limited is expected to
be operational by first quarter of 2012. Moreover, natural Gas Grid by Gas Authority
of India Limited (G. A. I. L.) connecting Cochin is expected to be completed by
2014. Hence a proposal to establish a 1026 M. W. L. N. G. based Thermal Power
Plant at Brahmapuram, Kochi, is being considered by the Board.

Renovation, Modernization & Up-rating of Powerplants
The Board has taken steps for Renovation, Modernization & Up-rating (R. M. U.) of
old Projects. 37.5 M. W. Pallivasal H. E. P., 48 M. W. Sengulam H. E. P. and 30 M.
W. Panniar H. E. P. were renovated during the period 2001-2002. 52.5 M. W.
Neriamangalam H. E. P. was renovated during 2004-2006 and 335 M. W. Sabarigiri
H. E. P. was renovated during the period 2005-2009.
Also the R. M. U. of 32 M. W. Poringalkuthu H. E. P. (commissioned in 1957) is
included in the 11th five year plan and the R. M. U. of 75 M. W. Kuttiyadi H. E. P.
1st phase (commissioned in 1966) is included in 12th plan. Further the R. M. U. of
Idukki 1st stage units (3 x 130 M. W. – commissioned in 1976) are also included in
the 12th plan.

Future Hydro Electric Projects
ON GOING SCHEMES
(UNDERTAKEN BY K. S. E. B.)
SL. NO. NAME OF PROJECT POWER IN M.
W.
ENERGY IN M.
U.
1. P. A. LLIVASAL
EXTENSION SCHEME
60 153.9
2. THOTTIYAR H. E. P. 40 99.0
3. POOZHI. T.HODE S. H. E.
P.
4.80 10.97
4. RANNI-PERUNAD S. H.
E. P.
4.0 16.73
5. CHATHANKOTTUNADA-
II S. H. E. P.
6.0 14.76
6. VILANGAD S. H. E. P. 7.5 22.63
7. PEECHI S. H. E. P. 1.25 3.315
8. SENGULAM
AUGMENTATION
SCHEME
85.0
9. ADYANP. A. RA S. H. E.
P.
3.5 9.01

PROJECTS TENDERED FOR IMPLEMENTATION BY K. S. E. B.
SL. NO. NAME OF PROJECT POWER IN M.
W.
ENERGY IN M.
U.
1. ATHIRAPILLY H. E.
P.
163 233
2. MANKULAM H. E.
P.
40 82
3. KARAPUZHA DAM
TOE S. H. E. P.
0.5 2.054
4. ANAKKAYAM S. H.
E. P.
7.5 22.83
5. PERUMTHENARUVI
S. H. E. P.
6.0 25.77
6. BARAPOLE S. H. E.
P.
15 36

PROJECTS IN PIPELINE
SL. NO. NAME OF PROJECT POWER IN M. W.
1. Kakkayam Small H. E. P. 3.0
2. Poringalkuthu S. H. E. P. 24.0
3. Chimmony Small H. E. P. 2.5
4. Sengulam Tail Race
Project
3.6
5. Pazhassi Sagar H. E.
Project
20.0
6. Chembukkadavu Stage III 6.0
7. Peruvannamoozhy 7.0
8. Upper Kallar Project 2.0
9. Peechad Project 3.0
10. Thumboormuzhi 8.0
11. Western Kallar 5.0
12. Koodam 4.5
13. Chinnar 24.0
14. Sengulam Extn. Scheme 48.0
15. Olikkal 4.5
16. Poovaramthodu 2.7

TRANSMISSION
Transmission system is an essential link between power stations and load centres for
bulk transfer of power and it has a vital role in the management of power. K. S. E. B.
has pioneered the modern concept of developing a large transmission network for
transferring power from power stations to the local load centres.
The Kerala power system grid is connected to the Southern Region Transmission
system through two 400 kV. double circuit lines. They are (1) Udumalpet-
Madakkathara line and (2) Thiruneveli- Pallippuram (Trivandrum) line. There are 6
major inter-state transmission lines, at 220 K. V. level and 110 K. V. level. The 220
K. V. lines are (1) Kaniyampetta- Kadakola (single circuit). (2) Idukki – Udumalpet
(single circuit). (3) Sabarigiri - Theni (single circuit). (4) Edamon – Thirunelveli
(double circuit). The 110 K. V. lines are (1).Parassala - Kuzhithura and (2)
Manjeswaram
- Konake.The
major
substations
include one
400 K. V. sub-
station, and
seventeen 220
K. V.
substations.
The main grid
comprises of
the 220 K. V.
systems.
The
transmission
sector of K. S.
E. B.
comprises of
two zones namely North and South, and a System Operation wing each headed by a
Chief Engineer. The North zone is headed by the Chief Engineer (Transmission -
North) with its head quarters at Kozhikode, and the South zone headed by the Chief
Engineer (Transmission-South) with its head quarters at Thiruvananthapuram.
The System Operations wing with headquarters at Kalamassery is responsible for the
real time management of Kerala Power System and also the activities connected with
communication and protection fields. The State Load Dispatch Centre (S. L. D. C.)
does meticulous planning and prudent operations to attain excellent results. It includes
real time load restrictions as and when necessary, generation scheduling, maintenance
scheduling, scheduling the import of power from I. P. P.’s and C. G. S. on long term
as well as on daily basis, economic load dispatching, merit order dispatching, unit
commitment policy, fixing up of merit order for under frequency tripping and remote
switching from the sub L. D. Stations.

An overview of the transmission system as on 31.3.10 is given below.
SL. NO. CAPACITY NO.
SUBSTATIONS
LINE
LENGTH IN
CIRCUIT
KMS.
RELIABILITY
INDEX
1. 400K. V. 2* 260** 98.3
2. 220K. V. 17 2701.38 98.4
3. 110K. V. 123 3969.61 97.5
4. 66K. V. 82 2386.60 98.4
5. 33K. V. 106 1347.39 96.7
Total 329 10737.53
*One 400 kV. Substation at Pallipuram, Thiruvananthapuram is owned by P. G. C. I.
L.
**Owned by P. G. C. I. L.

DISTRIBUTION
K. S. E. Board distributes electricity in the State of Kerala except in the Thrissur
Municipal Corporation and Munnar (Kannan Devan Hills). For operational
conveniences the distribution wing is divided into three zones namely South, Central
and North.
The South zone is headed by Chief Engineer (Distribution South) with headquarters at
Thiruvananthapuram and has 6 Electrical Circles, 19 Divisions (including T. M. R.
Divisions at Thirumala & Pallom), 58 Subdivisions, 166 Electrical Sections and a
Regional Stores Division at Kundara.
The Central zone has 7 Electrical
Circles, 25 Divisions (including
T. M. R. Division at Angamaly),
75 Subdivisions, 219 Electrical
Sections and a Regional Stores
Division at Aluva. The Central
Zone is headed by Chief Engineer
(Distribution Central) and has its
headquarters at Ernakulam.
The North zone is headed by
Chief Engineer (Distribution
North) with headquarters at
Kozhikode and has 10 Electrical
Circles, 25 Divisions (including
T. M. R. Divisions at Shornur),
78 Subdivisions, 256 Electrical
Sections and a Regional Stores
Division at Kallai.

SYSTEM STATISTICS (ABSTRACT) AS ON MARCH - 2010
SL.NO. NAME OF WORK UNIT TOTAL
1. Service
Connections
a) Domestic No. 7790132
b) Non-domestic No. 1387345
c) Agriculture No. 437878
d) L. T. Industrial No. 118239
Total No. 9733593
2. a) 33 K. V. Line Km. 893
b) 22 K. V. Line Km. 32
c) 11 K. V. Line Km. 45541
3. a) L. T. 3 - Ph. Line Km. 102894
b) L. T. Single Ph.
Line
Km. 157777
Total L.T. Line Km. 260670
4. Transformer No. 52724
5. Street Lights No. 1148220

Trouble Call ManagementSystem(T. C. M. S.)
Trouble Call Management System (T. C. M. S.) has been set up in
Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kottayam, Kochi and Kozhikode as part of initiatives
to offer better customer service by reducing interruption time.
Easily accessible dialup number 155333 is provided for registering complaints.
Round-the-clock service is ensured to the consumers.
All complaints are registered and followed up. No complaints are left unattended.
Average restoration time has been brought down to 30 minutes in urban areas and to
about two hours in rural areas.
JanasevanaKendram (Friends Centre)/ Akshaya e-pay Centres
Friends Janasevana Kendram is a Government initiated I. T. - enabled Single Window
service centre providing services in bill remittances and tax payments to the common
man. FRIENDS Janasevana Kendram is available in all district headquarters.

