Construction & demolition waste
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Pollution Control II
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Construction & demolition waste
- 1. Construction and Demolition Waste Reported by: Leandro Michael C. de los Santos, Jr.
- 2. Construction and Demolition Waste TOPIC OUTLINE • Definition of C&D and Key Terms • Typical C&D Wastes • Percentage of C&D Wastes Generated • C&D Waste Generation in the Life Cycle Phases of Construction • C&D Waste Management Approach • Environmental Impacts • Obstacles to C&D Waste Diversion • Studies conducted related to C&D • C&D Patent
- 3. Definition of C&D Waste “Waste material that is produced in the process of construction, renovation, or demolition of structures. Structures include buildings of all types (both residential and non-residential) as well as roads and bridges. Components of C&D debris typically include concrete, asphalt, wood, metals, gypsum wallboard and roofing”. -EPA
- 4. Key Terms • Construction waste- generated throughout the construction process such as during site clearance, material use, material damage, excess procurement & human error (Mahayuddin, et.al,2013) • Demolition waste- waste generated while in the process of demolition structures (Yeheyis et.al, 2012) - waste debris from destruction of a construction (Ponnada et.al, 2015) • Deconstruction- the taking apart of an existing building so that materials can be re-used elsewhere
- 5. Typical C&D Wastes • Asphalt, Asphalt Shingles • Carpet • Carpet padding • Clean wood/pallets • Concrete • Corrugated cardboard
- 6. Typical C&D Wastes • Gypsum (drywall) • Land clearing debris • Scrap metal • Salvage
- 7. Typical C&D Wastes in the Philippines • Ganiron, 2015 - asphalt - polystyrene - concrete - porcelain - dirt - corrugated cardboard - metal - carpet - wood - roofing shingles - brick - glass - gypsum - plastic
- 9. Source: M. Yeheyis et.al, 2013
- 11. Source: Purdy & Sabugal, 1999
- 12. Data on Landfill Generation in CDO Source: City Local Environment & Natural Resources & City Planning & Development Office
- 13. • Construction activities consume 32% of the world’s resources including 12% of water & 40% of energy (Yeheyis et.al, 2012)
- 15. C & D Waste Management Approach Source: M. Yeheyis et.al, 2013
- 16. Environmental Impacts • Landfill leaks (plasterboard release H2S) • C & D makes municipal waste heavy • Degrade the quality of municipal waste & makes it difficult for further treatment like composting • 10-20% finds its way into surface drains, choking them • Other toxic elements such as lead, asbestos & radioactive materials that can leak and pollute the water bodies • Air pollution
- 17. Obstacles to C & D waste diversion • It is relatively a new practice • Limited recycling markets due to local availability of equipment • Limited market awareness • Perceived to be more costly • Perceived as requiring more space • Availability of technical knowledge & expertise Source: C & D Waste Management- Chapter 2
- 18. Studies conducted related to C & D • Mahayuddin et.al, 2013- Quantification of Waste in Conventional Construction
- 19. Studies conducted related to C & D M. Yeheyis, et.al, 2013- Lifecycle analysis approach on C & D
- 20. Recycling Concrete Debris T. Ganiron, 2015- Recycling Concrete Debris from C & D Waste
- 21. Recycling & Re-Use of C & D • Concrete & bricks- can be used as sub-bases in pavement such as roads & non-structural applications, backfill • Asphalt- to be re-used as recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) • Metals- recycled back to steel mills (10% gets reused), also used for shoring projects (Gorgolewski, 2006) • Timber- can be used as infrastructure timber such as power holes and railway sleepers, landscaping, high-market value for the re-use of quality hardwood timber • Plastics- can be recycles to various products Source: Australian Government- Dept. of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population & Communities
- 22. Recycling & Re-Use of C & D • Plasterboards- mostly diverted at landfills as it is not readily separated from mixed loads, plasterboard manufacturers also support the recovery of clean products from construction sites for recycling purposes • Rock & excavation stones- also used in sub-base pavement • Sand and soil- can be re-used on site which requires treatment Source: Australian Government- Dept. of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population & Communities
- 23. C & D Patent Source: Patent Application Pub. Patent #: US 20090188844A1
- 24. C & D Patent Source: Patent Application Pub. Patent #: US 20090188844A1
- 25. Source: Patent Application Pub. Patent #: US 20090188844A1 C & D Patent
- 26. Conclusion • Materials & components from demolished buildings are being reused for new construction works as well as renovation projects. • In developing countries most of the demolition rubble is dumped, the developed world has now started to recycle it into aggregate for non-structural concrete. • It is hoped that recycling waste material for use in the building will cut down costs of producing new raw materials thereby reducing consumption of natural resources like energy & reduces usage of landfills.