Location of FRIENDS centres.
Thiruvananthapuram The Project Manager,
FRIENDS Janasevana Kendram,
Saphalyam Complex,
Palayam,
Thiruvananthapuram.
Phone: 0471 – 2338652
friendstvm -at- keralaitmission.org
Kollam The Project Manager,
Kollam Corporation Shopping
Complex Building,
Andamukkum,
Kollam.
Phone: 0474 – 2767451
friendsklm -at- keralaitmission.org
Pathanamthitta The Project Manager,
Collectorate,
Pathanamthitta.
Phone: 0468 – 2228491
friendspta -at- keralaitmission.org
Alappuzha The Project Manager,
Collectorate, First Floor,
Alappuzha.
Phone: 0477 – 2238476
friendsalp -at- keralaitmission.org

Kottayam The Project Manager,
St. Antony’s Complex, 2nd Floor,
Nagambadom bus stand building,
Kottayam.
Phone: 0481 – 2567741
friendsktm -at- keralaitmission.org
Idukki The Project Manager,
TIRDA Complex,
Painav,
Idukki.
Phone: 0486 – 2232532
friendsidk -at- keralaitmission.org
Ernakulam The Project Manager,
International Stadium,
Kaloor,
Ernakulam.
Phone: 0484 – 2334500
friendsekm -at- keralaitmission.org
Thrissur The Project Manager,
Bell Mouth Building,
Opp. Jawahar Bala Bhavan,
Chembukavu,
Thrissur.
Phone: 0487 – 2321606
friendstsr -at- keralaitmission.org

Palakkad The Project Manager,
Civil Station Complex,
Palakkad.
Phone: 0491 - 2505803
friendspkd -at- keralaitmission.org
Malappuram The Project Manager,
Municipal Bus Stand Building First
Floor,
Kottapadi,
Malappuram.
Phone: 0483 – 2732929
friendsmlp -at- keralaitmission.org
Kozhikkode The Project Manager,
EMS Stadium Complex 1st Floor,
Rajaji Road,
Kozhikkode.
Phone: 0495 – 2724550
friendskzd -at- keralaitmission.org
Wayanad The Project Manager,
Civil Station,
Ground Floor,
Kalpatta,
Wayanad.
Phone: 0493 – 6202580
friendswyd -at- keralaitmission.org

Kannur The Project Manager,
Municipal Office Building,
Ground Floor,
Kannur.
Phone: 0497 – 2709100
friendsknr -at- keralaitmission.org
Kasaragod The Project Manager,
Municipal Shopping Complex,
New Municipal Bus Stand,
Kasaragod.
Phone: 0499 – 4227411
friendsksd -at- keralaitmission.org
Akshaya e-Pay is an online system for collecting various utility bills from the citizens.
L. T. consumer of K. S. E. B. can remit electricity charges in FRIENDS collection
centres /Akshaya e-pay counters where this facility is available (payments accepted in
these centres only up to due date given in invoice).
DecentralisedPlanning
Decentralised Planning is introduced in K. S. E. B. during 2008.The Annual plans is
prepared based on the five year plan, taking into consideration variations necessitated
during the implementation period. The conventional style of planning does not
generally take into account micro level developmental activities planned by different
government agencies as well as individual entrepreneurs. This often creates mismatch
between plan targets and demand side expectations. In this background K. S. E. B. has
formulated an elaborate two-way decentralized plan considering the developmental
requirement at micro level and setting quantitative targets for each functional unit.
The task of identifying various future development plans and assessing the power
requirements for the same is done in consultation with various government agencies
and other stakeholders. This ensures that the plans cater to the local needs and
respond to ground realities. Instead of conventional top down approach, section level

plans are evolved first which are consolidated after incorporating modifications, as
may be found necessary.
With the introduction of decentralised planning process, K. S. E. B. was able to
achieve record progress in construction of 11 kV. line and installation of new
transformers.
ACHIEVEMENT FROM 1995 - 96 TO 2009 - 10
YEAR 11 K. V. LINE
(K. M.)
TRANSFORMERS
(NO.)
1996 - 1997 694 1175
1997 - 1998 583 853
1998 - 1999 1007 1326
1999 - 2000 917 1580
2000 - 2001 1246 1869
2001 - 2002 881 1224
2002 - 2003 609 835
2003 - 2004 1269 1063
2004 - 2005 955 1882
2005 - 2006 1062 1751
2006 - 2007 1820 2124
2007 - 2008 1807 2553
2008 -2009 3018 4109
2009 - 2010 3398 5790
Adalaths
Kerala State Electricity Board is committed to serve the consumers and try our best to
meet the consumers’ expectations. The Board had constituted Consumer Grievance
Redressal Forums at Kottarakkara, Ernakulam and Kozhikode to redress the
grievances of consumers. Though these forums are redressing the grievances of
consumers to a great extent, Board, with a view to serve its valued customers,
occasionally conducts Adalaths, for speedy redressal of the complaints, including
cases of frequent supply interruptions and low voltage. These Adalaths are found

successful in redressing grievances of the consumers and the public. The Board also
conducts Adalaths for achieving speedy and effective settlement of long pending
cases on revenue arrears and a large number of cases were settled.
100%Electrification
“Electricity to each and every common man”, this is the base slogan for the total
electrification project in the State. The availability of electrical power and utilisation
of power is directly related to the development of the Agricultural and Industrial belt
of a region and upliftment of society. The Hon’ble Minister for Electricity had
announced a project for 100 % electrification of Legislative Assembly constituencies
during the demand discussion in the Kerala Legislative for the financial year 2008-09.
For achieving this target, an action plan is prepared under the leadership of M. L. A.’s
of the respective constituencies. The electrification is done using Local Area
Development funds of M. L. A.’s, M. P.’s, Plan fund of Local Self Govt. Institutions,
Grant-in-aid fund etc. K. S.
E. B. provides funds to the
extent of 50 % of total cost
of electrification subject to
a maximum of 1 crore.
Special funds in excess of
1 crore are also allocated
for electrification of
constituencies in K. S. E.
B. project areas generating
more than 10 M. W. of
power. So far 100 %
electrification is completed in 37 constituencies (as on 15.05.2010). Palghat District is
declared as the first revenue district in India, which is 100 % electrified. Various
activities for 100 % electrification are going on in other constituencies.
Distribution Advisory Committee
A number of proposals on simplification of procedures and improving of performance
of the Distribution Wing are received in the Board from various field officers and
from consumers. Various techno economic aspects regarding these issues need to be
evaluated prior to implementation of these proposals. Board had constituted an
Advisory Committee for Distribution Profit Centre for in-depth analysis of core issues
and for making recommendations to the board. Consumers and Field Officers can
send their suggestion for simplification of procedures and improving of performance
of the Distribution Wing to The Convenor, Distribution Advisory Committee, Cabin
No 703, O/o Member (Distribution), Vydyuthi Bhavanam, Thiruvananthapuram - 695
004 (e-mail tamd@ksebnet.com).

ModelElectricalSections
K. S. E. B., being a customer oriented organisation, keeps the customer in the central
area of our business. Board has decided to form separate functional groups in a
phased manner for attending Capital & Maintenance works, Breakdowns and also
Revenue related aspects in the Electrical section Offices for providing better service
to its customers. Board had initially declared 75 Electrical Sections as Model
Sections. It is decided to extend the facilities to further 155 Electrical Sections by
June 2010, making a total of 230 model Sections.
In these Model Electrical Sections,
 The office building, Employee behaviour, customer facilities and delivery
networks/installations will be made to meet the customers’ expectation.
 Enquiry counters will be set up in all model section offices with adequate
facilities. These enquiry counters will function as a single point window for
the consumers for registering new service connections, clarifying queries on
matters related to
service
connection
application,
priority, billing,
regularization of
additional loads
etc. as well as for
registering
general
complaints
including supply
interruptions.
Various
applications will be accepted at the counter after preliminary verification
based on a checklist and token for receipt of application could be provided to
the applicant.
 Extended cash collection hours will be provide to consumers (08:00 to 18:00
hrs)
 Vehicle availability for 24 hrs will be ensured
 Low voltage areas will be eliminated (At least 200 V will be ensured at the fag
end)
 All consumers will be provided with static meters and it will be ensured that
no meters are faulty.
 I. T. enabled services will be provided to consumers.

Rajiv Gandhi GrameenVidyuthikaran Yojana (R. G. G. V. Y.)
Ministry of Power, Government of India launched Rajiv Gandhi Grameen
Vidyutikaran Yojana (R. G. G. V. Y.) as one of its flagship programme in March
2005 with an objective to electrify over one lakh un-electrified villages and to provide
free electricity connections to 2.34 Crore rural B. P. L. households. This programme
has been brought under the ambit of Bharat Nirman.
The programs aims to electrify all villages and habitations, to provide access to
electricity to all households and to give electricity connection to Below Poverty Line
(B. P. L.) families free of charge, in 5 years.
Infrastructures under R. G. G. V. Y.
o Rural Electricity Distribution Backbone (R. E. D. B.) with 33/11 K. V. (or
66/11 K. V.) sub stations of adequate capacity and lines in Block where these
do not exist.
o Village Electrification Infrastructure (V. E I.) with provision for transformers
of appropriate capacity in electrified village/habitation, electrification of un-
electrified villages and electrification of un-electrified habitations with a
population of above 100.
o Decentralized distribution-cum-generation from conventional or non-
conventional sources for villages where grid connectivity is either not feasible
or not cost effective.

STATUS OF R. G. G. V. Y. PROJECTS FOR WHICH SANCTION IS
RECEIVED FROM G. O. I.
SL.NO. NAME OF
DISTRICT
SANCTIONED
PROJECT COST
IN RS. LAKHS
STATUS
1. Idukki 1995.00 Work awarded to
M/s ICSA (India)
Ltd, Hyderabad on
23.03.2007. Works
in progress and will
be completed on
30.06.2010.
2. Palakkad 1635.40 Turn key tendering
is in progress
3. Malappuram (V. E.
I. + R. E. D. B.)
3263.46
4. Kozhikode 1692.93
5. Kannur 1971.40
6. Wayanad 1433.44
7. Kasaragode 1460.71
DETAILS OF D. P. R. SUBMITTED TO R. E. C. FOR SANCTION
NO. NAME OF DISTRICT SCHEME COST IN RS.
LAKHS
1. Thiruvananthapuram 1300
2. Kollam 398
3. Pathanamthitta 1162
4. Kottayam 705
5. Alappuzha 1151
6. Ernakulam 3224
7. Thrissur 1195

R. - A. P. D. R. P. projects in K. S. E. B.
The Govt. of India has proposed to continue R. A. P. D. R. P. during the XI Plan with
revised terms and conditions as a Central Sector Scheme. The focus of the programme
shall be on actual, demonstrable performance in terms of sustained loss reduction.
Establishment of reliable and automated systems for sustained collection of accurate
base line data, and the adoption of Information Technology in the areas of energy
accounting will be essential before taking up the regular distribution strengthening
projects.
Govt. of India, vide order dated 19.9.2008, had announced Restructured Accelerated
Power Development and Reforms Program (R. A. P. D. R. P.) for Distribution
strengthening of State Power utilities and bringing down the Aggregate Technical and
commercial (A. T. & C.) losses to 15% by the end of the project period.
Projects under the scheme shall be taken up in Two Parts. Part - A shall include the
projects for establishment of baseline data and I. T. applications for energy accounting
/ auditing & I. T. based consumer service centres. Part - B shall include regular
distribution strengthening projects. The activities to be covered under each part are as
follows:
Part - A: Preparation of Base-line data for the project area covering Consumer
Indexing, G. I. S. Mapping, Metering of Distribution Transformers and Feeders, and
Automatic Data Logging for all Distribution Transformers and Feeders and S. C. A.
D. A. / D. M. S. system (only in the project area having more than 4 lacs population
and annual input energy of the order of 350 M. U.). It would include Asset mapping
of the entire distribution network at and below the 11 kV. transformers and include
the Distribution Transformers and Feeders, Low Tension lines, poles and other
distribution network equipment. It will also include adoption of I. T. applications for
meter reading, billing & collection; energy accounting & auditing; M. I. S.; redressal
of consumer grievances; establishment of I. T. enabled consumer service centres etc.
The base line data and required system shall be verified by an independent agency
appointed by the Ministry of Power. The list of works is only indicative.

Part - B: Renovation, modernization and strengthening of 11 kV. level Substations,
Transformers / Transformer Centers, Re-conductoring of lines at 11 kV. level and
below, Load Bifurcation, feeder separation, Load Balancing, H. V. D. S. (11 kV. ),
Aerial Bunched Conductoring in dense areas, replacement of electromagnetic energy
meters with tamper proof electronics meters, installation of capacitor banks and
mobile service centres etc. In exceptional cases, where sub-transmission system is
weak, strengthening at 33 kV. or 66 kV. levels may also be considered.
The major projects proposed for implementation under the scheme are as follows
 Establishment of Wide Area Network for K. S. E. B. – For connecting all the
major offices.
 Establishment of Data Centre – For hosting all the Server systems of Software
Applications.
 Energy Auditing – For measuring and reducing losses.
 G. I. S. based consumer indexing and asset mapping – Digital map and
database of Consumers and assets.
 Central
ised customer
care services –
Providing
consumers
centralized
service point.
 Web
self services –
Allow
consumers to
communicate
with K. S. E.
B. though the
web.
In addition, S. C. A. D. A. / D. M. S. project is also included in R. A. P. D. R. P. for
which three towns; viz. Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode has been
qualified as per P. F. C. guidelines. The D. P. R. for S. C. A. D. A. / D. M. S.S is
under preparation and is expected to be submitted to P. F. C. for approval by June
2010.
Once R. A. P. D. R. P. and allied projects are successfully completed, consumers and
public will be considerably benefited in terms of the following:
 Online payment of Electricity bills through credit cards, debit cards, bank
accounts etc. Also collection accepted through any of the collection centres.
 View / Print Electricity bills of all consumers through Internet.
 Online registration of applications and complaints and status evaluation.
 Faster fault identification and complaint rectification.

 Reduction of A. T. & C. losses and the ensuing financial benefits to K. S. E.
B., which in turn can be passed on to the consumers.
TARIFF
TARIFF RATES - K. S. E. B. AS 01.12.2007
ABSTRACT
CATEGORY UNIT W. E. F.
01.12.2007
L. T. -
I(a) Domestic
Energy Charge 0 – 40 Ps. / unit 115
41 – 80 Ps. / unit 190
81 – 120 Ps. / unit 240
121 - 150 Ps. / unit 300
151 - 200 Ps. / unit 365
201 - 300 Ps. / unit 430
301 - 500 Ps. / unit 530
Above 500 Ps. / unit 545
Tariff
minimum
payable other
than during the
period of
disconnection
Single Phase Rs. / month 30 + 3.00
(Duty)
Three Phase Rs. / month 170 + 17.00
(Duty)
Tariff
minimum
payable during
the period of
disconnetion
Single Phase Rs. / month 30
Three Phase Rs. / month 60