Editor's Notes
- Construction industry contributes significantly to environmental stress in terms of exploiters of natural resources, irreversible transformation of the natural environment and accumulation of pollutants in the atmosphere. The generation of C&D waste is associated with the waste management on construction sites. Since many factors influence C&D waste management, it is necessary to make in-depth study of them in order to realize efficient C&D waste management.
- Solid and chemical waste from construction are found to be the sources of contamination in construction site. Construction activities contribute negative impact on the environment such as loss of soil, loss of agricultural land, deforestation and air pollution. C&D is also the major consumer of the world’s non-renewable energy sources & minerals. However, the generation of construction waste is predictable based on the building design and procurement of the building materials.
- C & D waste are bulky, heavy and is mostly unsuitable for disposal by incineration or composting The largest contributor to the generation of construction waste is the building material surplus. Deconstruction minimizes contamination of demolition debris; however, it is labor intensive, and generally requires more time than traditional demolition.
- >The exact quantity and composition of construction waste generated throughout the projects are difficult to be identified as they keep on changing due to the dynamic nature of the construction activities >Different stages of construction generates different types and composition of waste >The variability in the quantity of construction waste generated also depends on the efficiency of site management and work practices during construction activities
- - Retrievable items like bricks, wood, metal, tiles can be recycled but concrete and masonry waste (>50% of total waste)
- The exact quantity and composition of construction waste generated throughout the projects are difficult to be identified and keep on changing due to the dynamic nature of construction activities. Solid waste disposal practices in the Philippines consists primarily of open dumping or landfills.
- * No itemization on construction and demolition wastes
- Government or local authorities should make rules to sort the C & D waste before it is hauled away to landfills or other waste treatment facilities >Design of construction- design of construction through Building Information Modelling (BIM) w/c creates an opportunity for sustainability measures to be incorporated early in design process. Sustainable design presents ways to reduce also environmental impacts- building orientation, massing like analyzing the building form and envelope, energy modelling, water harvesting, sustainable materials, site logistics >Realization of construction- waste re-using & in-site waste recycling, increasing recycling measure with the aim to make the products with higher added value >Phase Occupation & Mgm’t of cons- producer of minimum amount of construction waste >Demolition of construction- the quality & composition of c&d waste can largely influence the realization of demolition of building structure, construction or their parts. Another possible approach to the demolition and destruction of structures or their parts is the deconstruction of buildings elements. The deconstruction of structures (dismantle of structure) allows the preservation of the building material (precast panels) for its further use
- Methane gas generation Energy lost by not recycling / re-claiming materials Transportation: greenhouse gas emissions
- - Under costly- geographic diversity of product to be returned for re-use or recycling
- Bitumen- a black viscous mixture of hydrocarbons obtained naturally or as a residue from petroleum distillation. It is used for road surfacing and roofing.
- The integrated C&D waste management approach significantly reduces the material in the design and planning stages, reducing scrap and waste at the building site, reusing materials on site and recycling materials. In addition, the composite construction waste and demolition waste sustainability index developed can be used to make decisions related to selection of material, sorting, recycle/reuse and treatment or disposal options for C&D waste.
- In the development of this study, the researcher collected pieces of uncontaminated concrete debris from demolished residential structures. These pieces of debris were crushed manually using hammer and graded according to the Standard Specification for Sand for Masonry Mortar specified in ASTM C144, for manufactured sand, which is a 100 percent passing the No.4 sieve and10 percent passing the No.200 sieve. The graded crushed concrete debris was mixed with water and cement with 1:3 ratio of cement to crushed concrete debris. After three to five minutes of mixing a slump test was performed on the mixture with the addition of water until a desired flow was obtained, and five specimens were tested for penetration. Another five specimens for 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day of curing were tested for compression test. A conventional mortar mix was als0 tested in the same manner. The results were evaluated whether the mixture failed or if it passed the standards for mortar. If it fails to meet the ASTM requirements; redesign the mixture, if it meets the ASTM requirements; then, adopt the design mixture.
- C&D waste is largely comprised of organic material, which is a good source of energy that municipalities traditionally waste by sending the material to a landfill
- Plasterboards- most challenging materials to recover since it is considered as a contaminant
- Process flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of representative handling and sorting, and pre-processing stages of a continuous C&D processing facility It is not required that each of these stages is physically co-located in the same building but it is desirable that the stages be carried out in close physical proximity where possible. Material output form pre-processing is a solid waste of c&d consisting essentially of a homogenous wood waste that has a physical consistency of a mulch
- Fig 2- process flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of representative post processing and gasification stages of the continuous C&D processing facility Fig 3- process flow diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of the stages (gravimetric weigh feeder is omitted, provides more precise injection rates to the gasifier) Gasification- gasification products include, for example, synthesis gas (a mixture of hydrogen & carbon monoxide)
- Fig. 4- perspective view of a representative C&D processing line in which the pre-processing stage may be carried out