01.12.2007
L. T. - I(b) (Offices of
political parties
approved by election
Commission of India,
Libraries & reading
rooms, sports/arts
clubs,sailing /
swimming activities (C.
L. < 2000watts)
Energy
Charge
0 - 40 Ps. / unit 155
41 - 80 Ps. / unit 240
81 - 120 Ps. / unit 280
121 - 150 Ps. / unit 345
151 - 200 Ps. / unit 405
201 - 300 Ps. / unit 505
Above
300
Ps. / unit 630
Tariff
minimum
payable other
than during
the period of
disconnection
Single
Phase
Rs. / month 40 + 4.00
(Duty)
Three
Phase
Rs. / month 205 + 20.5
Duty
Tariff
minimum
payable
during the
period of
disconnetion
Single
Phase
Rs. / month 40
Three
Phase
Rs. / month 80
L. T. - II - Colonies
supplied
Fixed Charge Rs. / month 1990
Energy Charge Ps. / unit 565
L. T. - III - Temporary Energy Charge Ps. / unit 1200
Daily Minimum Rs. / kW 120
L. T. - IV- Industry Fixed Charge Rs. / Kw /
month
45
L. T. - V - Agriculture Fixed Charge Rs. / Kw /
month
6

01.12.2007
L. T. - VI (A)
-Non
Domestic
Fixed Charge Rs. / Kw /
month
40
Energy Charge Up to 500
Units
Ps. / unit 385
Above 500
Units
Ps. / unit 520
L. T. - VI (B) -
Non Domestic
month
55
Units
Ps. / unit 450
Above 500
Units
Ps. / unit 590
L. T. - VI (C)
- Non
Domestic
month
170
Units
Ps. / unit 675
Above 500
Units
Ps. / unit 840
L. T. - VI (D)
- Non
Domestic
Fixed Charge NIL
Energy Charge Up to 100 Ps. / unit 85
Above100 Ps. / unit
Tariff
minimum
payable during
the period of
disconnection
and
Non-
disconnection
Single Phase Rs. / month 15 + 1.50 Duty
Three Phase Rs. / month 25 + 2.50 Duty

01.12.2007
CATEGORY
L. T. - VII (A)
- Commercial
Fixed Charge Single Phase Rs. / Kw /
month
50
Three Phase Rs. / Kw /
month
100
Energy Charge Upto 100 Units Ps. / unit 545
Upto 200 Units Ps. / unit 605
Above 500
Units
Ps. / unit 805
L. T. - VII (B)
- Commercial
Fixed Charge Rs. / month 30
Energy Charge Upto 100 Units Ps. / unit 330
Above 100
Units
Ps. / unit 520
L. T. - VII (C)
- Commercial
month
80
Energy Charge Upto 1000
Units
Ps. / unit 440
Above 1000
Units
Ps. / unit 590
L. T. - VIII -
Temporary
Extension
Fixed Charge Rs. / kW / day 50
H. T. -
Iindustrial
Demand Charge Rs. / KVA /
Month
270
H. T. 1 -
Industrial
Energy Charge (applicable to
Power Intensive Industries
which are allocated power on or
after 17-12-1996)
Ps. / kWh 350
H. T. - II - Non
Industrial /
Non
commercial
Month
300

01.12.2007
CATEGORY
H. T. - II(b) -
Offices of
political parties
approved by
election
Commission of
India
Month
175
H. T. - III -
Agriculture
Month
165
H. T. – IV –
Commercial
Month
350
E. H. T. - 66
Kv
Month
260
E. H. T. - 110
kV.
Month
245
E. H. T. Energy Charge (applicable to
Power Intensive Industries
which are allocated power on or
after 17 – 12 - 1996)
Ps. / kWh 340
Railway
Traction
Month
245
Licensee – 11
kV.
Demand Charge Rs. / KVA of
billing demand
/ Month
285
Energy Charge Ps. / kWh 260
Licensee – 66
kV.
billing demand
/ Month
260

01.12.2007
CATEGORY
Licensee – 110
kV.
billing demand
/ Month
245

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
An ideal work culture is a powerful indicator of the organizational success. The role
of Human Recourse Development in any organization is to inculcate strong work
ethics in its employee by developing constructive attitudes towards the work and
making good relationship with co-workers.
Power sector is witnessing drastic changes in the structural, organization, technical
and policy matters. Power industry is capital intensive and which employs massive
manpower requires abundance of skilled personnel. As power sector reforms involve
a number of complex and intricate issues, the people involved will need specific
inputs in terms of knowledge and skill to enable them to play their role effectively.
The present power scenario demands a very comprehensive and pragmatic approach
to attract, utilize, develop and conserve valuable human resources. Training is one of
the elements of Human Resource Development.
Through intensive and well choked out training programme, H. R. D. wing in K. S. E.
B playing major role to
maintain and enhance a
learning environment and
hence to create a climate for K.
S. E. Board to become a
learning organization to meet
the challenges of a competitive
and fast changing national and
international scenario.
The National Electricity policy
envisages that in the new
reforms framework ushered by
Electricity Act 2003, concerted
action would be taken for augmenting training infrastructure so that adequate well-
trained human resource is made available as per the need of the industry. With this
view H. R. D. has formulated various training programme to equip the employees in
all cadre for effectively performing their duties in their respective fields.
Induction Level Training
K. S. E. B has established a well-designed system of Induction level training to the
fresh entrants at all level to impart corporate culture, discipline, responsibility,
knowledge and skill to the fresh entrants.

Refresher/ Advanced Training
The post employment training provides opportunities for personnel at the different
levels of the organization to gain skills and to take up new responsibilities and keep
pace with the advancement in technology. It is desirable that each employ of the
organization get at least 5 days refresher / advanced training during a period of two
years.
Management& Supervisory Training
Management Development Programmes are being arranged for the officers and
Supervisory Development Programme to the Supervisory level staff is being
conducted at R. P. T. I.’s, P. E. T. A. R. C. and at S. R. C. T. C.
CommercialSubject Oriented Training
These types of trainings are being given to the Engineers, ministerial staff & officers.
Computer BasedTraining
Consequent to the introduction of
computerization in various fields,
computer based training has
become a necessity in the Board
and all employees shall be given
a minimum awareness required
for working with computers.
Computer based programmes are
mainly be given to all employees
on computer literacy &
specialized programme on L. T.
Billing, Accounting software,
load flow studies, materials
management, maintenance
management, load dispatch, S. C.
A. D. A., transmission lines etc.

Statutory Training
This programe conducted as per rule 3(2 A) of the Indian Electricity Rules 1956 and
imparted to about 20 to 25 Assistant Engineers at P. E. T. A. R. C., Moolamattom
through fifteen months in house/practical and field visit training programme. VIIth
batch is ongoing.
Other programmes
Some programmes were conducted as requested by other institutions like Polytechnic
College, Kalamassey, Thrissur Corporation etc.
Training within the state
Officers are selected for attending specialized programmes conducted by Institutes
like I. M. G., Thiruvananthapuram, College of Engineering, Trivandrum etc.
Training at External Institutes
As followed by specified guidelines, H. R. D. has deputed officers for attending
external training programme. For matching the academic inspiration of the employee
with the needs of the organization, K. S. E. B has tied up with some reputed
institutions like E. S. C. I., Hyderabad, C. I. R. E., Hyderabad, C. P. R. I., Bangalore,
P. M. I., Noida and T. N. E. B., Madurai etc.
In addition to the above, K. S. E. B has introduced numerous initiatives which help to
enhance the creativity, functional aptitude, innovation, leadership quality, teamwork,
etc., of the employees. These initiatives includes,
Six Sigma initiatives in K. S. E. B: - Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven
approach and methodology for eliminating defects (driving towards six standard
deviations between the mean and the nearest specification limit) in any process - from
manufacturing to transactional and from product to service. To achieve Six Sigma, a
process must not produce more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities. Board has
implemented these techniques to make the organization more customers friendly. A
Core team has been formulated and trained them on “Six Sigma Green Belt” by the
Indian School of Petroleum and Energy and the training is continuing.

Management Programme for the Senior Executives of K. S. E. B: - The Indian
Institute of Management, Bangalore, designs this programme and it is specially
designed for the top and middle level management of K. S. E. B mainly aims to
enhance their managerial capabilities. This programme helps to achieve our
organizational objectives by enhancing the efficiency as well as professionalism in
our officers.
Civil Programme organized by the I. I. T. Roorkee: - A programme on “Cost
Effective Design” has been conducted for the Civil Engineers of K. S. E. B during
January 2010. The programme emphasizes to share the experiences with the service
experts from I. I. T., Roorkee. More over, lot of programmes designed for the civil
engineers, were conducted at P. E. T. A. R. C., Moolamattom with the help of
programme committee.
Hotline Training: - Board has decided to implement live line maintenance techniques
in K. S. E. B. It is a preventive maintenance method applicable to transmission and H.
T. distribution lines. By introducing this technology, Board can minimize the
scheduled interruption in E. H. T. Lines and thereby improve supply availability
factor of the transmission lines. As a first step in this regard Board has decided to
constitute a pilot team with 12 trained personnel. In order to train them effectively,
Board has decided to depute our officials to the National Power Training Institute (N.
P. T. I.) Hotline Training Center at Bangalore. Steps are being taken to depute the
officials for the said training in the next calendar year.
In - house Training Programmes
As followed by the calendar prepared, lots of In house trainings were conducted at
various R. P. T. I.’s, P. E. T. A. R. C. and at S. R. C. T. C., Vydyuthi Bhavanam,
Thiruvananthapuram. Moreover, H. R. D. has conducted some specialized
programmes by outsourcing the experts from external training institutes. H. R. D. has
published Manuals periodically.
In order to reduce the number of accidents in K. S. E. B, it should be ensured that all
employees are trained, qualified and equipped with all necessary protective equipment
and apply safety standards and precautions to eliminate the risk of injury to
themselves and the public. By keeping in view of the above, H. R. D. cell has
conducted several safety programmes and published the Safety Manual last year. H.
R. D. has initiated steps to conduct several in- house programmes last year. They
includes,

NationalTraining Programme with R. E. C. – C. I. R. E.
H. R. D. has conducted national training programmes to the C. & D. employees with
the financial assistance of Ministry of Power, Government of India. K. S. E. B has
executed MoU with R. E. C. – C. I. R. E., the nodal agency for implementing the
programmes. Accordingly 55 programmes have already been conducted and only 5
programmes are remaining to complete this joint venture and steps are being initiated
to extend the programme to next year.
Training Programme with Power Finance Corporation Ltd under R.
– A. P. D. R. P. - CapacityBuilding Scheme
Recently, K. S. E. B has initiated steps to reap the benefit of R. – A. P. D. R. P.
scheme of the Ministry of Power, Government of India by implementing the Capacity
Building Scheme. K. S. E. B has forwarded expression of interest to become a Partner
Training Institute in the above scheme. This scheme is to be imparted with the
financial assistance of Ministry of Power. Accordingly, P. F. C., the nodal Agency for
the programme, has approved the same and given sanction to roll out the programme
to C. & D. employees initially. Steps are being taken to implement this project.
Auditing Guidelines to S. A.’s:-
A five - day programme is under consideration of the H. R. D. cell mainly focused
for the senior assistants to make them aware of the auditing guidelines and principles
prevailing in the K. S. E. Board.
ModelSectionTraining
Board has identified 75 electrical sections as model sections. H. R. D. has
successfully completed the training to all the employees of the model sections within
the fixed time frame. H. R. D. cell has taken up a good effort in publishing the
training material to the model section employees. H. R. D. could create a good
impact in our employees by providing excellent training. Board has initiated steps for
identifying the next spell of 150 model sections and steps are being taken to train the
employees of the new model sections.

Training Programme on Planning Scheduling, Implementation and
Monitoring
Board has decided to provide intensive training on “decentralized planning process to
the employees in the transmission and distribution areas.
Supply Chain Management.
As part of making K. S. E. B more standardized, Board has decided to make its
employees aware of managing the material flow by using Supply Chain Management
Software and now the software is under preparation.
A. R. U. Accounting Software
In order to computerize the accounting procedure, software on “A. R. U. & Corporate
Accounting Software” has been prepared by the M. I. S. Unit and to roll out the
software massive training is being arranged.
Milestones in K. S. E. B
 1979 Formation of Line Men Training Centre at Kottyam & Thrissur
 1987 Formation of L. M. T. C. at Thiruvananthapuram & Kozhikode
 1989 Formation of Power Engineers Training and Research Centre at
Moolamattom
 1992 Formation of Human Recourse Development Cell at
Vydyuthi Bhavanam, Thiruvananthapuram
 1994 Modification of L. M. T. C. as Junior Executive Staff Training
Centers (J. E. S. T. C.)
 2007 Formation of Southern Regional Computer Training Centre (S. R. C.
T. C.) at Vydyuthi Bhavanam, Thiruvanathapuram.
The facilities of the training centers are detailed below
P. E. T. A. R. C. is located at Moolamattom Hydro Electric Power Campus,
Moolamattom, Idukki, which is having two A / C lecture halls and one seminar hall,
library, Model Room, A / c Computer Training Lab with 10 computers, Training aids

like L. C. D. Projector, O.
H. P. Slide projector, P. A.
System, etc., It has full-
fledged hostel, which can
accommodate 40 persons
at a time.
R. P. T. I.
Thiruvananthapuram is
located at Chackai, about 5
Km from the Central
Railway Station and
hardly 3 km from the
Airport,
Thiruvananthapuram. It
has one A / C main lecture
hall, dining hall, Model
room, A / C Computer
training lab with twelve
computers, library, Training aids like 1 no.s L. C. D. Projector, 1 O. H. P., 1 D. L. P.
and 1 slide projector, P. A. System, etc.
R. P. T. I. Kottayam is located at Pallom, about 8 km from the Kottayam Railway
station. It has one A / C lecture hall, one non A / C lecture hall, Dining hall, Model
Room, A / C Computer Training Lab with ten computers, Library, Hostel, which can
accommodate 20 persons at a time, Training aids like 1 L. C. D. Projector, 1O. H. P.,
1 D. L. P., P. A. System, etc.
R. P. T. I. Thrissur is located at Poochatty, about 12 KM from Railway Station. It has
one A / C lecture hall, dining hall, model room, A / C computer training lab with 12
computers, hostel with 10 rooms, library, training aids like L. C. D. Projector, O. H.
P., P. A. System, etc.
R. P. T. I. Kozhikode is located inside Vydyuthi Bhavanam campus, Kozhikode. It
has one A / C lecture hall, dining hall, one A / C Computer training lab with 11
computers, Dormitory, Training aids like 2 L. C. D. Projector, 1 O. H. P., P. A.
System, etc.
Southern Region Computer Training Center is located inside Vydyuthi Bhavanam
Building, Thiruvananthapuram. It has one A / C lecture hall with computer training
lab containing 13 computers, training aids like L. C. D. Projector, O. H. P., P. A.
System etc.
Assessmentof K. S. E. B training by Ministry of Power
Rural Electrification Corporation as per directions from Ministry of Power,
Government of India, has identified K. S. E. B as a power utility with well-established
training infrastructure along with Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.

Further they have commented that K. S. E. B has centralized and relatively stable
organizational structure for training.
H. R. D. is always with the employees helping to create a good work culture in the
organization, ahead of times.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique
geo-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have
been a recurrent phenomena. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of
various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; about 8% of the total
area is prone to cyclones and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought. At the national
level, the Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal Ministry for all matters concerning
disaster management. The Central Relief Commissioner (C. R. C.) in the Ministry of
Home Affairs is the nodal officer to coordinate relief operations for natural disasters.
Kerala is prone to natural calamities especially during the monsoon season. Cyclones,
floods, land slides, drought etc are some of the natural agents causing immense
damage to life and property of the people of the state. Another characteristic feature
of
this
is
that
almo
st all
of
them
are
recur
ring
in
natur
e
with
vario
us
inten
sities
and geographical variations. Unique to the geographical location and general
topography, the natural agents cause maximum damage during the monsoon season
with land slides and floods being more common.
The Government of Kerala has constituted the State level Disaster Management
Authority with Chief Minister V.S. Achuthanandan as its chairman. The authority
would have nine members comprising experts and scientists from diverse fields. The
Chief Secretary and Principal Secretaries of revenue and Home would be members.
The Authority would prepare the State’s Disaster Management policy and co ordinate
the activities of various departments connected with disaster management. The
Authority has been formed as mentioned in the National Disaster Management
Authority Act 2005.
Kerala is among the top few states where electricity has reached every nook and
corner of the state. While this achievement surely help the people in remote and hilly
areas to lead better life, any break in power supply is likely to adversely affect the

day-to-day life. The impact of absence of power supply is very much felt in the time
of disasters.
 Severely affect the rescue operations at night
 Life saving equipments cannot be operated
 Accidental contact of live wire will cause loss of life
 Major fire due to touching of two wires is also not uncommon as high velocity
winds cause the wires to swing.
K. S. E. B. has taken necessary mitigative measures to deal with such disasters.
Giving due importance to the safety of the people and also the employees, the Board
ensures that its network is maintained in good condition with all necessary safe guards
in case of any mishap.
As part of fine - tuning the disaster management system, the Board has ordered the
constitution of Disaster Management Cells in all the Circles to meet any eventuality.
The unstinted support of the public is also very important so that K. S. E. B. could
reach the disaster area in case of necessity with necessary resources to attend the
calamity.

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
Organization is the backbone of management and earns of multiplying the strengths of
an individual. Organization as structure of relationship between the various positions
in the concern. The relationship in the form of well defined authority and
responsibility in the formal structure. An organization structure denotes the pattern of
relationship among positions and jobs with the objective of attending organizational
goals. As a Bachelor of Business Administration student, the researcher is liable to
study the distribution transformer failure rate / increasing life of distribution
transformer. Hence the proposed study at Electrical Subdivision, Kayamkulam of
Electrical Division, Mavelikkara & Electrical Circle, Alappuzha needs much
importance.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. The causes of failure of distribution transformer.
2. How to improve life of distribution transformer.
3. Periodic maintenance that should be done.
4. Preventive maintenance.
5. Inspection that should be carried out.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The researcher tries to evaluate the causes of failure of distribution transformer &
how to improve life of distribution transformer.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1) Lack of time is the major constraint as the proposed study was limited to one
month.
2) The researcher did not get any external financial help to conduct a detailed
study.
3) The researcher did not get enough data’s from the concern because of heavy
work in the concern.
4) Despite all the limitations the researcher hopes that she could complete the
study in a successful manner.

PROFILE OF THE ORGANISATION
The Kerala State Electricity Board, constituted by the Government of Kerala, by order
dated 7.3.1957, under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 is in the business of
Generation, Transmission and Distribution of electricity and striving to provide
quality electricity at affordable cost to all classes of consumers in the state of Kerala.
As per section 172 (a) of the Electricity Act 2003 and as mutually decided by the
Government of India and Government of Kerala, K. S. E. B. has continued as
Transmission utility and Distribution licensee till 24 – 09 - 2008. In exercise of
powers conferred under sub - sections (1), (2), (5), (6) and (7) of section 131 of the
Electricity Act, 2003, State
Government vide the notification
G.O (Ms).37 / 2008 / PD dated
25th September, 2008 has vested
all functions, properties, interests,
rights, obligations and liabilities of
K. S. E. B. with the State
Government till it is re - vested the
same in a corporate entity.
Accordingly, K. S. E. B. has been
continuing all the functions as
a Generator, State
Transmission Utility and a
Distribution Licensee in the
State.
Over the last fifty years, the
Board has grown from a total
installed capacity of 109 MW
to an installed capacity of 2445
MW and created Transmission
and Distribution networks of

over 10404 and 272480 circuit kilometers respectively. At present, the Board caters to
the needs of 93 lakh consumers spread over the urban and rural areas of the State.
This incremental growth in the power system brought several changes in the
characteristics of the system. The input cost structure and revenue composition have
undergone significant changes. Until the recent past, the hydroelectric plants owned
by the Board supplied a major portion of the energy requirement of the state.
However, after the promulgation of the Forest Conservation Act in 1980, the
implementation of new hydroelectric projects had been seriously affected and more
costly thermal energy had to be generated / purchased to meet the increasing demand.
Over the years, the
consumption of heavily
subsidised domestic sector
has been increasing and
now, it accounts for
approximately 46% of the
total energy consumed. As a
consequence, the peak
demand in the state
has increased to almost
twice the off - peak demand.
This forced more investment
in the power system to meet
the peak demand and
purchase of thermal energy
from outside the State. But the capacity so created for meeting the peak demand
remains under - utilised during the off - peak periods. The Board had been supplying
electricity at lowest price in the country for several decades. Because of this the Board
had to resort to heavy borrowings to meet the expenses. Though the Board was
statutorily enjoined to function as a commercial institution, it continued to function
mainly with service orientation providing infrastructure facility, reliefs and
concessions to other sectors like industry, agriculture and so on. Now, the State
Commission insists upon to perform strictly on commercial considerations.

Distribution Transformer
Introduction
Distribution Transformer is costly and critical equipment in electricity distribution
network. Its outage due to failure causes immense inconvenience in network
management and involves high expenditure on account of repair/replacement. Any
Distribution Utility, therefore, takes all possible actions to reduce downtime / failure
of transformers to a minimum and to enlarge their lives, at the most economic cost.
Distribution Transformer is a static Electrical device which steps down 11KV
(Primary) voltage to 440 Volts between Phases & 230 Volts between Phase & Neutral
(secondary) through Delta–Star Windings by electromagnetic induction, which feeds
different types of loads such as Domestic, Commercial, Agriculture, Industrial etc.
Hence Distribution Transformers form the essential link between power utility &
large number of consumers. This can also be called as Distribution Transformer sub-
station or Distribution Transformer centre.
Studies have shown that the salient parts of Distribution Transformers which are
likely to affect damage & failures when exposed to abnormal conditions are:-
 Laminated iron core for magnetic circuit.
 Primary & Secondary windings for electric circuit.
 Main tank to house the core & windings with cooling arrangement,
conservator tank, Breather & Explosion vent.
 Transformer oil in the tank acts as an insulation and cooling media.
 HV & LV Bushings to bring out the terminal connections of the windings.
The protective devices provided to the Distribution Transformer sub station are:-
SL. NO. PROTECTIVE DEVICE PROTECTION GIVEN
1. Horn-gap (H - G) fuse Against over current on
Primary side

SL. NO. PROTECTIVE DEVICE PROTECTION GIVEN
2. Open type fuses / LT
protection kit/
Distribution box
Against over current on
Secondary side.
3. 11KV Lightning
Arresters
Against lightning strokes
or surges on Primary side
4. Explosion vent with a
thin diaphragm
Protect the main tank from
bursting by itself acting as
a relief valve
5. Breather with slicagel Absorbs moisture in the
Transformer
6. Earthing system Transformer neutral
earthing provides a path
for the earth fault current
Types of Distribution Transformers
1) Dry type transformers
i) Varnished coils
ii) Cast coils
2) Oil filled transformers
i) Sealed tank
ii) Conservator system
iii) Nitrogen blanket
TransformerMaintenance
Yearly transformer checks: -
o Check vacuum pressure gauge for pressure reading.
o Check oil level.
o Check temperature maximum and minimum.
o Check for leaks.

o Check paint condition.
o Check transformer top and radiators for foreign material.
o Check radiator condition.
o Check fans and cooling systems.
Testing of transformers: -
 Megger test: -
o 600 megohms / better to ground is a good bench mark.
 Power factor test or “Doble” test: -
o Readings should be 0.5% / less on newer equipment.
o Readings should be 1% / less on older equipment that has been in
service for a number of years.
o Padmount transformers will usually run 0.7% to 1%.
 Infrared test: -
o This equipment checks for hot connections & hot spots.
o Can be used to check how the cooling is working on transformers.
 TTR test - Transformer Turns Ratio test: -
o Readings shouldn’t deviate more than 1/2 of 1% from the calculated
value.
Vacuum pressure devices
Used to control the amount of positive and negative pressure a transformer tank has
on it.
Pressure relief devices
Used to relieve pressure build up in the transformer.

Sudden pressure relay
This device detects a sudden rise in pressure in the transformer.
Gaskets
Gaskets shall be 1.33 times the height of groove and .75 times the width of the
groove.
Types of gasket material: -
 Cork / Corkprene
 Nitrile / Buna N Rubber
 Viton Rubber
Paint
Types: -
 Acrylic enamel
 Epoxy base
TransformerOil Testing
Transformer Oil: -
 Silicon based oil
 Mineral oil
 Synthetic oils
 Ester / Vegetable oils
Oil Sampling
A test is only as good as the sample.
Oil quality: -
Interfacial tension – IFT: -
 Measure of contamination.
 Decreasing IFT = Increasing contamination.
 Can be corrected.

Acidity: -
o Measure of oxidation.
o Creates acidic compounds.
o Build-up of compounds forms sludge.
o Affects dielectric & cooling.
o Can be corrected.
Moisture: -
 Decreases dielectric.
 Decreases IFT.
 Degrades cellulose.
 Failure risk.
 Can be corrected.
Dielectric breakdown: -
Voltage at which the oil begins to conduct.
Is reduced by moisture & contaminants.
Two ASTM Test Methods: -
D – 877
D - 1816
Can be corrected.
Power factor: -
o Indication of contamination & or deterioration
 Moisture
 Carbon
 Varnish
 Soaps
 Other conducting matter
Color
 Higher number, darker oil.
 Darker oil, more contamination & deterioration.
 Oil with number of 5 is almost black.

Dissolvedgas analysis
o It is the blood test for a transformer.
o Partial discharge.
o High temperature heating.
o Arcing.
o Cellulose involved.
Cellulose insulation
The life of the transformer is directly related to the condition of the cellulose.
 Paper
o Many layers of paper on the flux shield.
 Pressboard
o Pressboard sheets for directing oil flow.
 Wood
o Birch structure support members.
 The cellulose polymer chain
o The life of a transformer is directly related to the condition of
the polymer chain.
 Degree of polymerization
o Measure of mechanical strength.
o New paper = 1000 – 1400
o Age increases, DP decreases
o Industry accepted “End of Life” of cellulose insulation is about
200.
o Estimated DP from Furan test.
Reasons for the failure of Distribution Transformers are due to:-
o Ageing
o Manufacturing defects
o Utility side defects

o Natural calamities
In order to improve the performance efficiency, Utilities throughout the world are
now forced to drastically reduce their expenditure and as a consequence of this,
budget for fresh investment is often reduced to a bare minimum. It, therefore,
becomes imperative to extract as much life as possible from the existing capital-
intensive equipments. Transformers being one of the costliest equipment in a
Distribution network, it is a common practice, amongst the Utilities, to maximize their
service lives by taking timely precautionary measures and adopting good maintenance
practices.

Reasonsfor failure of Distribution Transformers
The main reasons for the Transformers failure are:
I. Over loading: - Most of the Transformers have failed due to over loading ie,
adding more loads or due to unauthorized connection of loads. The
overloading can be avoided by proactively identifying the transformer loading
by taking readings periodically during peak hours using Tong Tester.

II. LT line loose span: - This is also the main reason for failure of large number
of Transformers. Because of loose spans (more sag) there are always shorting
of LT lines & also conductor snapping since proper size of fuses are not used.
This problem can be overcome by adopting proper maintenance techniques
and practices as part of maintenance plan.
III. Usage of improper size of fuse wire: - H-G fuse is the only reliable protection
for Distribution Transformers under fault condition in LT distribution. Almost
all Transformers are provided with heavy size fuses (Some times ACSR
conductor strands are used) in the LT side, the chances of blowing of LT fuses
in short time are less. If higher size H-G fuse is used, the fault will sustain for
large period until heavy size fuse blows causing failure of Distribution
Transformers. Good engineering practices always yield good results.
Awareness, availability of proper material and responsiveness and
accountability are key drivers to address this problem.
IV. Tree branches touching LT lines:- Tree branches touching LT lines
continuously will result snapping of conductor causes heavy earth fault current
which leads to failure of Transformers. Timely tree pruning mechanism
followed based on the results of periodic field survey and line patrolling
report.
V. Improper maintenance of Breathers: - If it is not maintained properly
moistured air will enter in to the Transformer tank causes failure of
Transformers.
VI. Oil leakage:-Oil leakage is mainly due to excessive heat or pressure developed
in the bushings, this will bring down the oil level in the tank & also moisture
enter in to the tank through the oil oozing gap causing contamination of
transformer oil resulting in deterioration of HV/LV insulation (low IR value)
ultimately to Transformers failure.
VII. Non topping of oil:- There will be leakage of oil from the transformers due to
heating of the oil especially during peak load conditions and results in
decrease in oil level over a period of time, which is not being watched and set
right regularly by topping up the level.
VIII. Improper earthing: - Condition of the earthing electrode and the loose
connections of the earthing conductor are not being checked regularly. As a
result, due to improper earthing the flow of fault current is obstructed affecting
winding, which causes failure of DTRs. Besides, improper earthing will result
in electrical accidents due to development of high voltages in the earthing
conductor which is in open condition and accessible to passers by.
IX. Not connecting the Lightning Arresters:- Because of not properly fixing & not
adequately earthing the Lightning Arresters , they fails to divert the direct
lightning stroke or surges due to discontinuity in earthing system results either
failure of HV winding due to surge voltage or bursting of Lightning Arrester
itself. The importance of earthing becomes imperative under such
circumstances and moreover for safety aspects perspective too.
X. Using Two Phase supply in rural areas: - During roastering period IP set
consumers have invented so many methods to run the motor under three phase
conditions contributing unbalanced overload in two phases. This will also
cause failure of Transformer.
XI. Un-standard methods adopted:-
a) Use of Aluminum ACSR conductor either bare or enclosed in PVC pipes from
the Transformer bushing instead of PVC insulated cables.

b) Use of open type fuse in the LT side of the Transformers instead
c) Use of Aluminum ACSR conductor strands as fuses in LT side & HG fuses
instead of Tinned copper fuse wire.

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
Topic: -
Distribution Transformer Failure Rate.
Clarificationof Concept:-
Problems: - Causes of distribution transformer failure.
ResearcherDesign:-
The proposed study aims to analyze problems of distribution transformer failure.
Period of the study: -
A project study that was undertaken at Electrical Subdivision, Kayamkulam of
Electrical Division, Mavelikkara & Electrical Circle, Alappuzha, entitled
“Distribution Transformer Failure Rate”, for the period of one month.
Universe of the study: -
Distribution Transformer Failure Rate will constitute a Universe for the present study.
Sample: -
Out of the 40 workers of Electrical Subdivision, 20 workers were selected.
Source of data: -
The initial step of present study was aimed to collect and refer secondary information
related to the topic. Secondary data’s were collected from reference book, periodicals,
manuals, printed magazines, internet, discussion with workers and employees,
academicians etc. This helped in collecting authentic information about the

problems faced by the management in running the hostels and the grievances, if any,
of the inmates and the staff. A questionnaire was required to collect primary data
responses.
Tools ofdata used
By reviewing the secondary data the researcher had prepared a draft of the
questionnaire. The data collected from different sources were processed through
computers after careful editing and coding. Tabulation was done with the help of
computers and presented in the form of tables based on variables.

ANALYSIS OF THE STUDY
TABLE – 1
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER WORKING
SERIAL NO. OPINION NO. OF
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 8 40%
02. NO 12 60%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
Suggestion: - From the Table – 1, it is clear that 20 persons respond. 40% replied Yes
and 60% replied No.
CHART – 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
YES NO
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER WORKING
%

TABLE – 2
BASIC AWARENESS FOR MAINTENANCE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 10 50%
02. NO 10 50%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
and 50% replied No.
CHART – 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
YES NO
BASIC AWARENESSFOR MAINTENANCE
%

TABLE – 3
PERIODICAL INSPECTION
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 8 40%
02. NO 12 60%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
and 60% replied No.
CHART – 3
PERIODICAL INSPECTION
YES
NO

TABLE – 4
TOOLS AVAILABLE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 6 30%
02. NO 14 70%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
and 70% replied No.
CHART – 4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
YES
NO
TOOLS AVAILABLE
%

TABLE – 5
MAINTENANCE TRAINING
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 12 60%
02. NO 8 40%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
and 40% replied No.
CHART – 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
YES NO
MAINTENANCETRAINING
%

TABLE – 6
MAINTENANCE MATERIALS BY HIGHER AUTHORITIES
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 12 60%
02. NO 8 40%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
and 40% replied No.
CHART – 6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
YES NO
MAINTENANCEMATERIALS BY HIGHER
AUTHORITIES
%

TABLE – 7
SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 12 60%
02. NO 8 40%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
and 40% replied No.
CHART – 7
SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE
YES
NO

TABLE – 8
LIGHTNING EARTH SEPARATE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 20 100%
02. NO 0 0%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
Suggestion: - From the Table – 8, it is clear that 20 persons respond. 100% replied
Yes and 0% replied No.
CHART – 8
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
YES
NO
LIGHTNING EARTHSEPARATE
%

TABLE – 9
TIME FOR DOING MAINTENANCE
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 12 60%
02. NO 8 40%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
and 40% replied No.
CHART – 9
TIME FOR DOING MAINTENANCE
YES
NO

TABLE – 10
FUSE RATING OF THE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
DEPENDING UPON THE CAPACITY
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 8 40%
02. NO 12 60%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
CHART – 10
0
20
40
60
YES
NO
FUSE RATING OF THE DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERDEPENDING UPON THE
CAPACITY
%

TABLE – 11
LOAD BALANCING OF THE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 8 40%
02. NO 12 60%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
CHART – 11
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
YES NO
LOAD BALANCING OF THE DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
%

TABLE – 12
AMPERE RATING OF THE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 8 40%
02. NO 12 60%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
CHART – 12
AMPERE RATING OF THE DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
YES
NO

TABLE – 13
LIGHTNING ARRESTER & D. O. SWITCH, PROVIDED / NOT
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 12 60%
02. NO 8 40%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
CHART – 13
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
YES
NO
LIGHTNING ARRESTER& D. O. SWITCH,
PROVIDED / NOT
%

TABLE – 14
OIL LEVEL
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 10 50%
02. NO 10 50%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
CHART – 14
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
YES NO
OIL LEVEL
%

TABLE – 15
HAVE YOU SEEN THE INTERNAL WINDINGS OF THE
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER?
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 6 30%
02. NO 14 70%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
CHART – 15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
YES NO
HAVE YOU SEEN THE INTERNAL WINDINGS
OF THE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER?
%

TABLE – 16
WHETHER A. B. SWITCHES ARE REQUIRED IN THE
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER STATION?
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 6 30%
02. NO 14 70%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
CHART – 16
WHETHER A. B. SWITCHES ARE REQUIRED
IN THE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
STATION?
YES
NO

TABLE – 17
CABLE SIZE OF THE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER LEAD
FROM & TO THE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER STATION
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 4 20%
02. NO 16 80%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
CHART – 17
0 20 40 60 80
YES
NO
CABLE SIZE OF THE DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERLEAD FROM & TO THE
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER STATION
%

TABLE – 18
NO. OF EARTHING TO BE PROVIDED IN THE DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 6 30%
02. NO 14 70%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
CHART – 18
NO. OF EARTHING TO BE PROVIDED IN THE
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
YES
NO

TABLE – 19
FREQUENCY OF TOUCHING CLEARING OF H. T. / L. T. LINES
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 8 40%
02. NO 12 60%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
CHART – 19
%
0
20
40
60
YES NO
FREQUENCYOF TOUCHING CLEARING OF H.
T. / L. T. LINES
%

TABLE – 20
SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE LIFE OF THE
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
RESPONDENTS
PERCENTAGE
01. YES 10 50%
02. NO 10 50%
03. TOTAL 20 100%
CHART – 20
%
0
20
40
60
YES
NO
SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE LIFE
OF THE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
%

FINDINGS
CHEPPAD SECTION
SERIAL NO. DATE RATING FAULT /
PROBLEM
01. 03 / 08 / 10 100 K. V. A. Old & aged.
02. 19 / 07 / 10 100 K. V. A. Age – 25 years.
Internal fault
suspected
03. 26 / 04 / 10 100 K. V. A. Heavy lightning &
rain.
04. 26 / 04 / 10 100 K. V. A. Heavy lightning &
rain.
KAYAMKULAM EAST SECTION
PROBLEM
- - - -
KAYAMKULAM WEST SECTION
PROBLEM
01. 30 / 06 / 10 100 K. V. A. Aged.
02. 16 / 08 / 10 160 K. V. A. Aged.
03. 30 / 07 / 10 100 K. V. A. Aged.
KRISHNAPURAM SECTION
PROBLEM
01. 05 / 10 / 10 250 K. V. A. Small hole on
conservator tank.

PROBLEM
02. 15 / 10 / 10 160 K. V. A. 25 years old
transformer. It was
repaired before 6
years. Fault not
correctly found out.
Internal winding
break assessed.

CONCLUSION
1. In Cheppad Section, Kayamkulam West Section & Krishnapuram Section,
failure of distribution transformer occurred mainly due to the ageing i.e., the
distribution transformers was in service for more than 25 years.
2. Another reason for failure was due to lightning / lightning surge.
3. Due to the internal fault of the winding which may have happened due to the
falling of trees / branches near to the distribution transformer station.

SUGGESTIONS
I. Proper inspection & maintenance.
II. Topping up of oil.
III. Providing five numbers earthing for the distribution transformer, i.e., two for
the Neutral, one for the Lightning Arrester, one for the Distribution
Transformer Body & one for the Air Brake Switch Handle.
IV. Providing proper protective devices for the distribution transformer viz., D. O.
Fuse, Air Brake Switch, Lightning Arrester.
V. Balancing the load of the distribution transformer.
VI. Providing proper rating of fuse / wires.
VII. Spacers should be provided in the 1st two / three spans near to the distribution
transformer.
VIII. Jumper connection should be properly & tightly fixed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND APPENDICES
Bibliography
 Government Journals
 Magazines
 Newspapers
 Kothari C.R. Researched Methodology, Newage International Private Ltd.

REFERENCE BOOKS
O Organizational Success through Effective Human Resources Management
by Ronald R. Sims.
O Strategic Human Resource Management: Corporate Rhetoric and Human
Reality
by Lynda Gratton, Veronica Hope Hailey, Philip Stiles, Catherine Truss. 252
pgs.
O Dictionary entitled by Robert K. Barnhart
O Encarta World English Dictionary
O Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 07
O Webster’s Universal Dictionary
O Human Resource Management, Gupta K. Shashi, Express Graphics, Delhi -
28,2006
O Human Resource Management, Joshi Rosy, Express Graphics, Delhi – 28,
2006

WEBSITES
 http://kseb.in/
 http://www.itmission.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view
=article&id=421%3Afriends-centres&catid=75%3Aarticle&Itemid=67
 www.dogpile.com
 www.bing.com
 www.123khoj.com
 www.guruji.com
 www.wikipedia.org

QUESTIONNAIRE
Name:
Age:
Educational Qualification:
Serial No. Yes No
01. Distribution
transformer
working
02. Basic awareness
for maintenance
03. Periodical
inspection
04. Tools available
05. Maintenance
training
06. Maintenance
materials by higher
authorities
07. Scheduled
maintenance
08. Lightning earth
separate
09. Time for doing
maintenance
10. Fuse rating of the
distribution
transformer
depending upon the
capacity

Serial No. Yes No
11. Load balancing of
the distribution
transformer
12. Ampere rating of
the distribution
transformer
13. Lightning arrester
& D. O. switch,
provided / not
14. Oil level
15. Have you seen the
internal windings
of the distribution
transformer?
16. Whether A. B.
switches are
required in the
distribution
transformer
station?
17. Cable size of the
distribution
transformer lead
from & to the
distribution
transformer station
18. No. of earthing to
be provided in the
distribution
transformer

Serial No. Yes No
19. Frequency of
touching clearing
of H. T. / L. T.
lines
20. Suggestions for
improving the life
of the distribution
transformer
Good Points: __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Weak Points: __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Any Other Complaints / Suggestions: ______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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